, 1 21. ref defined an outlier as blockquote An outlying observation, or outlier, is one that appears ... be that some observations are far from the center of the data. Outlier points can therefore .... Alternatively, an outlier could be the result of a flaw in the assumed theory, calling for further ... There is no rigid mathematical definition of what constitutes an outlier determining whether or not an observation is an outlier is ultimately a subjective exercise. Outlier detection ref Rousseeuw, P. and Leroy, A. 1996, Robust Regression and Outlier Detection. John Wiley & Sons., 3 sup rd sup edition ... from data. Outlier detection can identify system faults and fraud before they escalate with potentially catastrophic consequences. The original outlier detection methods were arbitrary but now, principled ... . There are three fundamental approaches to the problem of outlier detection Type 1 Determine the outliers ... define an outlier to be any observation outside the range math big Q 1 k Q 3 Q 1 , Q 3 k Q 3 Q 1 ... of how to deal with an outlier should depend on the cause. Retention Even when a normal distribution ... algorithm that is robust to outliers to model data with naturally occurring outlier points. Exclusion Deletion of outlier data is a controversial practice frowned on by many scientists and science ... of measurement error are confidently known. An outlier resulting from an instrument reading error .... pp. 217 222. ref An outlier in a safety critical environment, a fraud detection system, an image analysis ... 3 8348 1022 9 External links MathWorld Outlier author Renze, John SpringerEOM id O o110080 title Outlier ... at pica de Ausrei er es Valor at pico eu Muturreko datu fr Donn e aberrante it Outlier he ... more details
Outlier or Outliers can refer to outlier , a statistical term Outliers book Outliers , a book by Malcolm Gladwell Outlier ballet Outlier , a ballet by Wayne McGregor Exclave , a geopolitical term Polynesian outlier , culturally Polynesian islands which lie Melanesia and Micronesia Inliers and outliers geology , a geological term anomaly detection in data mining Disambiguation ... more details
Taylor Outlier coor dm 85 13 S 90 19 W is a relatively isolated rock lying just in front of the west end of the Bermel Escarpment and about 1.5 nautical miles 2.8 km east of the lower part of Counts Icefall , in the Thiel Mountains . Mapped by United States Geological Survey USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959 61. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names US ACAN for Alfred R. Taylor USGS geologist, a member of the United States Antarctic Research Program USARP Victoria Land Traverse , 1959 60. usgs gazetteer antarctica geo stub Category Geography of Antarctica ... more details
Italic title about the McGregor ballet Outlier disambiguation Outlier is a ballet made by Wayne McGregor on New York City Ballet to Thomas Ad s violin concerto Concentric Paths , Op. 24 2005 . The premiere was Saturday, May 14 sup th sup , 2010 at the David H. Koch Theater , Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Lincoln Center , New York. Concentric Paths , subtitle of the violin concerto, refers to outliers who remain peripheral to actors having a common center,.There is harmonious dance within the circle until an outlier intrudes, conflict among the men with regard to the women. Lighting is coded the mood, red for strong emotions, yellow for tranquil, grey for somber. The grouping of dancers in three movements reflects the triadic nature of the music. Casts original col begin col 3 col 3 Ashley Bouder Sterling Hyltin Maria Kowroski Tiler Peck Wendy Whelan col 3 Adrian Danchig Waring Joaqu n De Luz Robert Fairchild Gonzalo Garcia dancer Gonzalo Garcia Craig Hall dancer Craig Hall Amar Ramasar col end Reviews col begin col 2 http www.nytimes.com 2010 05 17 arts dance 17serenade.html NY Times, Alastair Macaulay , May 16 sup th sup , 2010 col 2 http www.nytimes.com 2011 02 04 arts dance 04nycb.html NY Times, Alastair Macaulay , February 3 sup rd sup , 2011 col end External links http www.nycballet.com NYCB website Category Ballets by Wayne McGregor Category Ballets to the music of Thomas Ad s Category 2010 ballet premieres Category New York City Ballet repertory ... more details
Local Outlier Factor LOF is an anomaly detection algorithm presented as LOF Identifying Density based Local Outliers by Markus M. Breunig, Hans Peter Kriegel , Raymond T. Ng and J rg Sander ref cite doi 10.1145 335191.335388 ref . The key idea of LOF is comparing the local density of a point s neighborhood with the local density of its neighbors. LOF shares some concepts with DBSCAN and OPTICS algorithm OPTICS such as the concepts of core distance and reachability distance , which are used for local density estimation. Basic idea File LOF idea.svg thumb right 250px Basic idea of LOF comparing the local density of a point with the densities of its neighbors. As indicated by the title, the local outlier factor is based on a concept of a local density , where locality is given by the k nearest neighbors, whose distance is used to estimate the