Lockwood publisher Hutchinson year 1972 isbn 0091110203 pages 74 80 DEFAULTSORT PCeltic And Q Celtic Category Celtic languages de P keltische Sprachen gv Celtiagh P as Q nl P Keltisch ja P pt Hip tese celta P ru Q P uk P Q ...ref improve date December 2011 There are two main competing schemata of categorisation of Celtic languages . The older PCeltic Q Celtichypothesis links Gaulish with Brythonic as PCeltic and links Goidelic with Celtiberian language Celtiberian as Q Celtic. The difference between P and Q languages is the treatment of Proto Celtic language Proto Celtic k sup w sup , which became p in the PCeltic languages but k in Goidelic. For example the word for head is pen in Brythonic languages but ceann in Goidelic the word for son is mab earlier map in Brythonic but mac in Goidelic maqq on the Primitive Irish Ogham inscriptions. The other scheme, defended for example by McCone 1996 , links Goidelic and Brythonic together as an Insular Celtic languages Insular Celtic branch, as opposed to Continental Celtic languages including Gaulish language Gaulish and Celtiberian language Celtiberian . PCeltic incorporates the following Gallic Gaulish language Gaulish Lepontic language Lepontic Noric language Noric Galatian language Galatian Pritennic Pictish language Pictish Brythonic languages Brythonic British language Celtic British West Brythonic Old Welsh language Old Welsh Middle Welsh language Middle Welsh Welsh language Welsh Cumbric language Cumbric Southwestern Brythonic language Southwestern Brythonic Old Breton Middle Breton Breton language Breton Old Cornish Middle Cornish Cornish language Cornish Q Celtic incorporates the following Goidelic languages Goidelic Primitive Irish language Primitive Irish Old Irish language Old Irish Middle Irish language Middle Irish Irish language Irish ... Celtiberian Gallaecian language Northwestern Hispano Celtic References cite book title A panorama ... more details
Wiktionarypar Celtic The words Celt and Celtic also Keltic can refer to In ethno linguistics Celts , a people of the Celtic nations Celts modern , the modern Celtic identity Celtic languages Celtic nations , the modern territories in North West Europe where Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived Keltic Nordic , a category from Carleton S. Coon s racial typology In sports Celtic F.C. , a Scottish football club Boston Celtics , an American professional basketball team Belfast Celtic F.C. , a former Irish Northern Irish football club Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. , a South African football club Dewsbury Celtic , an English rugby League club Donegal Celtic F.C. , a Northern Irish football team Farsley Celtic A.F.C. , an English football club Lurgan Celtic F.C. , a Northern Irish football club Oban Celtic , a Scottish shinty club Stalybridge Celtic F.C. , an English football club Other uses Celt tool , a type of stone tool Celtic ship Celtic ship , a number of ships Celtic water , a French brand of bottled water Celtic music Celtic mythology Celtic Christianity The Celts BBC documentary , a 1986 documentary series produced by the BBC on Celts The Celts album , a 1992 album by Irish musician Enya Celtic Frost a metal band from Z rich, Switzerland. See also Celticism disambiguation Celtic culture disambiguation Names of the Celts disambig bn es Celtic fr Celtic ms Celt nyahkekaburan nl Celtic no Keltisk pl Celtic pt Celtic sco Celtic disambiguation simple Celtic ... more details
Subclass PB Modern languages. Celtic languages is a classification used by the Library of Congress classification system under Library of Congress Classification Class P Language and Literature Class P Language and Literature . This article describes subclass PB. Contents cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 valign top rowspan 14 PB colspan 2 1 3029 colspan 4 Modern language s Celtic languages rowspan 13 colspan 2 1 431 colspan 3 General colspan 2 1001 3029 colspan 3 Celtic language s and Celtic literature literature rowspan 11 colspan 2 1101 1200 colspan 2 Goidelic languages Goidelic Gaelic colspan 2 1201 1449 colspan 2 Irish language Irish colspan 2 1501 1709 colspan 2 Gaelic Scots Gaelic language Scottish Gaelic , Erse colspan 2 1801 1867 colspan 2 Manx language Manx colspan 2 1950 colspan 2 Picts Pictish Language Pict colspan 2 2001 3029 colspan 2 Brittanic group rowspan 4 colspan 2 2101 2499 Welsh language Welsh Cymric colspan 2 2501 2621 Cornish language Cornish colspan 2 2801 2932 Breton language Breton Armorican colspan 2 3001 3029 Gaulish language Gaulish Sources http www.loc.gov catdir cpso lcco lcco.html Library of Congress Classification Outline Category Library of Congress Classification P PB ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, Design Experience ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman and Egon ... of the null hypothesis it predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis .... It is important to understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven . A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it . For example, if comparison of two groups e.g. treatment ... the null hypothesis in other words, the experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis . ref cite web url http stattrek.com Lesson5 HypothesisTesting.aspx title Can We Accept the Null Hypothesis? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling statistics collecting data and measuring how likely the particular set of data is, assuming the null hypothesis ... the null hypothesis concluding it probably is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis ... evidence against the null hypothesis. As the null hypothesis could be true or false, in this case ... or this drug has no effect on the chances of having a heart attack . The test of the hypothesis consists ... more details
onesource date January 2010 main Second language acquisition The noticing hypothesis was proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990. He stated that features of language cannot be learned unless they have been noticed ref H.S. Venkatagiri, John M. Levis Phonological Awareness and Speech Comprehensibility An Exploratory Study Language Awareness. Vol. 16, Iss. 4, 2009 ref . Noticing alone does not mean it is automatically acquired, but it is the essential starting point. Still debated is the question whether a learner must consciously notice something. ref Lightbown, P. M. and Spada, N. 2006 . Explaining second language learning. How Languages are Learned p. 29 50, p. 44f. ref This hypothesis is part of Cognitivism psychology cognitivist perspective of second language acquisition . See also Language acquisition Second language acquisition References reflist SLA topics Category Learning ... more details
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... 616 mode 1up v. 11, p. 616 via Internet Archive of the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia , 1911. quote hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ..., with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... 22 p. 118 in The Monthly Review or Literary Journal vol. XLVII, May August 1805, London Printed by Straban ... page for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Dictionary Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l H under H . Pragmatism was also in Peirce s charge see http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l P under ... more details
The Fowkes hypothesis after F. M. Fowkes is a first order approximation for surface energy. It states the surface energy is the sum of each component s forces sup d sup sup p sup sup i sup ... where sup d sup is the dispersion component, sup p sup is the polar, sup i sup is the dipole and so on. The Fowkes hypothesis goes further making the approximation that the interface between an apolar liquid and apolar solid where there are only dispersive interactions acting across the interface can be estimated using the geometric mean of the contributions from each surface i.e. sub SL sub sub S sub sub L sub 2 sub S sub sup p sup x sub L sub sup p sup sup 1 2 sup References Refbegin A. V. Pocius, Adhesion and adhesives an introduction, 2002 ISBN 1 56990 319 0 Related articles Sessile drop technique Sessile drop technique The Fowkes Theory The Fowkes Theory Category Hypotheses ... more details
main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters such hypotheses are usually of no practical ... of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its ... whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis ... more details
no footnotes date December 2011 The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Mikl s M ller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote an archaea , giving rise to a symbiosis symbiotic association of two cells from which the first Eukaryote eukaryotic cell could have arisen. According to the hydrogen hypothesis The host that acquired the mitochondrion was a prokaryote, a hydrogen dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to a modern methanogenic archaea which uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane The future mitochondrion was a Facultative anaerobic facultatively anaerobic Eubacteria eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host s hydrogen dependence anaerobic syntrophy . The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic Cell biology cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolution evolutionary significance to hydrogenosome s and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria that produce adenosine triphosphate ATP by, as a rule, converting pyruvate into hydrogen, carbon dioxide ... the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward ... that some eukaryotes never possessed mitochondria. The hydrogen hypothesis predicts that no primitively ... hypothesis, this specific prediction has been tested many times and found to be in agreement ... div class references small references cite journal author L pez Gar ia P and Moreira D title Metabolic ... title The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote journal Nature year 1998 volume 392 pages 37 ... more details
The Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability EICA Hypothesis was first proposed by Bernd Blossey and Rolf ... counterparts, according to the hypothesis. ref http www.esf.edu efb parry Blossey Notzold 1995.pdf ref Blossey and N tzold tested their hypothesis on Lythrum salicaria purple loosetrife by potting ... for two years. True to the predictions of the EICA Hypothesis, the plants derived from Ithaca produced significantly more biomass that the plants derived from Lucelle with a p value 0.001 . The Lythrum ... the success of invasive non indigenous organisms that preceded it, such as the Enemy Release Hypothesis ... generated title ref , and Darwin s Habituation Hypothesis ref Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. Pg. 114 116. Harvard University Press eighteenth printing, 2003 ref , the EICA Hypothesis postulates ... as it is at the time that it is considered invasive. As suggested by the name of the hypothesis Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability , the hypothesis predicts that much of the invasive potential ... Hypothesis presents us with a new environmental safety concern. If its postulates hold, in the long ... nonindigenous plants a hypothesis has been met with varying degrees of enthusiasm. The paper has been cited in over 368 articles in scientific journals , including review articles , tests of the hypothesis using different model species , and expansions and reformulations of the hypothesis. Among the model species on which the hypothesis has been evaluated most recently in its original form ... of the EICA Hypothesis, according to the researches conducting the study. In its study, the success and behavior of Solidago gigantea was only partially explained by the EICA hypothesis ... Hypothesis, as the researchers of the study understood them. Through most of the studies done on the EICA Hypothesis see examples above , it holds that the introduced populations of invasive plant ... . It could be, therefore, that the EICA Hypothesis is too narrow in scope, and should be reworded ... more details
The CLAW hypothesis proposes a feedback feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystem s and the Earth s climate . ref name CLAW87 cite journal doi 10.1038 326655a0 author Charlson, R. J., James Lovelock Lovelock, J. E. , Andreae, M. O. and Warren, S. G. title Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate journal Nature volume 326 issue 6114 pages 655 661 year 1987 url http www.nature.com nature journal v326 n6114 abs 326655a0.html bibcode 1987Natur.326..655C ref The hypothesis ... feedback loop that acts to stabilise the temperature of the Earth s atmosphere . The CLAW hypothesis ... pubs crossref 1995 94JD02828.shtml bibcode 1995JGR...10011335A ref The CLAW hypothesis Image CLAW hypothesis graphic 1 AYool.png thumb 200px right Schematic diagram of the CLAW hypothesis Charlson et al. , 1987 ref name CLAW87 The hypothesis describes a feedback loop that begins with an increase ... counteracted and damping damped by the loop. As such, the CLAW hypothesis posits an example of planet planetary scale homeostasis or complex adaptive system , consistent with the Gaia hypothesis framed by one of the original authors of the CLAW hypothesis, James Lovelock. ref cite book ... publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 286218 9 ref Some subsequent studies of the CLAW hypothesis ... content klu clim 1998 00000039 00000001 00164320 ref The Anti CLAW hypothesis Image CLAW hypothesis graphic 2 AYool.png thumb 200px right Schematic diagram of the anti CLAW hypothesis ... of providing negative feedback in the climate system, the components of the CLAW hypothesis ... of DMS. In a reverse of the CLAW hypothesis, this decline in DMS production will lead to a decrease ... to the right shows a summarising schematic diagram. Evidence for the anti CLAW hypothesis is constrained by similar uncertainties as those of the sulfur cycle feedback loop of the CLAW hypothesis. However .... ref name cox00 cite journal author Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A. and Totterdell ... more details
