Unreferenced date December 2009 Opticalphysics , or optical science , is a subfield of atomic, molecular, and opticalphysics . It is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation , the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter , especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new phenomena. There is no strong distinction, however, between opticalphysics, applied optics, and optical engineering, since the devices of optical engineering and the applications of applied optics are necessary for basic research in opticalphysics, and that research leads to the development of new devices and applications. Often the same people are involved in both the basic research and the applied technology development. Researchers in opticalphysics use and develop light sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum from microwave s to X ray s. The field includes the generation and detection of light, linear and nonlinear optics nonlinear optical processes, and spectroscopy . Laser s and laser spectroscopy have transformed optical science. Major study in opticalphysics is also devoted to quantum optics and Coherence physics coherence , and to femtosecond optics. In opticalphysics, support is also provided in areas such as the nonlinear response ... OpticalPhysics Category Atomic, molecular, and opticalphysics Category Optics bn ... include the development of novel optical techniques for nano optical measurements, diffractive optics , low coherence interferometry , optical coherence tomography , and near field microscopy . Research in opticalphysics places an emphasis on ultrafast optical science and technology. The applications of opticalphysics create advancements in telecommunication communications , medicine , manufacturing , and even entertainment . See also Portal Physics Diffraction Interferometry Nonlinear optics ... more details
Atomic, molecular, and opticalphysics is the study of matter matter and light matter interactions on the scale of single atom s or structures containing a few atoms. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. Physicist s sometimes abbreviate the field as AMO physics . All three areas include both classical physics classical and quantum physics quantum treatments. Atomic physics main Atomic physics Atomic physics studies the electron shell of atoms. This branch of physics is distinct from nuclear physics , despite their association in the public consciousness. Atomic physics is not concerned with the intra nuclear processes studied in nuclear physics, although properties of the nucleus can be important in atomic physics e.g., hyperfine structure . Current research focuses on activities in quantum control and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is that branch of physics which deals with the study of atom, particularly extra nuclear particles like electrons and their behaviour in atom like interactions with protons, neutrons in the nucleus. Molecular physics Main Molecular physics Molecular physics focuses on multi atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light. Opticalphysics Main OpticalphysicsOpticalphysics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical field s and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm. See also Physical optics Quantum optics Photonics See also Spectroscopy Physical chemistry Quantum chemistry Nanotechnology References reflist Physics footer Category Atomic, molecular, and opticalphysics ar bg , fa ko id Fisika atomik ... more details
Infobox journal title Journal of Nonlinear OpticalPhysics & Materials cover File JNOPMcover.jpg 180px discipline Optics , materials science abbreviation J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater. editor Iam Choon Khoo publisher World Scientific country impact 0.553 impact year 2010 history 1992 present frequency website http www.worldscinet.com jnopm ISSN 0218 8635 eISSN 1793 6624 LCCN 95648302 CODEN JNOMFV OCLC 634774624 The Journal of Nonlinear OpticalPhysics & Materials is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1992 and is published by World Scientific . It covers developments in the field of Nonlinear optics nonlinear interactions of light with matter , Waveguide guided waves , and soliton s, as well as their applications, such as in laser and coherent lightwave amplification, and information processing. ref http www.worldscinet.com jnopm mkt aims scope.shtml World Scientific. Journal Aims & Scope . ref Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in Current Contents Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences Astrophysics Data System Chemical Abstracts Service Inspec Scopus See also Optik journal Journal of the Optical Society of America B Journal of Lightwave Technology References Reflist External links Official http www.worldscinet.com jnopm DEFAULTSORT Journal Of Nonlinear OpticalPhysics And Materials Category Publications established in 1992 Category Optics journals Category Materials science journals Category World Scientific academic journals Category English language journals Category Quarterly journals ... more details
