Orbitalforcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth s axis and shape of the orbit see Milankovitch cycles . These orbital changes change the total amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25 at mid latitudes from 400 to 500 Wm sup 2 sup at latitudes of 60 degrees . In this context, the term forcing signifies a physical process that affects the Earth s climate. This mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles. A strict application of the Milankovitch theory does not allow the prediction of a sudden ice age rapid being anything under a century or two , since the fastest orbital period is about 20,000 years. The timing of past glacial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the Milankovitch theory, and these effects can be calculated into the future. Overview Image Vostok Petit data.svg thumb right Ice core data. Note length of glacial cycles averages 100,000 years. Blue curve is temperature, green curve is CO sub 2 sub , and red curve is windblown glacial dust loess . Today s date is on the left side of the graph. It is sometimes asserted that the length of the current interglacial temperature peak will be similar to the length of the preceding interglacial peak Eemian Stage Sangamonian Eem Stage , and that therefore we might be nearing the end of this warm period. However, this conclusion is probably ... of land masses on the Earth s surface are believed to reinforce the orbitalforcing effects ... The NOAA page on Climate Forcing Data includes calculated data on orbital variations over the last 50 million years and for the coming 20 million years http astrobiology.ucla.edu OTHER SSO The orbital simulations by Varadi, Ghil and Runnegar 2003 provide another, slightly different series for orbital eccentricity Global warming Climate oscillations Category Climate forcing agents ... step. Orbital mechanics require that the length of the seasons be proportional to the swept areas ... more details
Wiktionarypar forcingForcing may refer to Forcing set theory , a technique for obtaining proofs in set theory Forcing recursion theory Radiative forcing , the difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy in a given climate system Cloud forcing , the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud free conditions Forcing magic is when a Illusionist magician forces, or seems to force, someone to make a certain choice. See Card force . Harmonic oscillator Forcing or driving an oscillator at a particular frequency. disambig ... more details
Orbital may refer to In chemistry and physics Atomic orbital Molecular orbital In astronomy and space flight Orbit Orbital resonance Orbital period Orbital plane astronomy Orbital elements Orbital speed Orbital maneuver Orbital spaceflight In entertainment Orbital band , a UK electronic dance music band Orbital green album by Orbital, released in 1991 Orbital brown album by Orbital, released in 1993 Orbital video game , a Game Boy Advance game in the Bit Generations series Orbitals album , an alternative rock album by Acroma In other fields The Orbital , the official publication of SURHUL Orbital Corporation , an Australian engine technology company Orbital engine Beltway or orbital road in some regions Orbital The Culture , artificial worlds from the The Culture science fiction universe Orbital Sciences Corporation , a U.S. satellite launch and defense systems corporation Orbit anatomy , also known as the orbital bone See also Orbit disambiguation disambig el es Orbital pt Orbital sv Orbital th tr Orbital anlam ayr m ... more details
For the electronic music group Orbital band StudentMedia name The Orbital logofile logoalt The Orbital ... Radio Insanity radio Insanity distribution 1 On Campus dist details 1 The Orbital is the official ... student being able to contribute. The Orbital is constitutionally supervised by the Students Union, through the Sabbatical Officer for Communications & Campaigns. The board The Orbital board is led ... in the early 1990s and renamed The Orbital after the nickname of the nearby M25 motorway. Published ..., packaged with good design and strong front covers,. In the same awards, The Orbital enjoyed nominations ... on to win Best Magazine. Editor Patrick Camara Ropeta was thrilled by the success The Orbital came ... to be chosen over such magazines it s a testament to the level of quality that The Orbital can ... due to successes. This same year saw the rise of an independently funded Newspaper The Founder , The Orbital s main competitor since it was originally launched in 1986. The first Orbital charter was created .... The Orbital has broken a number of high profile stories, including RHUL s ill fated Project IDEA initiative ..., The Orbital live blogs important campus events, such as General Meetings of the Students Union and panelled ... podcast, video headlines and a dynamic website relaunched at the beginning of 2010, The Orbital ... to print only . This was reflected by The Orbital s coverage of the SURHUL 2010 Sabbatical ... they re on campus or not . Orbital Live Image MarioandMorganDesigningatOrbLive07.jpg right thumb Creating the first Orbital Live edition 24th 25th September 2007 Image