Please leave this line alone The challenge hypothesis outlines the dynamic relationship between testosterone .... Neuroendocronology Letters Special Issue, 23 , 23 29. ref The challenge hypothesis predicts that seasonal ... . The challenge hypothesis Theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems and breeding strategies. American Naturalist, 136 , 829 846. ref The challenge hypothesis ..., MA, pp. 85 128. ref Patterns of testosterone The challenge hypothesis presents a three level model ... hypothesis proposes that social stimulation which leads to this rise in testosterone above breeding ... male androgen responsiveness Revisiting the challenge hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 51 , 463 476. ref Cornerstones of the challenge hypothesis Mating Effort versus Parenting Effort A fundamental ... effort . The challenge hypothesis proposes testosterone as the key physiological mechanism underlying ... time and energy to engage in all of these facets of reproductive effort. ref Gray, P. B. & Campbell, B. C. 2009 . Human male testosterone, pair bonding, and fatherhood. In P. T. Ellison & P. B. Gray .... ref Paternal Care The challenge hypothesis makes different predictions regarding testosterone secretion ..., ref name Wingfield ref Klukowski, M. & Nelson, C. E. 1998 . The challenge hypothesis and seasonal changes ... directly related. ref Dittami, J. P. & Reyer, H. U. 1984 . A factor analysis of seasonal behavioral ..., 90 , 114 124. ref The challenge hypothesis proposes that testosterone is most immediately related to aggression ... of testosterone as proposed by the challenge hypothesis. As testosterone reaches Level B, or breeding ... The challenge hypothesis was established based upon data examining seasonal breeders. There are many ... Support for the challenge hypothesis has been found in continuous breeders. For example, research ... . Dominance, aggression, and testosterone in wild chimpanzees A test of the challenge hypothesis . Animal Behaviour, 67 , 113 123. ref Implications for Humans The predictions of the challenge hypothesis ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 The variability hypothesis originated in the early nineteenth century with Johann Meckel , who argued that males have a greater range of ability than females, especially in intelligence. In other words, he believed that most geniuses and most mentally retarded people are men. Because he considered males to be the superior animal, Meckel concluded that females lack of variation ... 151. ref Early acceptance Later that century the character of the variability hypothesis was altered ... for the evolutionary process. Following Darwin, the variability hypothesis was instead put forward ... twentieth century, the variability hypothesis flourished in sociological, psychological, medical and educational literature. The hypothesis received support not from empirical evidence, but rather from armchair dogma about innate female inferiority. Among the proponents of the variability hypothesis ... hypothesis was that since women were not expected to exhibit above average intelligence ... The only significant critic of the variability hypothesis was Karl Pearson , a British psychologist ... published scientific investigation of the variability hypothesis prior to the work of American ... Defectives allowed her the opportunity to refute the variability hypothesis. By examining the case records ... ref name B&S1990 ref name Shields1991 Hollingworth also attacked the variability hypothesis theoretically, criticizing the underlying logic of the hypothesis. ref name Ben1975 ref name Ben1990 ... hypothesis was flawed because 1 it had not been empirically established that men were more anatomically ... of the variability hypothesis, while avoiding intervening social and cultural factors, Hollingworth ... s graduate supervisor was E. L. Thorndike, himself a supporter of the variability hypothesis. ref ... on the type of problem, but some recent studies have found that the variability hypothesis is true for parts ... author Lynn, R., & Irwing, P. year 2004 title Sex differences on the Progressive Matrices A meta analysis ... more details
the Riemann hypothesis, every gap is O p log p . This is a case when even the best ... space is dense in L sup p sup 0,1 harvtxt Salem 1953 showed that the Riemann hypothesis is true if and only ... function p adic L functions harv Wiles 2000 . Attempts to prove the Riemann hypothesis Several mathematicians ... hypothesis , proposed by harvs txt first Bernhard last Riemann year 1859 author link Bernhard ... used for some closely related analogues, such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields . The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers that are in some ... hypothesis is part of Hilbert s eighth problem Problem 8 , along with the Goldbach conjecture , in David ... Hypothesis for zeta functions of varieties defined over finite fields. The full version of the hypothesis ..., 6, ... . These are called the trivial zeros . The Riemann hypothesis is concerned with the non ... hypothesis, such as harvtxt Derbyshire 2003 , harvtxt Rockmore 2005 , harvtxt Sabbagh 2003 , harvtxt ... p text prime frac 1 1 p s frac 1 1 2 s cdot frac 1 1 3 s cdot frac 1 1 5 s cdot frac 1 1 7 s cdots frac 1 1 p s cdots math where the infinite product extends over all prime numbers p , and again converges ... s has no zeros in this region, as none of the factors have zeros. The Riemann hypothesis discusses ... of my investigation. source Riemann s statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from harv Riemann ... where a prime power p sup n sup counts as 1 n of a prime. The number of primes can be recovered ... 2 and suggested that they all do this is the Riemann hypothesis. Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the best possible bound for the error of the prime ... hypothesis is equivalent to math pi x operatorname Li x frac 1 8 pi sqrt x , log x , qquad ... more details
