Infobox Software name OracleSpatial logo screenshot caption author developer Oracle Corporation released ... Proprietary website http www.oracle.com technology products spatial index.html OracleSpatial forms a separately licensed option component of the Oracle Database . OracleSpatial aids users in managing ... systems GIS , to wireless location services and location enabled e business . Components OracleSpatial ... features in an Oracle database. OracleSpatial consists of A schema that prescribes the storage, syntax ... . OracleSpatial also includes Semantic Web Semantic Database features including an Resource Description ... , and SPARQL query language. Availability Spatial is an option for Oracle Enterprise Edition, and must ..., the latter two editions allow the use of a subset of Spatial called Oracle Locator at no extra cost. The functions allowed in Locator are specified in an appendix of the OracleSpatial manual ... CFACCEEG OracleSpatial Developer s Guide 11g Release 2 , Spatial Related Features Supported for Locator ... spatial data capability with a modification to Oracle 4 made by scientists working with the Canadian ... the Oracle kernel, resulting in the Spatial Data Option or SDO for Oracle 7. The SDO prefix continues in use within OracleSpatial implementations. The spatial indexing system for SDO involved an adaptation ... , as developed by CHS and implemented by OracleSpatial, comprises a form of space filling curve . Since Oracle 8, Oracle Corporation marketing has dubbed the spatial extension simply Oracle .... Additional reading Euro Beinat, Albert Godfrind & Ravikanth V. Kothuri. Pro OracleSpatial . Apress 2004 ISBN 1 59059 383 9 Euro Beinat, Albert Godfrind & Ravikanth V. Kothuri. Pro OracleSpatial ... is an open source interface to OracleSpatial data References references External links http www.oracle.com technology products spatial index.html Spatial and location data Oracle Corporation s official ... to OracleSpatial data http www.bostongis.com PrinterFriendly.aspx?content name sqlserver2008r2 ... more details
wiktionary spatial Spacial may refer to In science Three dimensional space Space Depth perception Spatial dimension Spatial vector Spatial resolution Point spatial in geometry Spatial quantization Spatial frequency Spatial filter In technology, applied science, and cognitive science Spatial science Spatial reference system Scale spatialSpatial distribution Spatial multiplexing Spatial capacity Spatial coherence in Coherence physics Spatial analysis Spatial planning Spatial ecology Spatial light modulator Spatial network Complete spatial randomness Spatial correlation Spatial relation Spatial anti aliasing Indicators of spatial association Spatial heterogeneity Spatial interaction model Spatial contextual awareness Infrared Spatial Interferometer Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis In medicine and biology Spatial cognition Spatial empathy Auditory spatial attention Spatial epidemiology Spatial temporal reasoning Spatial memory Spatial summation in neurophysiology Spatial visualization ability Spatial intelligence Spatial organization Spatial view cells Spatial hearing loss Spatial normalization Spatial disorientation In mathematics Spatial dependence Grid spatial index Spatial descriptive statistics Spatial bifurcation Spatial variability In computing Spatial query Spatial file manager Spatial database Spatial data infrastructure Spatial data file Object based spatial database Spatial network analysis software Spatial navigation Spatial application Spatial ETL Spatial Decision Support System In the arts and society Spatial music Spatial design Spatial mismatch Spatial politics Spatial econometrics Spatial justice Spatial inequality Regional spatial strategy In grammar Spatial tense In business and organizations Spatial Corp OracleSpatial European Spatial Development Perspective Spatial Sciences Institute disambig ... more details
About the classical medium the software company Oracle Corporation other uses Wiktionary oracle wikiversity I Ching oracle File John William Waterhouse oracle 1884.png right thumb 300px Consulting the Oracle ... , an oracle was a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophecy prophetic ... . The word oracle in Latin verb means r re to speak and properly refers to the priest or priestess uttering the prediction. In extended use, oracle may also refer to the site of the oracle ... , priestess to Apollo at Delphi , and the oracle of Dione mythology Dione and Zeus at Dodona in Epirus .... Only the Delphic Oracle was a female all others were male. ref Broad, W. J. 2007 , p.19 ref The Sibylline ... was depicted as a snake headed woman or a woman with two snake heads.Her oracle was in the renowned temple in Per Wadjet Greek name Buto . The oracle of Wadjet may have been the source for the oracular ..., Egypt, Magic and women ref In Greece the old oracles were devoted to the Mother Goddess . At the oracle ... the chthonic deity, enemy of Apollo , who slew her and possessed the oracle. ref Hymn to Pythian Apollo .363,369 ref In the Bible there is a reference to Oracle in II Books of Chronicles Chronicles 5 7 9 And