density. By comparing the local density of an object to the local densities of its neighbors, one can identify regions of similar density, and points that have a substantially lower density than their neighbors. These are considered to be outlier s. The local density is estimated by the typical distance at which a point can be reached from its neighbors. The definition of reachability distance used in LOF is an additional measure to produce more ... not an outlier . A value below math 1 math indicates a denser region which would be an inlier ..., a point at a small distance to a very dense cluster is an outlier, while a point within a sparse ... inlier, but there is no clear rule for when a point is an outlier. In one data set, a value of math 1.1 math may already be an outlier, in another dataset and parameterization with strong local fluctuations ... a dataset due to the locality of the method. Extensions Feature Bagging for Outlier Detection ref cite ... detection qualities in high dimensions. Local Outlier Probability LoOP ref cite doi 10.1145 1645953.1646195 ... Category Data mining de Local Outlier Factor ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Futuna Aniwan is the Polynesian language spoken on the Polynesian outlier outlier islands of Futuna Island, Vanuatu Futuna and Aniwa Island Aniwa in Vanuatu . It is also occasionally called West Futunan to distinguish it from East Futunan spoken on Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna Futuna and Alofi . Category Polynesian languages Category Polynesian outliers Au lang stub ... more details
The name Mortlock Islands can refer to Satawan Nomoi Islands , at coord 5.30 N 153.70 E in the Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia Takuu , a Polynesian outlier atoll at coord 4 45 S 157 2 E , northeast of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea Disambig de Mortlock Inseln ... more details
Summary Information Description Eastern outlier of Seymour Range Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date 13 August 2008 Author User Angilbas Tony User talk Angilbas talk other versions Licensing PD self date October 2008 ... more details
Summary Information Description This is a Venn diagram showing the 49 LNER Peppercorn Class A1 locomotives, with the LNER Thompson Class A1 1 as an outlier and the 2008 built locomotive 60163 Tornado also as an outlier . Both of these are therefore in separate outgroup s. The most important lines are the font color red red font ones. Sorry some of the Nos names haven t quite come out right. The font quite appropriately is Gill Sans . Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date December 2008. Author User Tony May Tony May User talk Tony May talk other versions Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 ... more details
Infobox Language family name Ellicean altname Ellicean Outlier region Tuvalu , Polynesian outlier s in Micronesia and northern Melanesia familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Central Eastern Oceanic languages Central Eastern fam5 Central Pacific languages Central Pacific fam6 Polynesian languages Polynesian fam7 Ellicean Eastern The Ellicean or Ellicean Outlier languages are a group languages spoken in Polynesian outlier s in Micronesia , Papua New Guinea , and the northern Solomon Islands , as well as the languages of Tuvalu . The name comes from the Ellice Islands , the colonial name of Tuvalu. The other Polynesian outlier languages were traditionally classified in sister group of Futunic languages , but Futunic is not well supported as a group. List of Ellicean languages According to a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php ref the languages are as follows clade label1 Ellicean 1 clade 1 clade 1 Nukuoro language Nukuoro on Nukuoro in the Federated States of Micronesia 2 Kapingamarangi language Kapingamarangi on Kapingamarangi in the FSM 2 clade 1 Takuu language Takuu on Takuu in the eastern islands of Papua New Guinea 2 clade 1 Ontong Java language Ontong Java or Luangiua on Ontong Java in the Solomon Islands 2 Sikaiana language Sikaiana on Sikaiana in the Solomons Also classified in the past as Ellicean languages, ref Marck, Jeff 2000 , Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history . Canberra Pacific Linguistics ref but not included in the database, are Nukumanu language Nukumanu on Nukumanu in the eastern islands of Papua New Guinea Nuguria language Nuguria or Nukuria on Nuguria in the eastern islands of Papua New Guinea References Reflist Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Languages of the Solomon Islands Category Samoic languages ru ... more details
Infobox Language name Anuta states Solomon Islands region Anuta Island. speakers 267 1999 SIL . iso3 aud familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Polynesian languages Polynesian fam5 Nuclear Polynesian languages Nuclear Polynesian notice nonotice The Anuta language is a Polynesian languages Polynesian Samoic Outlier languages Outlier language from the island of Anuta in the Solomon Islands . It is closely related to the Tikopia language of the neighboring island of Tikopia . coord 11.61 S 169.85 E display title Category Languages of the Solomon Islands au lang stub de Anutische Sprache fr Anuta langue hr Anuta jezik pms Lenga anuta pt L ngua anuta sm Gagana Anut a ... more details