The Anatolian hypothesis proposes that the dispersal of Proto Indo Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia . The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto Indo European language PIE lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution during the 7th millennium BC seventh and 6th millennium BC sixth millennia BC. The alternative and more academically favored view is the Kurgan hypothesis . The main proponent of the Anatolian hypothesis was Colin Renfrew , who in 1987 suggested a peaceful Indo Europeanization of Europe from Anatolia from around 7000 BC with the advance of farming by demic diffusion wave of advance . Accordingly, most of the inhabitants of Neolithic Europe would have spoken Indo European languages, and later migrations would at best have replaced these Indo European varieties with other Indo European varieties. ref C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language The Puzzle of Indo European Origins , London Pimlico 1987 ref The main strength of the farming hypothesis lies in its linking of the spread of Indo European languages with an archaeologically known event the spread of farming that is often assumed as involving significant population shifts. Criticism An argument against the Anatolian hypothesis is that PIE contains words for technologies that make their first appearance in the archaeological record in the Late Neolithic, in some cases bordering ..., Celtic, and Germanic , located in the Danube valley, Balkan Proto Indo European corresponding .... They dated PIE to a period which would fit Renfrew s hypothesis. ref Russell D. Gray and Quentin ... References Reflist See also Armenian hypothesis Indo Hittite Neolithic revolution Neolithic Europe Kurgan hypothesis Use dmy dates date April 2011 DEFAULTSORT Anatolian Hypothesis Category Indo European ... hipot zis ru simple Anatolian hypothesis ... more details
Portal Mathematics Featured article template About the hypothesis in set theory the assumption in fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics In mathematics , the continuum hypothesis abbreviated CH is a hypothesis ... numbers. Establishing the truth or falsehood of the continuum hypothesis is the first of Hilbert ... and Paul Cohen mathematician Paul Cohen in 1963 showed that the hypothesis can neither be disproved ... foundation of modern mathematics, provided ZF set theory is consistency consistent . The name of the hypothesis .... The rational numbers seemingly form a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis the integers ... of the integers is less than that of the real numbers. Cantor proposed the continuum hypothesis as a possible solution to this question. The hypothesis states that the set of real numbers has ... aleph naught and the cardinality of the real numbers is math 2 aleph 0 math , the continuum hypothesis ... math aleph 0 math , and the continuum hypothesis is in turn equivalent to the equality math 2 aleph 0 aleph 1. , math There is also a generalization of the continuum hypothesis called the generalized continuum hypothesis GCH which says that for all Ordinal number ordinals math alpha , math math 2 aleph alpha aleph alpha 1 . math A consequence of the hypothesis is that every infinite subset of the real ... of the reals. Impossibility of proof and disproof in ZFC Cantor believed the continuum hypothesis ...? that the continuum hypothesis CH for short cannot be disproved from the standard Zermelo Fraenkel set ... do not contain a contradiction this assumption is widely believed to be true. The continuum hypothesis ..., rather than purely mathematical, character. The continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice .... The continuum hypothesis is closely related to many statements in mathematical analysis analysis ... results are not universally accepted as disposing of the hypothesis, and Hilbert s problem remains ... 1988, p. 500 . Another viewpoint is that the conception of set is not specific enough to determine ... more details