the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the LORD unto his palace, to the oracle of the house ... the oracle but they were not seen without. And there it is unto this day. Pythia Pythia , the oracle ... a consultation by making additional animal sacrifices to please the oracle lest their request ... of the oracle exclusively. It is from this institution that the English word, oracle, is derived. The Delphic Oracle exerted considerable influence throughout Hellenic culture. Distinctively, this female ... at that very moment. Croesus proclaimed the oracle at Delphi to be the most accurate, who correctly ... and state development. ref Broad, W. J. 2007 , p.63. Socrates also argued that the oracle s effectiveness ... or sacred madness. ref This Oracle s last recorded response was given in 393 AD, when the emperor ... more details
WisdomForce Technologies supplies software for OracleSpatial. http www.spatialdataintegrator.com ...Spatial ETL tools provide the data processing functionality of traditional Extract, transform, load Extract, Transform, Load ETL software, but with a primary focus on the ability to manage spatial data which may also be called Geographic data geographic, map or location data . Extract and Load Spatial ... a key requirement for a Spatial ETL system is that it be capable of handling as many data formats as possible, in a consistent manner. The conversion of spatial data between the source extract and destination load formats is often referred to as spatial data translation. A Spatial ETL system may translate ... common when transformation of the data is to be carried out. Transform The transformation phase of a Spatial ..., load ETL , but some are unique to spatial data. Spatial data commonly consists of a geographic element and related attribute data therefore Spatial ETL transformations are often described as being ... the ability to convert spatial data between one coordinate system and another. Spatial transformations the ability to model spatial interactions and calculate Predicate geographic information spatial ..., such as colour or line style Geocoding the ability to convert attributes of tabular data into spatial data Additional Features Desirable features of a spatial ETL application are Data Comparison Ability ... the rules of different data formats to minimize user input whilst preserving meaning Spatial ETL Uses Spatial ETL has a number of distinct uses to which it is put. Data cleanup The removal of errors ... and quality assurance purposes Data translation Convertation between different data formats. Spatial ETL Origins and History Although Extract, transform, load ETL tools for processing non spatial ... of spatial data only emerged in the early 1990s. Spatial ETL tools emerged in the Geographic ..., Spatial ETL tools are also becoming increasingly important in the realm of Management information system ... more details
IBM DB2 Express C DB2 Express C , with support for spatial types Oracle Database OracleSpatial Microsoft ...A spatial database is a database that is optimized to store and query data that is related to objects ... spatial data types. These are typically called geometry or feature . The Open Geospatial Consortium created the Simple Features specification and sets standards for adding spatial functionality to database systems. ref http www.opengeospatial.org OGC Homepage ref Features of spatial databases Database ... for spatial query spatial queries . Instead, spatial databases use a spatial index to speed up database operations. In addition to typical SQL queries such as SELECT statements, spatial databases can perform a wide variety of spatial operations. The following query types and many more are supported by the Open Geospatial Consortium Spatial Measurements Finds the distance between points, polygon area, etc. Spatial Functions Modify existing features to create new ones, for example by providing a buffer around them, intersecting features, etc. Spatial Predicates Allows true false queries ... information about a feature such as the location of the center of a circle Not all spatial databases support these query types. Spatial Index Spatial indexes are used by spatial database s databases which store information related to objects in space to optimize spatial query spatial queries . Indexes used by non spatial databases cannot effectively handle features such as how far two points differ and whether points fall within a spatial area of interest. Common spatial index methods include Grid spatial index Z order curve Quadtree Octree UB tree R tree Typically the preferred method for indexing spatial data. Objects shapes, lines and points are grouped using the minimum bounding rectangle ... information and spatial data of low dimensionality. It is a specialized type of spatial database often with optimizations for 2 and 3 dimensions, raster data and Euclidean distance. Spatial database ... more details