NaomiSharpeinterviewingVicePrincipalDavidSweeneyOrbLive07.jpg ... RHUL Vice Principal David Sweeney, 24th 25th September 2007 Orbital Live is an annual landmark .... The premise behind the event is to see if the Orbital Live team can create the issue of the publication .... Explaining the idea behind the first Orbital Live its creator, Mario Creatura, said I wanted ... also commented, Long may Orbital Live continue to grace the halls of the Windsor Building with the ethos ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In the card game Contract bridge bridge , a forcing bid is any bid that obliges the partner to bid over an intermediate opposing pass. By agreement or tacit understanding, that is, partner must keep the bidding open . Encyclopedia, 161 ... bid Pass ? Here ... represents any beginning of the auction, before the forcing bid bold . Partner is obliged to bid rather than pass, so the forcing bid will not be Glossary of contract bridge terms passedout passed out the auction will return to the forcing bidder . A forcing bid that creates no further obligation is called forcing for one round . A bid that is forcing and promises a rebid creates an obligation on the forcing bidder next round typically, up to some level of the auction . A game forcing bids creates a mutual obligation to continue bidding at least to game level, or to double the opponents. All Bidding system bridge bidding systems utilise forcing bids. For instance, one over one bid s and two over one bid s are all treated as forcing in virtually any bidding system. Also, introducing a new suit at three level is generally treated as forcing provided this bid is made in a non limited hand. The main reason why it is necessary to have certain bids in the system designed as forcing is to allow the partnership to start a dialogue exploring for the right contract. One of the essentials of a good bridge partnership is a thorough understanding and agreement on which bids are forcing. This is no easy territory, as may be exemplified by the fact that in certain auctions even a pass can be forcing see Forcing pass . Some bidding situations for which one is advised to discuss the forcing character non forcing, round forcing or forcing to a specified level with partner responses to preempt ... situations See also Forcing pass References Henry G. Francis, et al., eds., The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge . New York Crown Publishers. 2001. about 900 pages. ISBN 0 943855 44 6. DEFAULTSORT Forcing ... more details
Forcing function can mean In differential calculus, a Forcing function differential equations In interaction design, a behavior shaping constraint , a means of preventing undesirable user input usually made by mistake. disambig ... more details
In the card game contract bridge bridge , a forcing pass is any pass that obliges the partner to bid ... Pass ? Here ... represents any beginning to the auction. The forcing pass bold necessarily occurs directly ... the auction now that is a precondition. The first, direct, forcing pass refers to partner the choice how to act. There is no commitment to accept partner s choice. Indeed, a forcing pass ensures that the auction ... step action by that player. Normally double is natural where pass is forcing. That is, double suggests the current denomination and strain, doubled, as a final contract. Forcing pass is also a synonym ... events When is pass forcing? Here ... act means any beginning to the auction, followed by an opposing ... open themselves because their action is forcing. Then the forcing pass is a moot point and the concept may be considered inapplicable. When their action is not forcing, on the other hand, partnership understanding whether pass is forcing may be vital. Partners should recognize forcing pass situations . Low level forcing pass One family of forcing pass occurs when the partnership auction is already forcing to a particular level and the opponents bid below that level. 1 Hearts 1 Spades 2 Diams 2 Spades Pass Commonly 2 Diams is forcing to 2NT. Then pass over opposing 2 Spades is forcing. Here 2 Diams is natural but the same holds over a conventional call that is forcing. If the convention is a bid forcing only to the next step, such as a Jacoby transfer , then pass is forcing only over a double ... the chosen major. Then pass is forcing it refers the choice of major suit back to the one ... name a strain here diamonds , a direct pass is forcing. Commonly the forcing pass declines to recommend ... level forcing pass ... when it appears that an opposing bid is a sacrifice. 1 Hearts 2 Diams 3 ... sacrifice. Then a direct pass is forcing. It declines to recommend playing 5 Diams doubled and thereby suggests bidding at least 5 Hearts . What is the meaning of a forcing pass followed by 5 Hearts if partner ... more details
