apart for the administration of various religious rites . The ordination of women is a controversial ... title Ani Pema Ch dr n publisher Gampoabbey.org date accessdate 2010 11 19 ref Main Ordination of women .... ref cite web url http lhamo.tripod.com 4ordin.htm title Resources on Women s Ordination publisher Lhamo.tripod.com ... publisher Journeyonline.com.au date 2006 11 07 accessdate 2010 11 19 ref Main Ordination of women ... Bennett in 1971. Several Anglican provinces also permit the ordination of women as bishops, ref ... search faq 039.htm title Ordination of Women in the Anglican Church of Canada Deacons, Priests and Bishops ... in Scotland also permits the ordination of women as bishops since 2003, but none have yet been appointed ... the validity of this ordination for a female Jehovah s Witness minister. ref Women May They Be Ministers ... as the Roman Catholic Church with respect to ordination of priests, and does not allow women s ordination. ref cite web url http www.religioustolerance.org femclrg19.htm title Ordination of women ... . However, the ordination of women in the Catholic Church does exist. Although it is not widespread ... mi qa3818 is 200207 ai n9101319 The question of the ordination of women in the community of churches ... has allowed the ordination of women since its beginning, although it was a hotly disputed topic between ... priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church s faithful ... Church has never felt that priestly or episcopal ordination can be validly conferred on women ... to 5, that there were no scriptural objections to the priestly ordination of women however, the Congregation ... ordination of women would result in automatic excommunication for the women and priests ... 11 19 ref Furthermore, 12 groups have been founded throughout the world advocating for women s ordination ... ref Women s Ordination Worldwide, founded in 1996 in Austria, is a network of national and international ..., including but not limited to Catholic Women s Ordination founded in March 1993 in the United Kingdom ... more details
The Movement for the Ordination of Women MOW was a group campaigning for the ordination of women as deacons and then priests in the Church of England. It operated from the late 1970s until women were priested in the early 1990s. It was effectively succeeded by Women and the Church. The Movement for the ordination of Women can also refer to a women s ordination organization founded within the Anglican Church in Australia by Patricia Brennan in the 1970s. There were differences within this Australian group about styles of protest and activism. Some members were uncomfortable in the public arena and feared that engaging in political strategy and power games might divert the issue from its spiritual path. External links http www.womenpriests.org related rose 10.asp The Movement for the Ordination of Women Category Ordination of women anglicanism stub ... more details
The Women s Ordination Conference is the oldest and largest national organization that works to ordain women as priests, deacons and bishops into the Roman Catholic Church. Founded in 1975, it primarily promotes an agenda with the objective of ordaining women within the Catholic Church. Controversy The WOC s sister organization, Roman Catholic Womenpriests , has incurred an automatic excommunication by decree of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith . Leaders of the WOC that have attempted female ordination or who have worked alongside RCW also join them in a state of latae sententiae excommunication. References http www.womensordination.org Women s Ordination Conference Category Ordination of women Category People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church Category Women s religious organizations ... more details
for and against the ordination of women as elders were identical to those concerning women ... Assembly changed its legislation to allow the ordination of women as elders in 1966 and as ministers in 1968. ref http books.google.com books?id nbi tMwsHXwC&pg PA250&dq Ordination of women in the Church ... Category Church of Scotland Category Ordination of women C ...Unreferenced date July 2007 The Church of Scotland was one of the first national churches to accept the ordination of women . In Presbyterianism , ordination is understood to be an Ordinance Christian ordinance rather than a sacrament minister of religion ministers and Elder religious elders are ordained until recently deacons were commissioned but now they too are ordained to their office in the Church of Scotland. Background Women were commissioned as deacons or deaconesses from 1935, and allowed to preach from 1949. Serious debate on the ordination of women as ministers began when Mary Levison petitioned the General Assembly for ordination in 1963. She was eventually ordained in 1978 and later was the first woman to be appointed Queen s Chaplain. In a Presbyterian Church, elders who together with the minister form the kirk session and fulfil some of the functions of a parish council in other denominations are ordained for life ad vitam aut culpam though without the laying on of hands ... women The first woman to be ordained as a minister in the Church of Scotland was the Revd Catherine ... a In good company women in the ministry, Iain Orr MacLeod, Lesley Orr Macdonald, 1999, p.33. ref She ... of The Ministries Council of the Church of Scotland on 15 January 2008 ref women are now ministers ... M. Kesting became the first woman minister to be elected as Moderator of the General Assembly. Women ... Dr Marjory MacLean &ndash then minister at Stromness, Orkney &ndash was appointed as the first women ... 2003 and again in 2009 . A number of other senior administrators in the Church are women. Women have ... more details