Spatial variability occurs when a quantity that is measured at different spatial locations exhibits values that differ across the locations. Spatial variability can be assessed using spatial descriptive statistics spatial descriptive statistics such as the range statistics range . See also Geostatistics References Isaaks, E.H., Srivastava R.M. Applied Geostatistics. 1989 Fortin, Marie Josee, Dale, Mark. Spatial Analysis A Guide for Ecologists. 2005. Cambridge University Press, 365 pp. External links http amethyst.epa.gov revatoolkit Definitions.jsp http gis.esri.com library userconf proc05 papers pap1184.pdf http www.willingtoncropservices.co.uk case study GPS soil sampling nutrient mapping.htm Willington Crop Services shows spatial variability in action with Case Study on GPS soil sampling, GPS nutrient mapping and nutrient management. Category GPS Category Spatial data analysis ... more details
Spatial Science is an academic discipline incorporating fields such as surveying , geographic information systems , hydrography and cartography . Spatial science is typically concerned with the measurement, management, analysis and display of spatial information describing the Earth, its physical features and the built environment ref name QUT http www.bee.qut.edu.au study courses undergraduate spatial.jsp Queensland University of Technology, Undergratuate Program Spatial Science Surveying ref . The term spatial science is primarily used in Australia . Australian universities which offer degrees in spatial science include the Queensland University of Technology ref name QUT , Curtin University of Technology ref http www.spatial.curtin.edu.au courses.html Curtin University of Technology Spatial science courses ref , the University of Tasmania ref http www.utas.edu.au spatial courses.html University of Tasmania, Centre for Spatial Information Science, Courses ref and Melbourne University ref http www.geom.unimelb.edu.au spatial index.html Melbourne University Spatial Information Science ref . Texas A&M University offers a bachelors degree in Spatial Sciences and is home to its own Spatial Sciences Laboratory ref http ssl.tamu.edu home.aspx Texas A&M University, Spatial Sciences Laboratory ref . Spatial information practitioners within the Asia Pacific region are represented by the professional body called the Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute SSSI . External links http www.spatialsciences.org Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute SSSI http www.icaci.org International Cartographic Association ICA the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals References references Category Cartography Cartography stub ... more details
Multiple issues expert Statistics date December 2010 refimprove September 2010 In applications of statistics , spatial dependence is the existence of statistical independence statistical dependence in a collection of random variables or a collection time series of random variables, each of which is associated with a different geographical location . Spatial dependence is of importance in applications where it is reasonable to postulate the existence of corresponding set of random variables at locations that have not been included in a sample. Thus rainfall may be measured only at a set of raingauge locations, and such measuements can be considered as outcomes of random variables, but rainfall clearly occurs at other locations and would again be random. As with other types of statistical dependence, the presence of spatial dependence generally leads to estimates of an average value from a sample being less accurate than had the samples been independent, although if negative dependence exists a sample average can be better than in the idependent case. A different problem than that of estimating an overall average is that of spatial interpolation here the problem is to estimate the unobserved random outcomes of variables at locations intermediate to places where measurements are made, on that there is spatial dependence between the observed and unobserved random variables. Tools for exploring spatial dependence include spatial correlation , spatial covariance function s and semivariogram s. Methods for spatial interpolation include Kriging , which is a type of best linear unbiased prediction . The topic of spatial dependence is of importance to geostatistics and spatial analysis . See also Spatial analysis Spatial dependency or auto correlation Spatial analysis Geostatistics References Journel, A G and Huijbregts, C J, Mining Geostatistics , Academic Press Inc, London DEFAULTSORT Spatial Dependence Category Statistical theory Category Spatial data analysis Category Sta ... more details
Spatial cognition is concerned with the acquisition, organization, utilization, and revision of knowledge about spatial environments. These capabilities enable humans to manage basic and high level Cognition cognitive tasks in everyday life. Numerous disciplines such as Psychology , Geographic information science Geographic Information Science , Artificial Intelligence , Cartography , etc. work together to understand spatial cognition in humans and in technical systems. References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.sis.pitt.edu scc Spatial Cognition and Computation http www.spatial cognition.de http www.elderlyjournal.com elderly health physical examination mental exam cognition What Is Spatial Cognition.html What is Spatial Cognition? http www.geog.ucsb.edu montello pubs spatcog.pdf spatial cognition An article describing spatial cognition http www.spatiallearning.org The Spatial Intelligence and Learning Center SILC See also Cognitive Science Cognition Categories Category Articles created via the Article Wizard Category Cognition ... more details