research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics atomic, molecular, and optical ... , nanotechnology and engineering . Atomic, molecular, and opticalphysics Main Atomic, molecular, and opticalphysics Atom ic, Molecule molecular , and Optics opticalphysics AMO is the study of matter ... with matter and light. Opticalphysics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control ... Various examples of physical phenomena science Physics from lang grc physis nature is a natural ... on Physics his Lectures with the atomic theory atomic hypothesis , as his most compact statement ... Leighton, M. Sands year 1963 title The Feynman Lectures on Physics volume 1 page I 2 isbn 0 201 02116 1 ref and its motion physics motion through spacetime , along with related concepts such as energy ... H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman year 2004 edition 11th title University Physics with Modern Physics page 2 publisher Addison Wesley isbn quote Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena ... or principles. ref ref cite book author S. Holzner year 2006 title Physics for Dummies url http www.amazon.com gp reader 0764554336 page 7 publisher John Wiley & Sons Wiley quote Physics is the study ... or the world philosophy philosophical world . ref Physics is one of the oldest academic discipline ... of the Sun, Moon, and stars. ref Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy ... development of scientific method . ref Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry , and the boundaries of physics are not demarcation problem rigidly defined . Indeed, new ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy. Physics ... physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed ... 1955 Main History of physics Please only add properly formatted links to reliable sources. Wikipedia ... more details
Mergeto diffraction limit date June 2009 Optical superresolution is a general term for optical techniques which operate beyond the normal diffraction limit . See also Super resolution Superoscillation Category Physical optics physics stub optics stub ... more details
Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics . Optical engineers design components of optical instrument s such as lens optics lenses , microscope s, telescope s, and other equipment that utilizes the properties of light . Other devices include optical sensors and measurement systems, laser s, fiber optic communication systems, optical disc systems e.g. CD , DVD , etc. Because optical engineers want to design and build devices that make light do something useful, they must understand and apply the science of optics in substantial detail, in order to know what is physically possible to achieve physics and chemistry . However, they also must know what is practical in terms of available technology, materials, costs, design methods, etc. As with other fields of engineering, computer s are important to many perhaps most optical engineers. They are used with instruments, for simulation, in design, and for many other applications. Engineers often use general computer tools such as spreadsheet s and programming language s, and they make frequent use of specialized optical software designed specifically for their field. Optical engineering metrology uses optical methods to measure micro vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer or to measure the properties of the various masses with instruments measuring refraction . See also Optical lens design Optician Opticalphysics SPIE Code V Zemax HEXAGON optical software References references Further reading Driggers, Ronald G. ed. 2003 . Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. New York Marcel Dekker. 3 vols. ISBN 978 0824709402 Bruce H. Walker, Historical Review,SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA. ISBN 9780819478771. http link.aip.org link doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 FTS Yu & Xiangyang Yang 1997 Introduction to Optical Engineering , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0251574935 . Technology footer Engineering stub Category Optics Category Engineering disciplines ar de Feinoptiker ... more details
Image Optical Trap Ray Optics Explanation.jpg thumb right A Free body diagram force diagram showing how vertical and lateral stabilization occurs in a vertically oriented optical trap. Optical levitation is a method developed by Arthur Ashkin whereby a material is levitation levitated against the downward force of gravity by an upward force stemming from photon momentum transfer. Typically photon radiation pressure of a vertical upwardly directed and focused laser beam of enough intensity counters the downward force of gravity to allow for a stable optical tweezers optical trap capable of holding small particles in suspension. Micrometer sized from several to 50 micrometer in diameter transparent dielectric spheres such as fused silica spheres, oil or water droplets, are used in this type of experiment. The laser radiation can be fixed in wavelength such as that of an argon ion laser or that of a tunable dye laser . Laser Power physics power required is of the order of 1 Watt focused to a spot size of several tens of micrometers. Phenomena related to morphology dependent resonance s in a spherical optical cavity have been studied by several research groups. For a shiny object, such as a metallic micro sphere, stable optical levitation has not been achieved. See also Electrostatic levitation Magnetic levitation Acoustic levitation Aerodynamic levitation Laser propulsion Physics stub Category Levitation ko ... more details