GenderChristianity The ordination of women in Protestant churches has often been carried out in light of the theological doctrine of the priesthood of all believers , which might include women if the expression ... within specific churches The Apostolic Johannite Church has offered ordination to women as deacons ... Mary Levison petitioned the General Assembly for ordination. Woman elders were introduced in 1966 and women ... in 2004. Main Ordination of women in the Church of Scotland Neither the Free Church of Scotland post ... in America ordained the Rev Elizabeth Platz . The ordination of women is now non controversial ... of the ordination of women, which lead to marginalization of a vocal high church minority, which successively ... 2000. Ordination of women is not a controversial issue in the LEPC GCEPC. Women are ordained consecrated ... objection to the ordination of women. Some other Old Catholic Churches do not ordain women, but accept ... allows ordination of women. ref Dienst der Frau Frauenordination eingef hrt, 2004 http www.bfp.de ... web url http www.pcusa.org womenordinationordination timeline.htm title Women s Ordination Time Line ... http www.pcusa.org womenordinationordination timeline2.htm title Women s Ordination Time Line page ... at the worldwide General Conference Session s turned down a proposal to allow ordination of women ... Unitarian . Women s ordination is now non controversial in the United Church of Christ ..., the Methodist Church in America granted ordination and full clergy rights to women. Since that time ... Lutheran Church in Canada . References references Category Ordination of women P Category ... number of denominations have begun ordaining women. The notion of a priesthood reserved ... to all believing women and men. Relevant Biblical passages The debate over women s eligibility ..., supporters of women in ministry also make appeals to evidence from the New Testament that is taken to suggest that women did exercise ministries in the apostolic Church e.g., Bibleref2 Acts 21 9 , Bibleref2 ... more details
The ordination of women in Buddhism is currently and historically practiced in some Buddhist regions ... Patriarch of Thailand , responding to the attempted ordination of two women, issued an edict that monks must not ordain women as samaneris novices , sikkhamanas probationers or bhikkhunis. ref id, page 230 ref The two women were reportedly arrested and jailed briefly. In a more recent challenge to the Thai sangha s ban on women, Dhammananda Bhikkhuni , previously a professor of Buddhist philosophy ... a novice and then a bhikkhuni in Sri Lanka in 2003 upon the revival of the full ordination of women ... law banning women s full ordination in Buddhism as unconstitutional for being counter laws protecting freedom of religion. Currently, more than 20 further Thai women have followed in Dhammananda Bhikkhuni ... Full Ordination for Women into the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition ref In 2005, the Dalai Lama repeatedly ... of Women in Buddhism ref See also Bhikkhuni References reflist Category Ordination of women ... reluctance, he also established an order of Bhikkhunis nuns or women monks . However, according ... Women s Role in the Sangha held at the University of Hamburg, Germany, in 2007. Historicity of the account ... . Recent developments The International Congress on Buddhist Women s Role in the Sangha Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages took place in Germany, on July 18 20, 2007 . Sri Lanka There have been some attempts in recent years to revive the tradition of women in the sangha within Theravada Buddhism in Thailand , India and Sri Lanka , with many women ordained in Sri Lanka since 1996. ref ... Nikaya, have yet to officially accept fully ordained women into their ranks. Despite substantial and growing support inside the religious hierarchy, sometimes fierce opposition to the ordination of women within the sangha remains. See also Buddhism in Thailand America In 2010 the first Buddhist ... novice ordination. ref name vajra The abbot of this nunnery is an American woman named Khenmo Drolma ... more details
The ordination of women in the Anglican Communion has become increasingly widely accepted in recent years ... of Australia , ordain women as deacons, priests and bishop s, while a number of other provinces, as noted in the table below, have removed canonical bars to women bishops but have not yet consecrated any. Other provinces ordain women as deacons and priests but not as bishops others still as deacons only and seven provinces have yet to approve the ordination of women to any order of ministry. Within provinces which permit the ordination of women, approval of enabling legislation is largely a diocesan ... of the fact that the ordination of women to all three orders of ministry is canonically possible. The ordination of women has been a controversial issue throughout the Anglican Communion. By 2010 ... been a number of breakaway groups established by conservative Anglicans who see the ordination of women ... authorized the ordination