Spatial Econometrics is the field where spatial analysis and econometrics intersect. In general, econometrics differs from other branches of statistics in focusing on theoretical models, whose parameters are estimated using regression analysis . Spatial econometrics is a refinement of this, where either the theoretical model involves interactions between different entities, or the data observations are not truly independent. Thus, models incorporating spatial autocorrelation or neighborhood effects can be estimated using spatial econometric methods. Such models are common in regional science , real estate economics , and education economics . History The first general text in the field was the 1979 book by Paelinck and Klaasen. References Anselin, L 1988c Spatial econometrics Methods and models. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Anselin, L 2010 Thirty years of spatial econometrics. Papers in Regional Science 89, no. 1 3 25. Griffith, DA, Paelink, JHP 2011 Non standard Spatial Statistics and Spacial Econometrics . Springer, Heidelberg et al. LeSage JP, Pace RK 2009 Introduction to spatial econometrics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Paelinck J, Klaassen L 1979 Spatial econometrics. Saxon House, Farnborough See also Geographic information science Spatial autocorrelation Complete spatial randomness Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Spatial analysis Correlation Regression analysis Category Econometrics Category Regional science Category Spatial data analysis econometrics stub ... more details
Spatial epidemiology is a subfield of health geography focused on the study of the spatial distribution of disease . See also General topics Cluster epidemiology Complete spatial randomness Geographic information system Geographic information science Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Spatial analysis Spatial autocorrelation Specific applications French paradox Stroke Belt External links http www.spatialepidemiology.net Spatialepidemiology.net Provides a map based interface for the display and analysis of infectious disease epidemiological data Further reading Paul Elliott, J. C. Wakefield, Nicola G. Best, and David J. Briggs, editors 2000 . Spatial Epidemiology Methods and Applications . Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198515326 geo term stub health stub Category Human geography Category Epidemiology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Spatial tense is a grammatical category that refers to the indication of the place of an event, analogue to the use of the more common category of grammatical tense to indicate the time of an event. The term spatial tense is mostly employed in the grammar of Lojban language Lojban an artificial language . In Lojban, temporal and spatial tense are treated alike. When present, they are marked by particles that may appear in different parts of the sentence according to the emphasis the speaker wants to convey. The spatial tense morpheme s show position and or distance relative to the speaker. The difference between spatial tense and the use of words and phrases like here , to the left , at a short distance ahead , etc., lies in the fact that these phrases are simply lexical items, while spatial tense is a grammatical category of the verb more properly speaking, the predicate . Spatial languages are also important to visually impaired people, yet this is not at the moment discussed in this article. DEFAULTSORT Spatial Tense Category Grammatical tenses Ling stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A spatial application is a technological application such as video requiring high spatial Image resolution resolution , possibly at the expense of reduced temporal positioning accuracy , i.e., increased jerkiness . Examples of spatial applications include the requirement to display small characters and to resolve fine detail in still video , or in motion video that contains very limited motion. References FS1037C MS188 Category Display technology Tech stub ... more details
unreferenced date July 2007 Image NLCD landcover MSN area.png thumb Land cover surrounding Madison, WI. Fields are colored yellow and brown, water is colored blue, and urban surfaces are colored red. Spatial heterogeneity is a property generally ascribed to a landscape or to a population . It refers to the uneven distribution of various concentrations of each species within an area. A landscape with spatial heterogeneity has a mix of concentrations of multiple species of plants or animals biological , or of terrain formations geological , or environmental characteristics e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind filling its area. A population showing spatial heterogeneity is one where various concentrations of individuals of this species are unevenly distributed