and the Interstellar Medium Observational Physics and Astrophysics publisher CRC Press location id ref math I I 0 e tau . , math Calculation from fundamental principles In atomic physics , the optical ...Other uses Optical depth astrophysics Optical depth , or optical thickness , is a measure of transparency optics transparency . Optical depth is defined by the negative logarithm of the fraction of radiation e.g., light that is not scattered or absorbed on a path. Hence optical depth is Dimensionless quantity dimensionless , and particularly is not expressed in units of length however the optical depth ... The optical depth expresses the quantity of light removed from a beam by scattering or absorption ... I 0 math is the intensity physics intensity of radiation at the source and math I math is the observed intensity after a given path, then optical depth math tau math is defined by the following ... Science In atmospheric sciences , one often refers to the optical depth of the atmosphere as corresponding to the vertical path from Earth s surface to outer space at other times the optical ..., the optical depth for a slant path is math tau m tau math , where math m math is called the airmass .... Therefore math I I 0 e m tau . , math The optical depth of the atmosphere can be divided into several ... radiation absorption . The optical depth of the atmosphere can be measured with a sun photometer . See also Beer s law Stellar Physics Another example occurs in astronomy where the photosphere of a star is defined as the surface where its optical depth is 2 3. This means that each photon .... At the temperature at optical depth 2 3, the energy emitted by the star the original derivation is for the sun matches the observed total energy emitted. Note that the optical depth of a given medium will be different for different colors wavelength s of light. For planetary rings , the optical ... exponent References references External links http scienceworld.wolfram.com physics OpticalDepth.html ... more details
Infobox journal title Optical Review cover File Optical Review.jpg editor Ken ichi Ueda discipline Optics Photonics formernames abbreviation publisher Springer Science Business Media country frequency Bimonthly history 1994 present openaccess license impact impact year website http annex.jsap.or.jp OSJ opticalreview link1 http www.springer.com physics journal 10043 link1 name Journal page at publisher s website link2 http www.springerlink.com content ht3q66t9x857 link2 name Online access JSTOR OCLC 53863964 LCCN CODEN ISSN 1340 6000 eISSN 1349 9432 Optical Review is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal , established in 1994 and published by Springer Science Business Media on behalf of the Optical Society of Japan an affiliate of the Japan Society of Applied Physics . It publishes research and review papers in all branches of optics on a bimonthly basis. All articles are written in English. Optical Review is the only international optics journal from Japan. Abstracting and indexing The following abstracting and or indexing services list Optical Review InfoTrac Academic OneFile , Academic Search , Astrophysics Data System , Chemical Abstracts Service , Inspec , PASCAL database PASCAL , Scopus , Serials Solutions Summon by Serial Solutions , TOC Premier, VINITI Database RAS See also Applied Physics Express Japanese Journal of Applied Physics External links Official http annex.jsap.or.jp OSJ opticalreview Category Optics journals Category Science and technology in Japan Category Publications established in 1994 Category Springer academic journals Category English language journals Category Japan Society of Applied Physics academic journals physics journal stub ... more details
optical fiber communications.html Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology http www.ciscopress.com ...Refimprove date May 2007 Optical communication is any form of telecommunication that uses light as the transmission medium . An optical communication system consists of a transmitter , which encodes a message into an optical signal information theory signal , a channel communications channel , which ... optical signal. Forms of optical communication File Bundesarchiv Bild 102 09520, Kieler Hafen, Abfahrt der Deutschen Hochseeflotte.jpg thumb Naval signal There are many forms of non technological optical ... s, ship flags , smoke signals , and beacon beacon fires were the earliest form of technological optical communication. The heliograph uses a mirror to Reflection physics reflect sunlight to a distant ... an Aldis lamp to communicate with planes whose radio failed. Optical fiber is the most common medium for modern digital optical communication. Free space optical communication is also used today in a variety of applications. Optical fiber communication Main article Fiber optic communication . Optical fiber is the most common type of channel for optical communications, however, other types of optical ... in optical fiber links are generally light emitting diode s LEDs or laser diode s. Infrared light, rather than visible light is used more commonly, because optical fibers transmit infrared wavelengths ... . The signal encoding is typically simple intensity modulation , although historically optical phase ... link distances at significantly lower cost. Free space optical communication Main article Free space optical communication . Free Space Optics FSO systems are generally employed for last mile communications ... propagation line of sight between the source and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably ... rate, short distance free space optical communications using LEDs. Other free space systems can provide ... web last Wilson first K. title Recent Development in High Data Rate Optical Communications at JPL ... more details
orphan date January 2010 Wikify date January 2010 The optical force is a phenomenon whereby beams of light can attract and repel each other. The force acts along an axis which is perpendicular to the light beams. Because of this, parallel beams can be induced to converge or diverge. The optical force works on a microscopic scale, and cannot currently be detected at larger scales. It was discovered by a team of Yale researches led by electrical engineer Hong Tang. ref http discovermagazine.com 2010 jan feb 083 Top 100 Stories of 2009 83 Like Magnets, Light Can Attract and Repel Itself , Discover magazine, from the January February 2010 special issue published online December 21, 2009 ref See also Optical lift References reflist DEFAULTSORT Optical force Category Force Category Spacecraft propulsion Category Aerospace engineering physics stub science stub ... more details