In mathematics, ramified forcing is the original form of forcing mathematics forcing introduced by harvtxt Cohen 1963 . Ramified forcing starts with a model M of V L , and builds up a larger model M G of Zermelo Fraenkel set theory by adding a generic subset G of a poset to M , by imitating Kurt G del s constructible hierarchy . Dana Scott and Robert M. Solovay Robert Solovay realized that the use of constructible set s was an unnecessary complication, and could be replaced by a simpler construction similar to John von Neumann s construction of the universe as a union of sets R for ordinals . This simplification was originally called unramified forcing harv Shoenfield 1971 , but is now usually just called forcing . As a result, ramified forcing is only rarely used. References Citation last1 Cohen first1 P. J. authorlink Paul Cohen mathematician title Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis publisher W. A. Benjamin location Menlo Park, CA year 1966 Citation last1 Cohen first1 Paul J. title The Independence of the Continuum Hypothesis url http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0027 8424 2819631215 2950 3A6 3C1143 3ATIOTCH 3E2.0.CO 3B2 5 year 1963 month 15 journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America volume 50 issue 6 pages 1143 1148 doi 10.1073 pnas.50.6.1143 pmid 16578557 pmc 221287 issn 0027 8424 citation last Shoenfield first J. R. chapter Unramified forcing year 1971 title Axiomatic Set Theory series Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. volume XIII, Part I pages 357 381 publisher Amer. Math. Soc. publication place Providence, R.I. mr 0280359 Category Forcing settheory stub ... more details
In climate science, radiative forcing is loosely defined as the change in net irradiance at atmospheric ... era, it is customary to take the year 1750 as the starting point. A positive forcing more incoming energy tends to warm the system, while a negative forcing more outgoing energy tends to cool it. Possible sources of radiative forcing are changes in insolation incident solar radiation , or the effects .... Because the IPCC regularly assesses the radiative forcing, it also has a more specific technical definition ... of heat by various materials. Any such alteration is a radiative forcing, and causes a new balance .... The term radiative forcing has been used in the IPCC Assessments with a specific technical meaning ... 212.htm ref The exact definition used is The radiative forcing of the surface troposphere system due ... report ar4 syr ar4 syr.pdf ref the IPCC defines it as blockquote Radiative forcing is a measure .... In this report radiative forcing values are for changes relative to preindustrial conditions defined ... forcing is ...the rate of energy change per unit area of the globe as measured at the top of the atmosphere ... 461472a ref In the context of climate change , the term forcing is restricted to changes in the radiation ... . Radiative forcing can be used to estimate a subsequent change in equilibrium surface temperature T sub s sub arising from that radiative forcing via the equation math Delta T s lambda Delta F ... forcing. ref http www.grida.no publications other ipcc tar ?src climate ipcc tar wg1 222.htm ... forcing for doubling CO sub 2 sub , as calculated by radiative transfer code Modtran. Red lines ... forcing for eight times increase of CH sub 4 sub , as calculated by radiative transfer code Modtran. Radiative forcing often measured in watts per square meter can be estimated in different ways for different components. For the case of a change in solar irradiance, the radiative forcing is the change ... pubs crossref 1998 98GL01908.shtml New estimates of radiative forcing due to well mixed greenhouse ... more details
Cloud forcing sometimes described as cloud radiative forcing is, in meteorology , the difference between the radiation budget components for average cloud conditions and cloud free conditions. Much of the interest in cloud forcing relates to its role as a feedback process in the present period of global warming . All global climate model s used for climate change projections include the effects of water vapor and cloud forcing. The models include the effects of clouds on both incoming solar and emitted terrestrial radiation. Clouds increase the global albedo reflection of solar radiation from 15 to 30 , reducing the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth by about 44 W m . This cooling is offset somewhat by the greenhouse effect of clouds which reduces the outgoing longwave radiation by about 31 W m . Thus the net cloud forcing of the radiation budget is a loss of about 13 W m . ref cite book last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change title IPCC First Assessment Report.1990 ... up. These numbers should not be confused with the usual radiative forcing concept, which is for the change in forcing related to climate change . Without the inclusion of clouds, water vapor alone ... Water vapour feedback or forcing? publisher RealClimate date 2005 04 06 url http www.realclimate.org ... of clouds reduces the radiative forcing of the greenhouse gases compared to the clear sky forcing. However, the magnitude of the effect due to clouds varies for different greenhouse gases. Relative to clear sky skies , clouds reduce the global mean radiative forcing due to carbon dioxide ... Shine, T.J. Wallington, and T.J. Smyth title Radiative forcing of climate by hydrochlorofluorocarbons ... N. coauthors M.D. Hurley, S. Pinnock, K.P. Shine, and T.J. Wallington title Radiative forcing of climate ... title New estimates of radiative forcing due to well mixed greenhouse gases. journal Geophys. Res. Lett ... reflist 2 Global warming DEFAULTSORT Cloud Forcing Category Climate forcing ... more details