of women to the priesthood and the episcopate. ref http www.pbs.org moyers ... are canonically possible is much greater . The situation regarding women s ordination in the Anglican ... East , Province de L Eglise Anglicane Du Congo Congo , Church of Pakistan Pakistan No ordination of women ... as priests in 1976, ref http www.anglican.ca search faq 039.htm Ordination of Women in the Anglican ... on a protracted debate over the ordination of women as bishops, a debate that was ultimately ..., which paved the way for the ordination of women as priests. Following the agreement at the April 2008 ... as priests in 1994, and in 2003 provided for the ordination of women as bishops. The nomination of the Revd ... endorsed the ordination of women as bishops. The measure included provisions for individual bishops ... to opponents. Church of Ireland The Church of Ireland approved the ordination of women as priests ... ministry. Several have provided for the ordination of women as priests for some years. The Episcopal ... Ordination Of Women In The Anglican Communion Category Ordination of women A Category Anglicanism ... more details
The ordination of women in the Anglican diocese of Sydney is rejected, which provides the Anglican Diocese of Sydney Sydney diocese with a distinctive status among the Anglican communion . Diocesan position One of the visible differences between Sydney and the majority of other Anglican dioceses in Australia has been its unwillingness to allow the ordination of women to the priesthood itself a term infrequently used in the diocese or presbyterate. This issue is an indicator of Sydney s difference in ecclesiology and theology to most other dioceses within the Anglican Communion. For many Anglicans outside Evangelical churches and even for many Sydney Anglicans within Evangelical churches, the central act of worship is the celebration of the Eucharist . Within the Anglican church the Eucharist can only be presided over by an authorised priest presbyter . For many of those, throughout the Anglican Communion, who have opposed the ordination of women the sex of the priest who presided at the Eucharist has been a major issue. But in the Sydney diocese the sex of the person who presides at the Eucharist ... for Sydney s strong opposition towards the ordination of women to the presbyterate is based partly ... women as presbyters. The action failed in the New South Wales Court of Appeal although it delayed the ordination ... for the Ordination of Women, as well as an occasional cause of tension between Sydney and the Anglican ... Sydney Anglicans who are supportive of the ordination of women have ministered or are currently ... reflist Category Ordination of women Australia Category Anglican Church in Australia ... and women outlined in his first letter to the First Epistle to the Corinthians Corinthians . The diocese has, however, ordained women as deacons since 1989 ref http www.sydneyanglicans.net portal historyofsydneydiocese.pdf ref . Women who are ordained as priests outside the diocese, such as the Revd ... a deacon, the Revd Dianne Nicolios, as archdeacon in charge of women s ministries. Legal action ... more details
GenderChristianity The Roman Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women , as expressed in the current ... ordination can be validly conferred on women, Inter Insigniores, October 15, 1976, section 1 ref The requirement ... for the Doctrine of the Faith discussed the issue of the ordination of women and issued a Inter Insigniores ... herself authorized to admit women to priestly ordination . The most important reasons stated ... of America Report on Tradition and the Ordination of Women http www.usao.edu facshaferi NCCB.HTML ... women, and that Christ s plan would not be transgressed by permitting the ordination of women ... stressing that priestly ordination for women is impossible. ref Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ... has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment ..., mainstream theologians continued to oppose the ordination of women, appealing to a mixture of scripture ... but interrelated questions whether some women in the early Church received true sacramental ordination ... changeable ecclesiastical law. If some women did receive true sacramental ordination, then the current ... by K. K. Fitzgerald, Phyllis Zagano, and Gary Macy argue for the sacramental ordination of women as deacons ... Inter Insigniores ref The opinion that women received sacramental ordination in certain times ... who addressed the question almost unanimously considered the exclusion of women from ordination ... of women to priestly ordination cannot mean that women are of lesser dignity, nor can it be construed ... s position on the ordination of women as a sign that women are not equal to men in the Catholic ... for the Catholic ordination of women ref http www.womenpriests.org preasons.asp Seven Reasons why ... of ordination, then because of the fundamental unity of Holy Orders, women can also be ordained ... Frauen Theological objections to the diaconal ordination of women , by Hans Jorissen, in Diakonat Ein ... in favour of the ordination of women, with an online archive of scholarly publications supporting ... more details