. ISBN 0 275 96103 6, p. 371 383. ref In 2002, Jensen stated that he had now tested Spearman s hypothesis ...Spearman s hypothesis states that the magnitude of the black white difference in tests of cognitive ability ... , or g . The hypothesis, first formalized by Arthur Jensen in the 1980s based on Charles Spearman ... of correlated vectors to study the hypothesis. This, and a similar relationship regarding ... criticisms have been advanced and the validity of the arguments remain unresolved. Spearman s hypothesis ... set out to formalize and test the hypothesis in the 1980s. He argued that the correlations between ... evidence for the validity of the hypothesis. He proposed strong and weak forms of the hypothesis ... the weak form of the hypothesis. However, Jensen has argued that the correlations would be substantially ... Closely related to Spearman s hypothesis is the relationship between how high heritability a test has ... has argued that if Spearman s hypothesis is proven correct, it would, at least partially, answer ..., he asserted, the overall probability that Spearman s hypothesis is false is less than one ..., the supposed confirmation of Spearman s hypothesis, and the similar relationship for heritability ... cite doi 10.1037 1076 8971.11.2.235 ref The Flynn effect One criticism of Spearman s hypothesis has ... but that this is irrelevant since the basic assumption, that confirmation of Spearman s hypothesis ... by Spearman s hypothesis are likely only psychometric artefacts which also arise with measures which ... schonem pdf 83.pdf Famous artefacts Spearman s hypothesis. Current Psychology of Cognition, 16 ..., G.H. 2001 . Viewing Spearman s hypothesis from the perspective of multigroup PCA A comment on Sch nemann ... are used the results are unclear. As such, we cannot accept Spearman s hypothesis as an empirically ... using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis have supported Spearman s hypothesis in the US and South ... g . ref name RJ2010 Criticism Spearman s hypothesis is not without its critics. Psychologists Hunt ... more details
Image Synoptic problem Augustinian hypothesis.png thumb left 250px The Augustinian hypothesis suggests .... Then the Gospel of Luke was written using both Mark and Matthew. The Augustinian hypothesis is a solution ... . The hypothesis holds that Gospel of Matthew Matthew was written first, by Matthew the Evangelist see ... hypotheses, this hypothesis does not rely on, nor does it argue for, the existence of any document that is not explicitly mentioned in historical testimony. Instead, the hypothesis draws primarily upon ... of evidence for the hypothesis is the writings of the Church Fathers historical sources dating ... Christians for nearly two millennia. Finally, adherents to the Augustinian hypothesis view it as a simple, coherent solution to the synoptic problem . The Augustinian hypothesis addresses certain fundamental ... by proponents of competing hypotheses, such as the Two source hypothesis , its related Q document Q hypothesis , the Farrer hypothesis , and others. The main two areas of contention within the Augustinian ... Mark or Luke who wrote second. A modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis, known as the Griesbach hypothesis , agrees that Matthew wrote first and that Mark depended on Matthew, and does not dispute ... points of contention, this hypothesis is also treated as a possible amendment to the Augustinian hypothesis. Another modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis is the hypothesis of Eta Linnemann ... St. Augustine of Hippo Freeing A Prisoner, by Michael Pacher 1430 1498 . The hypothesis takes its name ... ideas of the Augustinian hypothesis. The fathers whose writings survive and who wrote about authorship ... generally agree on the primary points of contention within the Augustinian hypothesis, though not without discrepancies. Rather than seen as a refutation to the hypothesis, instead these discrepancies are often cited in defense of the hypothesis ref e.g. see this article on http www.newadvent.org ... conflicts with the Augustinian hypothesis concerning the order of Mark and Luke. The Griesbach hypothesis ... more details
cleanup date September 2009 wikiversity In criminology , psychology , and sociology , the contact hypothesis .... P. Zanna Ed. , Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 37,pp. 255 343 . San Diego, CA Elsevier ... Hypothesis, also known as Intergroup Contact Theory. The premise of Allport s theory states ... members modify category attributes p. 82 . ref name Rothbart Rothbart, M., & John, O. P. 1985 Social categorization and behavioral episodes A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup ... found that the Contact Hypothesis is an effective technique for reducing prejudice and stereotyping ... hypothesis resulted from World War II. Due to a shortage of combat troops, General Dwight ... that contact hypothesis is a very simple and optimistic and that contact would most likely gravitate ... with an outgroup member through the media. ref name Schiappa Schiappa, E., Gregg, P., & Hewes, D. 2005 The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis Communication Monographs , 72, 92 115 ref Extended Contact Hypothesis The extended contact hypothesis, put forward by Wright, Aron, McLaughlin Volpe, and Ropp ... Contact Hypothesis Schiappa, Gregg and Hewes proposed a communication analogue to Allport s 1954 Contact Hypothesis named the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis. Two years after the release of Gordon ... with the performer p 215 . ref Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. 