The forcing notrump is a bidding convention bridge convention in the card game of contract bridge bridge ... card point s and is non forcing . Opener, with a balanced minimum, may pass the 1NT response and, if the opponents also pass, that will become the contract. A partnership may agree that this bid is forcing ... as minimum responder holdings. The forcing notrump is used over major suit s only 1NT is always standard and non forcing over the minor suit s. A bid of 1 forcing notrump shows 6 to 12 HCP, denies the ability ... spades if the opening bid was 1 heart. As the forcing notrump imposes a number of problems, a popular variation that overcomes these is the forcing next step . Opener s rebid Opener is forced to bid ... HCP 3 of a new suit jump shift is natural, normally agreed to be game forcing, and shows about 19 ... rebid 2 span style color red span violating rule 1 , or pass if playing Semi forcing notrump Semi forcing notrump . The forcing next step variation discussed below overcomes these problems ... the forcing notrump, however, it is sometimes tactically advantageous to bid 1NT with this hand ... cautious at the same time. System implications The forcing notrump is required for players using the 2 1 game forcing system, but may be used to advantage by other players as well. False preference ... based on 5 of partners minor and invitational values. Semi forcing notrump This section is linked from 2 1 game forcing As a variation, some partnerships choose to play their 1NT response as semi forcing . The rebids and subsequent auctions are the same as with the forcing notrump, except that the opener ... in a newly bid minor. Forcing next step With this approach, the next step bid over the major open is forcing and unspecified. Forcing next step, also known as the Kaplan Inversion, is a mid chart convention in the ACBL. 1 Spades 1NT is forcing, unspecified br 1 Hearts 1 Spades is forcing with responder having 0 4 spades br 1 Hearts 1NT is forcing with responder showing 5 spades. One immediate benefit ... more details
A forcing defense in contract bridge aims to force declarer to repeatedly ruff the defenders leads. If this can be done often enough, declarer eventually runs out of trumps and may lose control of the hand. A forcing defense is therefore applicable only to contracts played in a trump suit. The defense should try to make declarer ruff in the long trump hand. Unless declarer is playing for a dummy reversal, he usually intends to ruff losers in the short trump hand anyway. If the defense can shorten declarer s trumps sufficiently, it may wind up with more trumps than declarer. In that case, the defense will be able to pull any remaining trumps and run its own winners. A forcing defense is usually begun on the opening lead because the Tempo bridge tempo is often important. It is indicated when The defense knows or suspects that the trump suit is breaking badly for declarer. There is a side suit that declarer will have to ruff. The defense has enough entries that it will be able to continue leading the side suit. The latter requirement means that the forcing defense is seldom attempted against voluntarily bid slams the declaring side normally has so much strength that the defense s opportunities to continue to attack the trump suit are very limited. Example Alfred Sheinwold ref Five Weeks to Winning Bridge, Simon & Schuster, 1959 ref cites this example of a forcing defense to South s contract of 4 Spades BridgeHand 7 6 5 10 8 4 A 7 6 5 K Q 6 A 4 3 2 K Q J 9 8 3 2 J 8 7 6 5 3 2 K 4 A 10 7 5 3 2 K Q J 10 9 8 A Q J 10 9 9 4 West leads the Hearts K. South takes the Hearts A and plans to win five spades, one heart, at least three diamonds and a club. He leads the Spades K, West ducks, and East s club discard discloses the bad trump break. South has no better move than to continue spades, hoping for a defensive error, a winning diamond finesse, or that the hearts block. West ducks ... hearts, forcing South to ruff. South has now lost control of the hand. No matter how South ... more details
for the use of forcing in recursion theory Forcing recursion theory In the mathematical discipline of set theory , forcing is a technique invented by Paul Cohen mathematician Paul Cohen for proving consistency ... . Forcing was considerably reworked and simplified in the 1960s, and has proven to be an extremely ... theory . Descriptive set theory uses both the notion of forcing from recursion theory as well as set theoretic forcing. Forcing has also been used in model theory but it is common in model theory to define generic mathematics genericity directly without mention of forcing. Intuitions Forcing is equivalent ..., but usually much more difficult to apply. Intuitively, forcing consists of expanding the set ... an expanded membership relation involving the new sets of the form math x,1 math . Forcing is a more ... ramified forcing , is slightly different from the unramified forcing expounded here. Forcing posets A forcing poset is an ordered triple P , , 1 where is a preorder on