orphan date March 2010 Ordination of women in the United Methodist Church has occurred since its creation ... ordination of women was unlawful. In his opinion, the law of the Church did not authorize the ordination ... the gender basis for ordination such as the natural gifts and fruit of women to pastor, the sacramental ... ordination in the Book of Discipline, they revoked the licenses to preach of all those women who currently ... South gained the right to ordination, the Methodist Protestant women gave up full clergy rights in the merger ... her right to full clergyship in the Methodist Church . See also Ordination of women References Reflist ... and the Ordination of WomenWomen and Wesley s Times General Commission on the Status and Role of Women ... women in the late 19th century, but the largest group, The Methodist Church USA The Methodist Church , did not grant women full clergy rights until 1956. ref http archives.umc.org interior.asp?ptid 1&mid 1021 ref The Methodist Church Essay like section date December 2009 John Wesley s views on women ... to Sarah Crosby. ref http www.iscuo.org clergywomen.htm ref Later, Wesley also licensed other women ... ordained women, Mary Fletcher, began preaching at age 16, and at age 21 was thrown out of her parent s home because of her faith. Wesley s appreciation for the importance of women in the church ... and spirtuality spiritual qualities of women. Susanna Wesley, and other women in the early Methodist ... s. His views on women can be found in his 1786 sermon On Visiting the Sick . In this sermon, he attacks the requirement of submissiveness that was often imposed on women of the time It has long passed for a maxim with many that women are only to be seen but not heard. And accordingly many of them ... women of sense and spirit can submit to it. ref Kenneth Cracknell and Susan J. White, An Introduction ... a separate Methodist Episcopal Church of the north. His death also marked a shift in the view on women in the church. Some denominations continued to officially sanction the status of women. In 1866, for example ... more details
Women s Role in the Sangha Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages was held at the University ... Sutras. Ordination of women Main Ordination of women The ordination of women is often a controversial ... Presbyterian Church United States Evangelical Presbyterian Church . The ordination of women ... the Catholic Church viewed the ordination of women as a huge obstacle to possible rapprochement between the two churches. The Catholic Church has not changed its view or practice on the ordination or women ... Christians worldwide. In response to the growing call for the ordination of women, Pope John Paul ... settled, but many continue to push for the ordination of women in the Catholic Church. Some have even begun protest churches. In Judaism The ordination of women rabbis in Judaism closely parallels ... do not allow women rabbis. Policy regarding the ordination of women differs among the different ... External links commonscat Ordination http www.james dave.com women.html Can Women Preach? by James ...About the process of ordaining clergy other meanings ordination disambiguation In general religious use, ordination is the process by which individuals are Consecration consecrated , that is, set apart as clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies. The process and ceremonies of ordination ... is undergoing the process of, ordination is sometimes called an ordinand . The liturgy used at an ordination is sometimes referred to as an ordinal . Christianity Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican Churches Unreferenced section date August 2010 Image Priestly ordination.jpg thumb Ordination ... levels of ordination or Holy Orders in these Churches bishop, priest and deacon there have been others ... these levels of ordination are sequential first, to the diaconate as a deacon , then to the presbyterate ... deacons before ordination as priest permanent deacons do not go on to priesthood this allows ... bishops, however in the past deacon cardinals and priest cardinals did exist. Ordination is administered ... more details
Ordination can refer to Ordination , the process of ordaining clergy. Ordination statistics , a multivariate statistical analysis procedure. See also Ordination of women disambig de Ordination Begriffskl rung et Ordinatsioon t psustus es Ordenaci n eu Ordenazio pl Ordynacja ujednoznacznienie pt Ordena o ru ... more details
In multivariate statistics multivariate analysis , ordination is a method complementary to data clustering , and used mainly in exploratory data analysis rather than in hypothesis testing . Ordination partially ordered set orders objects that are characterized by values on multiple variables i.e., multivariate objects so that similar objects are near each other and dissimilar objects are farther from each other. These relationships between the objects, on each of several axes one for each variable , are then characterized numerically and or graphically. Many ordination techniques exist, including principal components analysis PCA , non metric multidimensional scaling NMDS , correspondence analysis CA and its derivatives detrended correspondence analysis detrended CA DCA , canonical CA CCA , Bray&ndash Curtis ordination , and redundancy analysis RDA , among others. Applications Ordination can be used on the analysis of any set of multivariate objects. It is frequently used in several environmental or ecological sciences, particularly plant community ecology . It is also used in genetics and systems biology for microarray data analysis, and in psychometrics . See also Multivariate statistics Principal components analysis Correspondence analysis Multiple correspondence analysis Detrended correspondence analysis Intrinsic dimension References Gauch, H. G., Jr. 1982. Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Jongman et al., 1995. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Birks, H.J.B, 1998. An Annotated Bibliography Of Canonical Correspondence Analysis And Related Constrained Ordination Methods ... Casgrain cca bib index.html External links General http ordination.okstate.edu The Ordination Web Page Ordination Methods for Ecologists http userwww.sfsu.edu efc classes biol710 ordination ordination.htm ... classes biol710 ordination CA.htm http www.statsoft.com textbook stmulsca.html http www2.chass.ncsu.edu ... more details