across an area nearly synonymous with patchily distributed. Environment biophysical Environment s with a wide variety of habitat s such as different topography topographies , soil type s, and climate s are able to accommodate a greater amount of species . Spatial heterogeneity is a concept parallel to ecosystem productivity, the species richness of animal s is directly related to the species richness of plant s in a certain habitat. Vegetation serves as food sources, habitat s, and so on. Therefore if vegetation is scarce, the animal populations will be as well. The more plant species there are in an ecosystem, the greater variety of microhabitat s there are. Plant species richness directly reflects spatial heterogeneity in an ecosystem. See also Spatial ecology DEFAULTSORT Spatial Heterogeneity Category Ecosystems ecology stub ... more details
Spatial bifurcation is a form of bifurcation theory . The classic bifurcation analysis is referred to as an ordinary differential equation system, which is independent on the spatial variables. However, most realistic systems are spatially dependent. In order to understand spatial variable system partial differential equation s , some scientists try to treat with the spatial variable as time and use the AUTO package get a bifurcation results. ref Wang, R.H., Liu, Q.X., Sun, G.Q., Jin, Z., and Van de Koppel, J. 2010. Nonlinear dynamic and pattern bifurcations in a model for spatial patterns in young mussel beds. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 6 37 705 18 ref ref name Yochelis A Yochelis et al The formation of labyrinths, spots and stripe patterns in a biochemical approach to cardiovascular calcification, 2008 New J. Phys. 10 055002 ref The weak nonlinear analysis will not provide substantial insights into the nonlinear problem of pattern selection. To understand the pattern selection mechanism, we exploit first the method of spatial dynamics ref Champneys A R 1998 Physica D 112 158 86 ref , which was found to be an effective method exploring the multiplicity of steady state solutions. ref Knobloch E 2008 Nonlinearity 21 T45 60 ref ref name Yochelis See also Spatial ecology References Reflist 2 Category Bifurcation theory mathanalysis stub ... more details
Spatial justice links together social justice and space. The organization of space is a crucial dimension ... territorial policies aiming at tackling them. It is at this junction that the concept of spatial justice has been developed. Spatial justice a spatial turn in the claim for social justice? Space ... by the concept of spatial justice, which ties Social Justice with space. Spatial justice is a crucial .... Therefore, it is important to analyze the concept of spatial justice, which is still rarely ... have demonstrated the rising interest of human and social sciences for the concept of spatial justice ref A conference investigating the concept of spatial justice was recently held at the University ... Spatial justice , a scientific Journal centered on Spatial Justice has been created in 2009 http jssj.org . A book focused on Spatial Justice has also been written by Edward W. Soja in 2010 SOJA Edward W., 2010, Seeking Spatial Justice , Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press. ref . Spatial Justice between issues of redistribution and decision making processes The concept of Spatial Justice ... making processes. A first set of approaches consists in asking questions about spatial or socio spatial ... land as a common example of spatial injustice. In this distributive justice perspective, the access ... or not. Another way of tackling the concept of spatial justice is to focus on decision making procedures ... and of social practices. For instance, focusing on minorities allows to explore their spatial practices .... In sum, depending on the chosen approach, either questions are asked about spatial distributions because justice is evaluated from results , or questions are asked about space representations, spatial or not identities and experiences because justice is defined as a process. Spatial justice stands ... of the political decision making and on the policies implemented in order to improve spatial ... 1980s in North American cities to denounce the spatial overlapping between forms of racial discrimination ... more details
Spatial ecology is a specialization of ecology and geography that is concerned with the identification of spatial patterns and their relationships to ecological events. In spatial ecology, ecological events can be explained through the detection of patterns at a given scale spatialspatial scale local, regional, or global. Through the application of spatial statistical analysis, factors leading to ecological ... of spatial ecology. Overview In nature, organisms are neither distributed uniformly or at random, forming instead some sort of spatial pattern ref name Legendre Cite journal last Legendre first P. coauthors Fortin, M. J. title Spatial pattern and ecological analysis journal Plant Ecology volume ... patchy structures or gradients. This spatial variance in the environment creates diversity .... ref name Legendre The type of spatial arrangement