P , and 1 is a largest element ... with a forcing poset P are the P names . P names are sets of the form u , p u is a P name and p ..., G x . One defines u G u p , p p G , then val u G u , G G . A good example of a forcing poset is Bor ... language is sometimes used with other forcing posets. Countable transitive models and generic filters The key step in forcing is, given a ZFC universe V , to find appropriate G not in V . The resulting ... choose G M . Forcing Given a generic filter G P , one proceeds as follows. The subclass of P names ... of M G to that of M , one works with the forcing language , which is built up like ordinary first ... math u sub 1 sub , , u sub n sub read p forces where p is a condition, is a formula in the forcing ... G is. What is important is that this external definition of the forcing relation p math Vdash math ... by saying the fundamental consistency result is that given a forcing poset P , we may assume ... the forcing relation. Both styles, adjoining G to a countable transitive model M or to the whole ... more details
Orbital album may refer to one of two albums by Orbital band Orbital green album , 1991 Orbital brown album , 1993 See also Orbitals album , an alternative rock album by Acroma Orbital disambiguation disambig ... more details
Orbital plate can refer to Orbital part of frontal bone Orbital lamina of ethmoid bone disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
An electron orbital may refer to An atomic orbital , describing the behaviour of an electron in an atom A molecular orbital , describing the behaviour of an electron in a molecule See also Electron configuration , the arrangement of electrons in structures such as atoms or molecules Orbital hybridization , a combining of atomic orbitals to form an equal number of hybrid orbitals when forming certain molecule s disambig vi Orbital ... more details
wiktionary Orbital perturbation Orbital perturbation may refer to Perturbation astronomy The classical approach to the many body problem of astronomy Orbital perturbation analysis spacecraft The analysis of spacecraft orbit for which other perturbing forces are of importance then for the planets of the Solar system Uncategorized date April 2011 ... more details
Orbital stability may refer to The Orbital spaceflight Stability stability of orbits of planetary bodies Orbital resonance Resonance between said orbits The closure of the orbit of a reductive group, in Geometric invariant theory Stability geometric invariant theory A stable electron configuration dab ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Orbital sulci Latin sulci orbitales GraySubject 189 GrayPage 822 Image Caption Image2 Gray729.png Caption2 Orbital surface of left frontal lobe. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType BrainInfoNumber MeshName MeshNumber The inferior or orbital surface of the frontal lobe is concave, and rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone . It is divided into four orbital gyri by a well marked H shaped orbital sulcus Gray s Cerebral cortex Category Cerebrum neuroanatomy stub fr Sillon orbitaire ja ... more details
dablink For the science fiction novel by John Barnes, see Orbital Resonance novel . In celestial mechanics , an orbital resonance occurs when two orbit ing bodies exert a regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually due to their orbital period s being related by a ratio of two small integer s. Orbital resonances greatly enhance the mutual gravitational influence of the bodies i.e. ... 1 resonance between bodies with similar orbital radii causes large Solar System bodies to clear the neighborhood ... completed in the same time interval, rather than as the ratio of orbital periods which would ... to significantly change the orbital parameters and lead to a completely different configuration, or whether ... Pandora moon In general, an orbital resonance may involve one or any combination of the orbit parameters ... orbital resonance occurs when two bodies have periods of revolution that are a simple integer ratio ... s, respectively . Orbital resonances can also destabilize one of the orbits. For small bodies, destabilization ... are in or close to the 3 1 resonance, with their orbital eccentricity steadily increased by interactions ... when three or more orbiting bodies have a simple integer ratio between their orbital periods. For example ... orbital resonance. The extrasolar planet s Gliese 876 e, Gliese 876 b and Gliese 876 c are also in a 1 2 4 orbital resonance with periods of 124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days . ref cite journal url last Marcy ... wave theory spiral density waves both in galaxies where stars are subject to Harmonic oscillator forcing ... to forcing by Moons of Saturn Saturn s moons . A secular resonance occurs when the precession ... s orbital axis both of which have periods of about 1.87 million years has been identified ... exhibited by three of the Galilean moons. The ratios in the figure are of orbital periods . There are only ... eccentricities , the orbital node node s or perihelion periapside s can drift a resonance related ... between the orbital node nodes of the two moons. The Laplace resonance Image TheLaplaceResonance2.png ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Orbital gyri Latin gyrus orbitales GraySubject 189 GrayPage 822 Image Human brainstem anterior view 2 description.JPG Caption Human brainstem anterior view Gyri orbitales is 6 at upper right Image2 Gray729.png Caption2 Orbital surface of left frontal lobe. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType BrainInfoNumber MeshName MeshNumber The inferior or orbital surface of the frontal lobe is concave, and rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It is divided into four orbital gyri by a well marked H shaped orbital sulcus . These are named, from their position, the medial, anterior, lateral, and posterior orbital gyri . The medial orbital gyrus presents a well marked antero posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract the portion medial to this is named the straight gyrus , and is continuous with the superior frontal gyrus on the medial surface. Function Bailey and Bremer reported that stimulation to the central end of the vagus nerve caused electrical activity in the inferior orbital surface. http brain.oxfordjournals.org cgi pdf extract 75 2 244 Additional images gallery Image Gehirn, basal beschriftet lat.svg Basal view of a human brain Image 04 2 facies ventralis cerebri gyri.jpg facies ventralis cerebri gyri gallery External links http anatomy.med.umich.edu atlas n1a2p13.html Gray s Cerebral cortex Category Cerebrum neuroanatomy stub es Giros orbitarios ja ... more details
is given by math e sqrt 1 frac 2 E L 2 m text red alpha 2 math where E is the total orbital energy ... 1 frac 2 epsilon h 2 mu 2 math where math epsilon math is the specific orbital energy total energy ... was added. Calculation Eccentricity of an orbit can be calculated from orbital state vectors as a magnitude ... gravity articles what.html Gravity Simulator plot of the changing orbital eccentricity ... of the planets, but is still bound to the Sun with an orbital period of about 100,000 years. ref ... effect Orbital mechanics require that the duration of the seasons be proportional to the area of the Earth s orbit swept between the solstices and equinoxes , so when the orbital eccentricity is extreme ... halved Citation needed date October 2009 , reducing the mean orbital radius and raising temperatures ... A. Conway. Orbital Mechanicsc. New York Oxford University Press, 1993. External links http scienceworld.wolfram.com ... paleo forcing.html The NOAA page on Climate Forcing Data includes calculated data from ftp ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov ... ASD insola earth earth.html Laskar et al. 2004 on Earth orbital variations, Includes eccentricity over ... SSO The orbital simulations by Varadi, Ghil and Runnegar 2003 provides series for Earth orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination. http www.walter fendt.de ph14e keplerlaw2.htm Kepler s Second law ... sterrekunde ar bn ca Excentricitat orbital cs Excentricita dr hy ... astronomie ja pt Excentricidade orbital ro Excentricitate orbital ru simple Orbital eccentricity sl Izsrednost tira th ... more details
An orbital arc is an imaginary arc in the sky composed of the connected pointing angles of all the geostationary satellites seen from any given location on the surface of the earth. Training Modern VSAT systems installations take into consideration the orbital arc when conducting a site survey to determine the optimal location for the earth station. Best practice methods for factoring in the orbital arc during a site survey are contained in VSAT training http www.skyvision.net glossary orbital arc The VSAT Installation Manual Video Presentation shows an example of the orbital arc to be considered when conducting a site survey for installing a VSAT External links http www.skyvision.net sites default files SkyVision 20VSAT 20Installation 20Manual 20 Version 201 .pdf VSAT Installation Manual with explanation of how to consider the orbital arc during the site survey for determining the optimal location for the VSAT Category Earth orbits ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Poles.png right 300px thumb The orbital poles of the Solar system. The yellow dot in the centre is the Sun s North pole. Jupiter s orbital pole is in orange, Mercury planet Mercury in pale blue, Venus in green, Earth in blue, Mars in red, Saturn in violet, Uranus in grey and Neptune in lavender. Dwarf planet Pluto is the dotless cross off in Cepheus constellation Cepheus An orbital pole is either end of an imaginary line running through the center of an orbit perpendicular to the orbital plane, projected onto the celestial sphere . It is similar in concept to a celestial pole but based on the planet s orbit instead of the planet s rotation. The north orbital pole of a celestial body is defined by the right hand rule If you curve the fingers of your right hand along the direction of orbital motion, with your thumb extended parallel to the orbital Axis of rotation axis , the direction your thumb points is defined to be north. DEFAULTSORT Orbital Pole Category Celestial mechanics Astronomy stub mr ... more details
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