A 90 optical hybrid is a six port device that is used for coherence physics coherent signal demodulation for either Homodyne detection homodyne or Optical heterodyne detection heterodyne detection. It would ... in the complex field space. The optical hybrid would then deliver the four light signals to two pairs of balanced detectors. Why optical hybrids are needed Since the late 1990s, the transport capacities ... to OOK 2 developments in optical coherent detection and 3 progress in adaptive electrical ... efficiency against noise and transmission impairments. These advancements in optical signal technology are feasible solutions in present day optical networking. The path for an optical coherent ... optical phase locked loop . These advances coupled with recent introduction of six port optical hybrids make adopting and implementing an optical coherent detection scheme economically feasible. With such advances, optical network s can begin to realize the benefits already recognized in microwave ... through coherent detection. Optical coherent systems The commercial feasibility of a coherent system for optical signal transmission was first investigated in the late 1980s as a means to improve a receiver s sensitivity. At the time, because optical amplifiers were not yet fully developed, optical transmission systems were limited by the attenuation in optical fibers. A large number of transmission ... detection. In addition, in contrast to existing optical direct detection system technology, because optical coherent detection systems can also detect not only an optical signal s amplitude but phase ... because the implementation and benefits of an optical coherent system could not be realized by existing ... on coherent detection to a halt, as optical signals could get amplified along the optical transmission link, effectively extending the reach of the optical signal. The primary focus of the development of optical fiber transmission systems gradually shifted towards developing techniques ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 An optical pulsar is a pulsar which can be detected in the visible spectrum. There are very few of these known the Crab pulsar was detected by stroboscopic techniques in 1969, shortly after its discovery in radio waves, at the Steward Observatory . The Vela pulsar was detected in 1977 at the Anglo Australian Observatory , and was the faintest star ever imaged at that time. Six known optical pulsars are list by http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2002nsps.conf...44S Shearer and Golden 2002 class wikitable Name of pulsar Absolute magnitude Magnitude br B Crab Pulsar CM Tauri 17 Vela Pulsar 24 PSR B0540 69 in the Large Magellanic Cloud 23 PSR B0656 14 26 PSR B0633 17 Geminga 25.5 PSR B1509 58 25.7 colspan 2 small Source included but not discussed in paper by source paper. small ref Proceedings of the 270. WE Heraeus Seminar on Neutron Stars, Pulsars, and Supernova Remnants. MPE Report 278. Why study pulsars optically? Shearer, A. & Golden, A. 2002 bibcode 2002nsps.conf...44S ref References Reflist External links http www.aip.org history mod A Pulsar Discovery First Optical Pulsar . Moments of Discovery, American Institute of Physics, 2007 Includes audio and teachers guides . DEFAULTSORT Optical Pulsar Category Pulsars optical pulsar Category Optical pulsars Category Star types ... more details
Italic title Infobox journal title Optical Materials cover File Optical Materials.gif editor G. Boulon discipline Optics , Chemistry , Physics peer reviewed formernames abbreviation Opt. Mater. publisher Elsevier country frequency Monthly history 1992 present openaccess license impact 1.678 impact year 2010 website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 522512 description link1 http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 09253467 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name RSS http rss.sciencedirect.com publication science 5596 atom JSTOR OCLC 39097987 LCCN 93023084 CODEN OMATET ISSN 0925 3467 eISSN 1873 1252 Optical Materials is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal that publishes original papers and review articles on the design, synthesis, characterisation and applications of materials, suitable for various optical instrument optical device s. The journal also publishes papers about physical and chemical properties of such materials and their applications. Abstracting and indexing Optical Materials is abstracted and indexed in the following databases Chemical Abstracts Service Current Contents Engineering, Computing & Technology Compendex Compendex Engineering Index Inspec Scopus References Reflist External links Official 1 http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 522512 description Category Optics journals Category Monthly journals Category Publications established in 1992 Category Elsevier academic journals Category English language journals sci journal stub ... more details