present may suggest certain interactions within ... spatial pattern in ecological data journal Ecography volume 25 issue 5 pages 578 600 publisher ..., certain spatial patterns may also rule out specific ecological theory ecological theories previously ... title Integrating the statistical analysis of spatial data in ecology journal Ecography volume 25 ... ref Although spatial ecology deals with spatial patterns, it is usually based on Empirical observational ... nature rarely follows set expected order. To properly research a spatial pattern or population, the spatial ... via a benchmark spatial survey, which would determine whether the pattern or process is on a local ... . ref name Tobin Cite journal last Tobin first P.C. title Estimation of the spatial autocorrelation ..., movement, behavior, etc., models of spatial pattern may be developed to estimate and predict events ... to spatial patterns in their environment. Due to the rapid advances in computer technology in the same ... systems in a particular area has led to increased analysis and identification of spatial patterns over ... H. coauthors Ottar N. Bj rnstad, Philip M. Dixon, Steve Citron Poust title Accounting for spatial ... more details
Context date July 2010 A spatial distribution is the arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth s surface and a graphical display of such an arrangement is an important tool in geographical and environmental statistics . A graphical display of a spatial distribution may summarize raw data directly or may reflect the outcome of more sophisticated data analysis . Many different aspects of a phenomenon can be shown in a single graphical display by using a suitable choice of different colours to represent differences. Examples Many police departments colour code a city map based on crime statistics. The two step floating catchment area 2SFCA method has been used to prepare maps showing the relative accessibility of individuals demand units to physicians supply units , by shading which shows different degrees of accessibility. Notes references DEFAULTSORT Spatial Distribution categories Category Statistical terminology Category Demographics Category Spatial data analysis Category Statistical charts and diagrams stub templates statistics stub ... more details
uses of map based spatial analysis. Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal ... in a single area of research, for example, to describe geostatistics . Complex issues arise in spatial ... for current research. The most fundamental of these is the problem of defining the spatial location of the entities being studied. For example, a study on human health could describe the spatial ... can be used for the analysis and on the conclusions which can be obtained. Other issues in spatial ... of spatial analysis is difficult because of the large number of different fields of research involved .... The history of spatial analysis Spatial analysis can perhaps be considered to have arisen with the early ... studies of vegetation blocks, ecology ecological studies of spatial population dynamics, and the study ... work in spatial statistics. Economics has contributed notably through spatial econometrics . Geographic ... and to reveal the complexity of the spatial realm, for example, with recent work on fractals and scale ... issues in spatial analysis Spatial analysis confronts many fundamental issues in the definition of its ... errors often arise in spatial analysis, some due to the mathematics of space, some due to the particular ... dangers in spatial analysis because of the inherent power of maps as media of presentation. When results are presented as maps, the presentation combines the spatial data which is generally very ... Press, 1996. ref Spatial characterization File Bubonic plague en.svg thumb 240px Spread of bubonic plague in medieval Europe. The colors indicate the spatial distribution of plague outbreaks over ... selected a discrete number of colors to characterize and simplify reality. The definition of the spatial ... analysis , it is particularly important in spatial analysis because the tools to define and study ... favor the spatial definition of objects as points because there are very few statistical techniques which operate directly on line, area, or volume elements. Computer tools favor the spatial definition ... more details
In mathematics , physics , and engineering , spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components as determined by the Fourier transform of the structure repeat per unit of distance. The SI unit of spatial frequency is rotation cycles per meter. In image processing applications, spatial frequency is often expressed in units of cycles per millimeter and sometimes incorrectly in units of line pairs per millimeter incorrect since a line pair may describe a square wave but not a sinusoidal wave . In wave mechanics , the spatial frequency math nu math is related to the wavelength math lambda math by the formula math nu frac 1 lambda . math Likewise, the wavenumber wave number math k math is related to spatial frequency and wavelength by math k 2 pi nu frac 2 pi lambda . math Visual perception In