Ordination examinations are given by an ecclesiastical body as a way to ensure that a candidate is adequately equipped, called and prepared for ministry in that body. In the Presbyterian Church USA Presbyterian Church U.S.A. , there are four exams Theology , Worship and Sacraments , Ecclesiastical polity Polity , and Biblical Exegesis undertaken in either Biblical Greek or Hebrew. The first three, respectively, are taken in a proctored setting over the course of two days. The last is given to students at the conclusion of the other three, and is taken home for completion. In addition, all candidates for ministry must pass a fifth ordination exam typically given the first year of seminary called the Bible Content Exam . Exams are graded by at least two readers on a scale of 1 to 5. 3 is a passing score, and 5 is outstanding. If one reader passes a student, and a second fails that student, a third reader is then called in to make a final judgment. Special considerations are made for students whose first language is not English, and the exam is regularly administered in Spanish and Korean. It is common for students to have to take their exams several times before passing. Up to 28 of ordained ministers will have repeated at least one exam. Some, though not all, presbyteries impose a limit on the number of times their candidates may attempt an exam. Others allow for alternative formats. Still, a fair number of students do not pass all of their exams after several tries. It is not unheard of for a candidate to be dismissed from the Holy Orders ordination process after multiple attempts to pass the tests have failed. In addition, Presbyterian seminarians are required to pass an examination covering the content of the Bible . Practice exams are available here http www.whitneyhq.com biblecontent . See also PC USA seminaries Category Presbyterian Church U.S.A. seminaries Category Religious behaviour and experience Category Presbyterian ministers Category Christian ordination ... more details
LGBT issues and Christianity Globalize date May 2010 The ordination of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender clergy who are open about their sexuality or are in committed same sex relationships is a debated practice within some contemporary Christian Church communities. While the majority of churches ... number of Christian churches and communities that are open to the ordination ... positions. The issue of ordination has caused particular controversy in the worldwide Anglican ... discussing the issue for many years, but its official position continues to deny ordination to Self Avowed Practicing Homosexuals. In theory, a homosexual who is celibate is a fit candidate for ordination ... of Danish National Church Denmark , and the Church of Norway permit the ordination of openly LGBT clergy ... ordination. Northern California is the only region labeled as Open and Inclusive, however, the Ohio Commission on Ministry the body that grants ordination has decided that sexual orientation is not a criterion for ordination. Other regions are in the process of investigating the matter, mostly on a polity ... homosexuality . The ordination of gays and lesbians is not a new thing, but their ordination as openly ... congregations in developing countries, the ordination of homosexuals is highly controversial ... Bishop J. Neil Alexander of the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta Diocese of Atlanta said he voted for the ordination ... Church opposed to the ordination of openly gay clergy. The Anglican Church in North America includes ... opposed to both the ordination of gay clergy and to church approved matrimonial rites for homosexual ... to the ordination of non celibate gays and lesbians. Roman Catholicism Main Homosexuality and Roman ..., and homosexual acts themselves are gravely sinful. However, the Church does allow the ordination .... 1999 Church handbook. Specify date May 2010 Women are not ordained to the priesthood. See also ... References Reflist Religion and LGBT topics DEFAULTSORT Ordination Of Lgbt Christian Clergy Category ... more details
Information Description Photograph of Ajahn Munindo s Ordination by Ajahn Chah Source Ajahn Munindo Aruna Ratanagiri Monastery Date 22 07 2008 Author Ian Williamson williamson.ian hotmail.co.uk Permission Cc by sa 3.0 other versions ... more details
Description Deacon Ordination Credential Source McGee Family Album Date 1925 Author Mr. Raja McGee of Kolkata, India Permission Reusing this image cc by sa 2.5 in Licensing cc by sa 2.5 in ... more details