Ediacara can refer to several things The Ediacara Hills are a small outlier of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. The Ediacaran geological time period, named after the range. The Ediacaran biota , the oldest known complex multicellular life. See also Ediacaria , a fossil of unknown classification. disambig es Ediacara fr Ediacara ja sv Ediacara ... more details
Mele Island also known as Hideaway Island is a Polynesian outlier and islet in Vanuatu . It is famous for having the world s only underwater post office. Navigation box br Polynesia coord 17.6966 168.2636 type isle region VU display title Category Polynesian outliers Category Islands of Vanuatu ace Mele fr Mele le ... more details
Svarthausen Nunatak coor dm 69 49 S 74 30 E is a jagged, dark rock nunatak with a small outlier to the southwest, lying on the west side of Polar Times Glacier , about 4 nautical miles 7 km south southeast of Mount Caroline Mikkelsen . Mapped from air photographs by the Lars Christensen Expedition , 1936 37, and named Svarthausen the black crag . usgs gazetteer Category Mountains of Antarctica antarctica geo stub ... more details
Davis Nunataks coor dm 85 37 S 166 36 E is a small cluster of rock nunatak s 3 nautical miles 6 km northwest of Mount Ward , the feature being a southern outlier of the main body of the Dominion Range . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names US ACAN for Ronald N. Davis , United States Antarctic Research Program USARP geomagnetist seismologist at South Pole Station , winter 1963. usgs gazetteer Category Mountains of Antarctica antarctica geo stub ... more details
Orphan date November 2010 Frontier Nunataks coor dm 78 21 S 88 6 W is a small isolated group of nunatak s lying about 20 nautical miles 37 km west of the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains . The nunataks were visited by geologist Thomas Bastien of the University of Minnesota Geological Party, 1963 64, and so named because they are the extreme western outlier of the Ellsworth Mountains. usgs gazetteer Category Mountains of Antarctica WAntarctica geo stub ... more details
Townrow Peak coor dm 76 38 S 159 35 E is a prominent outlier of the Tilman Ridge in the Allan Hills , Victoria Land . Reconnoitered by the New Zealand Antarctic Research Program NZARP Allan Hills Expedition 1964 and named after J.A. Townrow of the University of Tasmania, palaeobotanist with the expedition. usgs gazetteer Category Mountains of Antarctica EAntarctica geo stub ... more details
Tabor Spur coor dm 85 15 S 90 14 W is a narrow, jagged spur jutting out from the front of the Bermel Escarpment between Taylor Outlier and Elliott Nunatak , in the Thiel Mountains . The name was proposed by Peter Bermel and Arthur Ford , co leaders of the United States Geological Survey USGS Thiel Mountains party which surveyed these mountains in 1960 61. Named for Rowland Tabor , USGS geologist with the 1961 62 Thiel Mountains party. usgs gazetteer antarctica geo stub Category Geography of Antarctica ... more details
Tether Rock coor dm 79 40 S 156 9 E is a rock outlier 1 nautical mile 1.9 km north of Lindstrom Ridge in the Darwin Mountains . The rock marks the north margin of ice covered Access Slope , a route through the Circle Icefall of upper Darwin Glacier Antarctica Darwin Glacier . Named in association with Lindstrom Ridge, to which Tether Rock appears to be subglacially connected. usgs gazetteer antarctica geo stub Category Geography of Antarctica ... more details
Hoggestabben Butte coor dm 72 0 S 3 58 E is a prominent butte, 2,410 m, standing 3 nautical miles 6 km north of Mount Hochlin and being its highest northern outlier, in the Muhlig Hofmann Mountains , Queen Maud Land . Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1956 60 and named Hoggestabben the chopping block . usgs gazetteer Category Geography of Antarctica QueenMaudLand geo stub ... more details
Grubbs test named after Frank E. Grubbs , also known as the maximum normed errors and residuals in statistics residual test , is a Statistical hypothesis testing statistical test used to detect outlier s in a univariate data set assumed to come from a normal distribution normally distributed population. Definition Grubbs test is based on the assumption of normal distribution normality . That is, one should first verify that the data can be reasonably approximated by a normal distribution before applying the Grubbs test. ref Quoted from the Engineering and Statistics Handbook , paragraph 1.3.5.17, http www.itl.nist.gov div898 handbook eda section3 eda35h.htm ref Grubbs test detects one outlier at a time. This outlier is expunged from the dataset and the test is iterated until no outliers are detected. However, multiple iterations change the probabilities of detection, and the test should not be used for sample sizes of six or less since it frequently tags most of the points as outliers. Grubbs test is