the study of visual perception , sine wave sinusoidal grating s images containing bands of white and black in a regular pattern are frequently used to probe the capabilities of the visual system. In these stimuli, spatial frequency is expressed as the number of cycles per degree angle degree of visual angle . Different spatial frequencies convey different information about the appearance of a stimulus. High spatial frequencies represent abrupt spatial changes in the image, such as edges, and generally correspond to configural information and fine detail. Low spatial frequencies, on the other hand, represent global information about the shape, such as general orientation and proportions ... www.nature.com nrn journal v5 n8 box nrn1476 BX2.html Box 2 Spatial frequencies and the information they convey ref In the general population of adults, the threshold for spatial frequency discrimination ... M title Sequential spatial frequency discrimination is consistently impaired among adult dyslexics ... concept related to spatial frequency, known as the Albert Michelson Michelson equation math ... more details
Spatial capacity is an indicator of data intensity in a Data transmission transmission medium. It is usually used in conjunction with wireless transport mechanisms. This is analogous to the way that lumen unit lumens per square meter determine illumination lighting illumination intensity. ref citeweb title Ultra Wideband Technology for Short or Medium Range Wireless Communications url http developer.intel.com technology itj q22001 pdf art 4.pdf publisher intel.com accessdate 2008 02 27 ref Spatial capacity focuses not only on bit rates for data transfer but on bit rates available in confined spaces defined by short transmission ranges. It is measured in bits per second per square meter. Among those leading research in spatial capacity are Jan Rabaey at the University of California, Berkeley . Some have suggested the term spatial efficiency as more descriptive. Marc Weiser, former chief technologist of Xerox PARC was another contributor to the field who commented on the importance of spatial capacity. ref citeweb title Nomadic Issues in Ubiquitous Computing author Wesier, Marc url http www.ubiq.com hypertext weiser NomadicInteractive publisher ubiq.com accessdate 2008 02 27 ref The System spectral efficiency is the spatial capacity divided by the bandwidth in hertz of the available frequency band. Relative spatial capacities Engineers at Intel and elsewhere have reported the relative spatial capacities of various wireless technologies as follows IEEE 802.11b 1,000 bit s m Bluetooth 30,000 bit s m IEEE 802.11a 83,000 bit s m Ultra wideband 1,000,000 bit s m IEEE 802.11g N A See also System spectral efficiency References Reflist Category Wireless networking Category Network performance Category Radio resource management ... more details
unreferenced date July 2007 Spatial empathy is an informal term used By whom date August 2010 to describe the awareness of an individual to the proximity, activities and comfort of people surrounding them. It is closely related to the notion of personal space , the concept that an individual has ownership of their immediate surroundings and for others to invade this space represents an infringement on their privacy. The degree to which different cultures exhibit spatial empathy differs dramatically. Typically, many developed Western countries consider unnecessary closeness to or physical contact with strangers such as in a train carriage or store as taboo. However, many Asian and Eurasian cultures do not exhibit the same aversion. Origins Spatial empathy was first termed by expatriate workers in Hong Kong , themselves typically from nations such as Australia , England , France and the United States . Part of the culture shock of moving to this still very westernised city was the crowded walkways and public transport systems, where navigation through a crowd while avoiding physical contact often proved more difficult than in their home countries. Citation needed date December 2009 The term has since spread to expatriate workers in other countries, including Japan and China . Citation needed date December 2009 Racist connotations It has been suggested by whom? date February 2011 that the term spatial empathy can be interpreted as racist i.e. it can imply that an understanding of personal space is a sign of a more developed country . Citation needed date December 2009 However, for people ... degree of spatial empathy can be interpreted as implying coldness, disconnection or even frigidity in a culture. Citation needed date December 2009 Other meaning Spatial empathy has also been defined as awareness of the spatial condition that a remote person experiences. An empathy vest is a tool to achieve ... shock Empathy Personal boundaries Personal space Proxemics DEFAULTSORT Spatial Empathy Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A spatial network is a network of spatial elements . In physical space which typically includes urban or building space spatial networks are derived from maps of open space within the urban context or building. One might think of the space map as being