Description Elder Ordination Credential Source McGee Family Album Date 1926 Author Mr. Raja McGee of Kolkata, India Permission Reusing this image cc by sa 2.5 in Licensing cc by sa 2.5 in ... more details
Description Elder Ordination Credential of A H McGee Author Raja McGee Source McGee family Album Date 1926 Permission cc by sa 2.5 in Licence cc by sa 2.5 in ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Politics of Peru National Co ordination of Independents Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes is a Peru vian political party . At the legislative Peruvian national election, 2006 elections held on 9 April 2006, the party was member of the Center Front . DEFAULTSORT National Co Ordination Of Independents Category Political parties in Peru SouthAm party stub es Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes ... more details
Image AndawThein.jpg thumb right 250px Andaw Thein Ordination Hall Andaw Thein lang my , IPA my d i , is a temple in Mrauk U located at the northwest corner of the Shite thaung Temple . The name means Tooth Shrine . It contains a tooth relic of the Buddha coming from Sri Lanka . It was built between 1515 and 1521 by Sajata . See also List of Temples in Mrauk U References Burma s Lost Kingdoms Splendours of Arakan by Pamela Gutman coord missing Burma Category Buddhist temples in Burma Category Stupas Category Rakhine State ... more details
The ordination of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender clergy in Judaism refers to who are open about their sexuality or are in committed same sex relationships is a debated practice within many contemporary Judaism. History The ordination of Jewish LGBT, started in 1984 with Reconstructionist Judaism when the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College , the sole Reconstructionist seminary, voted to accept and ordain gay rabbis. ref name F http www.forward.com articles 12994 As Acceptance Grows, Gay Synagogues Torn Between the Straight and Narrow , The Forward , Anthony Weiss, March 20, 2008 ref This continued in the late 1980s when the primary seminary of the Reform Judaism Reform movement , the Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion , changed its admission requirements to allow gays to join the student body. In 1990, the Union for Reform Judaism announced a national policy declaring gay and lesbian Jews to be full and equal members of the religious community. Its principal body, the Central Conference of American Rabbis CCAR , officially endorsed a report of their committee on homosexuality and rabbis. They concluded that all rabbis, regardless of sexual orientation, be accorded the opportunity to fulfill the sacred vocation that they have chosen and that all Jews are religiously equal regardless of their sexual orientation. In 2006, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards , the body for Conservative Judaism , adopted two majority opinions, one allowing the ordination of LGBT clergy, as well as the blessing of same sex unions, and lifting prohibitions on most but not all same sex conduct specifically not same sex anal sex and the other majority opinion retaining traditional opinions. The two primary seminaries for Conservative Judaism, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies in response started allowing openly LGBT students ... References Reflist Religion and LGBT topics DEFAULTSORT Ordination Of Lgbt Clergy In Judaism Category ... more details
Appearance Event Ordination or AEO is a scientific method for biochronology through the ordering of the appearance of fossil mammal genera by multivariate analysis , using conjunctional overlapping and disconjunctional nonoverlapping range distributions in large sets of data. ref J. Alroy. Appearance event ordination a new biochronologic method. Paleobiology 20 191 207 1994 . ref Process AEO is based on faunal overlap and stratigraphic superposition to derive a best fit sequence of first and last appearance events. Step 1 The first step is to translate patterns of overlap and law of superposition superposition into pairwise first before last statements. The wolf species Canis edwardii and Canis armbrusteri are used as example taxa for the following patterns. Each statement means that Canis edwardii , for example, must have first appeared before Canis armbusteri last appeared. This is true whenever either 1 Canis edwardii and Canis armbrusteri have been found together in at least one non time averaged fossil collection, or 2 Canis edwardii is found lower in at least one lithostratigraphy lithostratigraphic section than Canis armbrusteri . Step 2 A multivariate ordination algorithm is applied to derive a first pass hypothesized sequence of first and last appearances. The minimal constraint on this sequence is that if there is an observed, real world Canis edwardii before Canis armbrusteri statement for any pair of taxa, the hypothesized event sequence must replicate it. Then the program shuffles the events using a maximum likelihood criterion. The criterion basically seeks to pull apart as many hypothesized age range overlaps as possible, especially if they involve common taxa. Taxa are defined as common if they are known to overlap with a large fraction of the taxa they are implied ... illustrated edition edition February 22, 2005 ref Appearance Event Ordination uses objective, explicit ... ordination a new biochronological tool small Category Dating methods Category Paleontology ... more details
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