1956 Mass communication and para social interaction .... ref name Schiappa A complementary approach to the parasocial contact hypothesis is provided by Ortiz ... via Other Media In addition to work on the parasocial contact hypothesis, additional research ... ref Contact Hypothesis and Homosexuality The Contact Hypothesis has proven to be highly effective in alleviating prejudice directed toward homosexuals. Applying the Contact Hypothesis to heterosexuals ... any other demographic or social psychological variable p. 239 such variables included gender, race ..., J. P. 1996 Some of my best friends Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals ... more details
Prout s hypothesis was an early 19th century attempt to explain the existence of the various chemical element s through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the atom . In 1815 ref William Prout 1815 . On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms. Annals of Philosophy , 6 321&ndash 330. http web.lemoyne.edu giunta PROUT.HTML Online reprint ref and 1816, ref William Prout 1816 . Correction of a mistake in the essay on the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms. Annals of Philosophy , 7 111&ndash 13. http web.lemoyne.edu giunta PROUT.HTML prout2 Online reprint ref the England English chemist William Prout published two papers in which he observed that the atomic ... first Leon title The God Particle year 1993 ref Prout s hypothesis was an influence on Ernest ... he named proton s. The discrepancy between Prout s hypothesis and the known variation of of some ... by the discovery of isotope s and the neutron . Prout s hypothesis was then found to be correct for atomic mass es of individual isotopes, to an accuracy not less than 99 . Influence Prout s hypothesis ... the hypothesis. In particular the atomic weight of chlorine , which is 35.45 times that of hydrogen , could not at the time be explained in terms of Prout s hypothesis. Some came up with the ad .... This resulted in the hypothesis that one quarter of a hydrogen atom was the common unit. Although ... of proton number P and neutron number N is equal to sum of the masses of its constituent protons ..., its mass number M P N times an atomic mass unit u , plus or minus ... Shtrum, reflects on Prout s hypothesis about hydrogen being the origin of other elements and the felicitous ... author Benfey, O. Theodore title Prout s Hypothesis journal Journal of Chemical Education year 1952 ... The Chemical Basis for Prout s Hypothesis journal Journal of Chemical Education year 1956 volume ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The clock hypothesis is an assumption in special relativity . It states that the rate of a clock doesn t depend on its acceleration but only on its instantaneous velocity. This is equivalent to stating, that a clock moving along a path math P math measures the proper time , defined by math d tau int P sqrt dt 2 dx 2 c 2 dy 2 c 2 dz 2 c 2 math . The clock hypothesis was not explicitly included in Einstein s original 1905 formulation of special relativity. Since then, it has become a standard assumption and is usually included in the axioms of special relativity, especially in the light of experimental verification up to very high accelerations in particle accelerator s. References S.R. Mainwaring, G.E. Stedman, Accelerated Clock Principles in Special Relativity . Physical Review A47 1993 3611 3619. R. Anderson, I. Vetharaniam, G.E. Stedman, Conventionality of Synchronization, Gauge Dependence and Test Theories of Relativity. , Physics Reports 295 1998 94 180. A.M. Eisele, On the Behavior of an Accelerated Clock , Helvetica Physica Acta 60 1987 1024 1037. P. Mittelstaedt, H. Heintzmann, Laws of Physics in Accelerated Reference Frames German , in Springer Tracts in Modern Physics G. H hler, ed. 47 1968 185 225. External links http math.ucr.edu home baez physics Relativity SR clock.html Does a clock s acceleration affect its timing rate? , from the USENET Physics FAQ Category special relativity ... more details