defined for the statistical hypothesis hypothesis H sub 0 sub There are no outliers in the data set H sub a sub There is at least one outlier in the data set The Grubbs test statistic is defined as math G frac displaystyle max i 1, ldots, N left vert Y i bar Y right vert s math with math overline Y math and s denoting the sample mean and standard deviation , respectively. The Grubbs test statistic is the largest absolute deviation from the sample mean in units of the sample standard deviation. This is the two sided version of the test. The Grubbs test can also be defined as a one sided test. To test whether the minimum value is an outlier, the test statistic is math G frac bar Y Y min s math with Y sub min sub denoting the minimum value. To test whether the maximum value is an outlier, the test statistic is math G frac Y max bar Y s math with Y sub max sub denoting the maximum value. For the two sided test , the hypothesis of no outliers is rejected at significance leve ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Language name Futunan nativename Faka futuna region Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna and New Caledonia speakers 6,600 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Polynesian languages Polynesian fam5 Niuean iso2 map iso3 fud notice nonotice Futunan is the Polynesian language spoken on Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna Futuna and Alofi . The term East Futunan is also used to distinguish it from the related Futuna Aniwan West Futunan Futuna Aniwan spoken on the Polynesian outlier outlier islands of Futuna Island, Vanuatu Futuna and Aniwa Island Aniwa in Vanuatu . According to Ethnologue , Fakafutuna is spoken by 3,600 on Futuna, as well as 3,000 migrant workers on New Caledonia . Oceania topic Languages of DEFAULTSORT Futunan Language Category Futunic languages Category Languages of Wallis and Futuna Category Languages of New Caledonia Au lang stub WallisFutuna stub ca Futuni de Futunische Sprache fr Futunien it Lingua futuniana no Futunaisk sh Futunski jezik fi Futunan kieli ... more details
The Cwm Llwyd Fault is a Fault geology fault in the Black Mountains, Wales Black Mountains of South Wales . It moved as a sinistral left lateral strike slip fault during the Variscan Orogeny . Together with the Llwyn Celyn Fault it formed a left stepping offset that created a pull apart basin pull apart structure , which preserved the Cwm Llwyd Outlier of Namurian rocks. ref name Walsh cite journal last Walsh first P.T. coauthors Barclay W.T. & Battiau Queney Y. year 2007 title The Cwm Llwyd Outlier, Carmarthenshire, South West Wales Britain s deepest karstic subsidence or Variscan pull apart structure? journal Geological Journal volume 42 issue 1 pages 1 23 doi 10.1002 gj.1061 url http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1002 gj.1061 abstract accessdate 18 December 2010 ref See also List of geological faults of Wales References Reflist coord missing Wales Category Geology of Wales geology stub Wales geo stub ... more details
In statistical theory, the Chauvenet s criterion named for William Chauvenet ref Chauvenet, William. A Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy V. II. 1863. Reprint of 1891. 5th ed. Dover, N.Y. 1960. pp. 474 566. ref is a means of assessing whether one piece of experimental data &mdash an outlier &mdash from a set of observations, is likely to be spurious. To apply Chauvenet s criterion, first calculate the mean and standard deviation of the observed data. Based on how much the suspect datum differs from the mean, use the normal distribution function or a table thereof to determine the probability that a given data point will be at the value of the suspect data point. Multiply this probability by the number of data points taken. If the result is less than 0.5, the suspicious data point may be discarded, i.e., a reading may be rejected if the probability of obtaining the particular deviation from the mean is less than 1 2 n . Example For instance, suppose a value is measured experimentally in several trials as 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, and 50. The mean is 16.7 and the standard deviation 16.34. 50 differs from 16.7 by 33.3, slightly more than two standard deviations. The probability of taking data more than two standard deviations from the mean is roughly 0.05. Six measurements were taken, so the statistic value data size multiplied by the probability is 0.05× 6 0.3. Because 0.3 0.5, according to Chauvenet s criterion, the measured value of 50 should be discarded leaving a new mean of 10, with standard deviation 0.7 . Peirce s criterion Another method for eliminating spurious data is called Peirce s criterion . It was developed a few years before Chauvenet s criterion was published, and it is a more rigorous approach to the rational deletion of outlier data. See S. Ross reference below. Other methods such as Grubbs test for outliers are mentioned under the listing for Outlier . Criticism Deletion of outlier data is a controversial practice frowned on by many scientis ... more details
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