the negative image of the standard map, with the open space cut out of the background buildings or walls. The space map is then broken into units most simply, these might be road segments. The road segments the nodes of the Graph mathematics graph can be linked into a network via their intersections the edges of a Graph mathematics graph . A common instance of a spatial network , the Transportation network graph theory transportation network analysis , reverses this and treats the road segments as edges and the street intersections as nodes in the graph. More generally, the term spatial network has come to be used to describe any network in which the nodes are located in a space equipped with a metric. For most practical applications, the space is the two dimensional space and the metric is the usual Euclidean ... the structure and the evolution of spatial networks is crucial for many different fields ranging ... of these networks. Spatial constraints affect not only the structure and properties of these networks ..., synchronization, navigation, resilience, and disease spread. One definition of spatial network derives from the theory of space syntax . It can be notoriously difficult to decide what a spatial element ... of space syntax, Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson use axial line s and convex space s as the spatial ... the space syntax community to integrate better with geographic information system s GIS , and much of the Spatial ... GIS systems. See also Spatial network analysis software Complex network Planar graphs References Hillier ..., Spatial Networks , Physics Reports 499 1 101 2011 http arxiv.org abs 1010.0302 . DEFAULTSORT Spatial Network Category Architectural theory Category Environmental design Category Environmental ... more details
A spatial query is a special type of database query supported by geodatabase s and spatial database s. The queries differ from SQL queries in several important ways. Two of the most important are that they allow for the use of geometry data types such as points, lines and polygons and that these queries consider the spatial relationship between these geometries. Types of queries The function names for queries differ across geodatabases. The following list contains commonly used functions built into PostGIS , a free geodatabase which is a PostgreSQL extension the term geometry refers to a point, line, box or other two or three dimensional shape Function prototype functionName parameter s return type Distance geometry, geometry number Equals geometry, geometry boolean Disjoint geometry, geometry boolean Intersects geometry, geometry boolean Touches geometry, geometry boolean Crosses geometry, geometry boolean Overlaps geometry, geometry boolean Contains geometry, geometry boolean Length geometry number Area geometry number Centroid geometry geometry See also Spatial database Nearest neighbor search DEFAULTSORT Spatial Query Category Geographic information systems Category Query languages database stub pl Zapytanie przestrzenne zh ... more details
for the business model Spatial intelligence business method Human intelligence Spatial Intelligence is an area in the theory of multiple intelligences that deals with spatial judgment and the ability to visualize ... the ability or mental skill to solve spatial problems of navigation , visualization of objects ... further explains that Spatial Intelligence could be more effective to solve problems in areas related ... can recognize shapes by a non visual way. The spatial reasoning of the blind person allows them .... ref Origin of the concept Theory of multiple intelligences Spatial intelligence is one of the seven ... drivers on Theory of multiple intelligences spatial intelligence. ref name Gardner Howard Gardner ... and Frick In the article Early Education for spatial intelligence Why, What and How, Nora Newcombe and Andrea Frick apply the concept of spatial intelligence to the educational realm. Newcombe and Frick approached the concept in different ways ref Integrating spatial contact into formal and informal instruction could improve spatial functioning in general. ref Spatial intelligence has evolutionary ... represent the spatial environment in order to do so. Moving further along the evolutionary timeline ... Nora S and Andrea Frick 2010 . Early Education for Spatial Intelligence Why, What, and How. ref Spatial thinking is the principal complement to verbal thinking. ref Newcombe and Frick suggested various ... A survey of factor analytic studies. New York Cambridge University Press. Spatial numeracy factor ... 110. Spatial intelligence was one of the types of intelligence proposed in multiple intelligence theory .... ref Spatial thinking helps reasoning in domains that are not, on the surface, obviously spatial. For example, spatial metaphors and diagrams can be used to understand ordered relations e.g., the ranking ... relationships and biological taxonomies . A critically important application of spatial thinking ... dimensional model to Rosalind Franklin s flat images of the molecule clearly a spatial task. Similarly ... more details
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