2006 , page 13. ref The psychocultural hypothesis is not a single, all encompassing explanation of the UFO ... date March 2009 . One of the arguments in favor of the psychocultural hypothesis compared with less mainstream interpretations e.g. Interdimensional hypothesis interdimensional tricksters or Extraterrestrial hypothesis extraterrestrial visitors is that the latter lie outside the body of knowledge ... hysteria , especially during UFO Waves. The French psychiatrist George Heuyer wrote this hypothesis ... considered the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis. For example, Associated Press quoted him in 1958 saying ... References reflist External links http www.theness.com index.php ufos the psychocultural hypothesis UFO s The Psychocultural Hypothesis By Steven Novella http skepdic.com ufos ets.html UFO unidentified .... 3, num. 3 , p. 17 18. Citation surname1 Clark given1 Jerome authorlink1 Jerome Clark title The UFO ... on http www.amazon.co.uk dp B00506U1QC?m A3TVV12T0I6NSM Kindle UFOs DEFAULTSORT Psychosocial Hypothesis ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
In mathematics, the Lindel f hypothesis is a conjecture by Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindel f see harvtxt Lindel f 1908 about the rate of growth of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line that is implied by the Riemann hypothesis . It says that, for any 0, math zeta left frac12 it right mbox is mathcal O t varepsilon , math as t tends to infinity see O notation . Since can be replaced by a smaller value, we can also write the conjecture as, for any positive , math zeta left ... theorem implies that is convex. The Lindel f hypothesis states 1 2 0, which together ... last Huxley year1 2002 year2 2005 Relation to the Riemann hypothesis harvtxt Backlund 1918 1919 showed that the Lindel f hypothesis is equivalent to the following statement about the zeros of the zeta ... and imaginary part between T and T 1 is o log T as T tends to infinity. The Riemann hypothesis implies that there are no zeros at all in this region and so implies the Lindel f hypothesis ... the Lindel f hypothesis seems only slightly stronger than what has already been proved, but in spite ... The Lindel f hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that math int 0 T zeta 1 2 it 2k ,dt O T 1 ... . harvtxt Conrey Ghosh 1998 suggested the value math 42 9 prod p left 1 p 1 4 1 4p 1 p 2 right math ..., OEIS id A039622 . Other consequences Denoting by p sub n sub the n th prime number, a result by Albert Ingham , shows that the Lindel f hypothesis implies that, for any 0, math p n 1 p n ll p n 1 2 varepsilon , math if n is sufficiently large . However, this result is much worse than .... last3 Keating first3 Jonathan P. last4 Rubinstein first4 M. O. last5 Snaith first5 N. C. title Integral ... last1 Conrey first1 J. B. last2 Farmer first2 D. W. last3 Keating first3 Jonathan P. last4 Rubinstein ... 5 Citation last1 Keating first1 Jonathan P. last2 Snaith first2 N. C. title Random matrix theory ... last Voronin The second reference of Voronin s article is false nothing on the Lindel f hypothesis ... more details
synthesis date March 2009 TOCright The interdimensional hypothesis IDH or IH , also called the extradimensional hypothesis EDH , is an advanced theory by Jacques Vall e that says unidentified flying object s UFOs and related events involve visitations from other realities or dimensions that coexist separately alongside our own. It is an alternative to the extraterrestrial hypothesis ETH . ref name Gates cite book title Alien Intrusion author Gary Bates pages 84&ndash 87,114&ndash 115,157&ndash 160,164 publisher New Leaf Publishing Group year 2005 isbn 0890514356 isbn13 9780890514351 ref ref name FW cite encyclopedia encyclopedia Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia year 2006 publisher World Almanac Education Group article History of UFOs url http history.com minisite.do?content type Minisite Generic&content type id 57838&mini id 57826 ref ref cite book author Hugh Ross, Kenneth R. Samples, Mark Clark title Lights in the Sky & Little Green Men A Rational Christian Look at Ufos and Extraterrestrials publisher NavPress Publishing Group date June 1, 2002 isbn 1576832082 url http www.amazon.com Lights Sky Little Green Extraterrestrials dp 1576832082 quote While numerous mystical explanations ... hypothesis ETH and the interdimensional hypothesis IDH . ref ref cite web url http www.history.com ... in Canadian UFO Report , Vol. 4, No. 4, 1977, p. 20 ref Other UFOlogists, such as John Ankerberg and John ... Clark was influenced by IDH but then he rejected this hypothesis and argued very cautiously in favor of the extraterrestrial hypothesis The development of IDH as an alternative to ETH increased in the 1970s ... advocated the hypothesis in The Edge of Reality A Progress Report on Unidentified Flying Objects ... and nobody had demonstrated an antigravity or faster than light travel hypothesis that could explain ... Books year 1979 page 91 ref IDH is considered a belief system rather than a scientific hypothesis ... theories es Hip tesis Interdimensional it Ipotesi parafisica sugli UFO fi Interdimensional hypothesis ... more details
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