books?id uqo9AAAAIAAJ&pg PA26&dq optical window&cd 15 v onepage&q optical 20window&f false format Hardcover. 170 pgs. isbn 9780851090214 ref In medical physics , the optical window is the portion .... In optics, it means a usually at least Float glass mechanically flat , sometimes optical flat optically ..., not necessarily for visible light optical material that allows light into an optical instrument ... , at least if it is designed for visible light. An optical window may be built into a piece of equipment such as a vacuum chamber to allow optical instruments to view inside that equipment. See also Optical window in biological tissue Radio window Reference Reflist DEFAULTSORT Optical Window Category Optical spectrum id Jendela optik no Optisk vindu pl Okno optyczne sr sv Optiskt f nster ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Expert subject Physics date November 2008 In general relativity , optical scalars are a set of scalar physics scalars that describe various properties of null geodesic congruence general relativity congruence s. The three optical scalars used in general relativity are expansion , shear and twist vorticity and were first defined and used by Rainer K. Sachs Sachs 1961 . Given a vector field math k math tangent to the null geodesic, the optical scalars are defined as follows. Expansion Expand section date June 2008 The expansion of the null ray is defined as math theta , frac 1 2 k a a math Shear Expand section date June 2008 The shear of the null ray is defined as math sigma 2 , frac 1 2 k a b k c d g ca g db theta 2 math Twist Expand section date June 2008 The twist of the null ray is defined as math omega 2 , k a b k c d g ca g db math DEFAULTSORT Optical Scalars Category Mathematical methods in general relativity Relativity stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For the different scientific fields that consider optics Optics The optical field is a term used in physics and vector calculus to designate the electric field shown as E in the Electromagnetism electromagnetic wave equation which can be derived from Maxwell s Equations . In electromagnetic theory, the electromagnetic wave propagates such that both the magnetic field oscillation, and the electric field oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. As with any wave, the electromagnetic wave transports energy, thus the total energy density is shared between the constituent electric and magnetic fields. Since the electric field is considerably more effective at exerting forces and doing work on charges than the magnetic field, the electric field E is referred to as the optical field. DEFAULTSORT Optical Field Category Optics Optics stub ... more details
Multiple issues orphan September 2009 unreferenced September 2009 expert subject Physics date December 2010 Optical bonding refers to a protective glass that is glued in front of a display to enhance its readability where installed in high humidity outdoor environments. When a normal display is used in an outdoor environment, there are some factors that affect its readability. The most common one is fog , or condensation , which forms on the inner surface of display s vandal shield. Another factor is the Reflection physics reflection of sunlight, which causes a mirror image on the display. Both phenomenons can be solved by using optical bonding. Basic idea Optical bonding is the use of an optical grade adhesive to glue a glass to the top surface of a display. The main goal of optical bonding is to improve the display performance under outdoor environments. This method eliminates the air gap between the cover glass and the display. Moreover, anti reflective coating is often used in optical bonding glass. The real problem for display readability in outdoor environments is not the display s brightness but its contrast vision contrast . Contrast means the ratio of the white level to the black level in other words, the contrast ratio of display means the difference of light intensity between the brightness white pixel and the darkest black pixel. The main purpose of optical bonding is to increase the display s contrast ratio by reducing the amount of reflected ambient light. Benefits Increased ruggedness Bonding a sheet of glass on top of the display increases the ruggedness of the display. Improved durability A bonded display is better able to resist scratches, fluids, stains and dirt. Condensation The elimination of an air gap between the cover glass and the display means that moisture cannot penetrate and cause fogging on display s surface. Extended temperature range and EMI filtering The temperature range of the display can be extended by incorporating ITO heaters on the cover ... more details
Berlin year 1998 ref An optical pumping experiment is commonly found in physics undergraduate ...Image Long arc lamp.svg thumb Optical pumping of a laser rod bottom with an arc lamp top . Red hot. Blue cold. Green light. Non green arrows water flow. Solid colors metal. Light colors fused quartz . Refs http www.sintecoptronics.com lamp4462.gif , http www.newsourcetechnology.com laser lamp.htm , http www.sintecoptronics.com lamp5028.gif Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise or pump electron s from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one. It is commonly used in laser construction , to laser pumping pump the active laser medium so as to achieve population inversion . The technique was developed by 1966 Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize winner Alfred Kastler in the early 1950s. ref cite book last Taylor first Nick title LASER The inventor, the Nobel laureate, and the thirty year patent war year 2000 publisher Simon & Schuster location New York isbn 0 684 83515 0 Page 56. ref Optical pumping is also used to cyclically pump electrons bound within an atom or molecule to a well defined quantum state . For the simplest case of coherence physics coherent two level optical pumping of an atomic species containing a single Electron shell outer shell electron, this means that the electron is coherently pumped to a single Hyperfine structure hyperfine sublevel labeled math m F math , which is defined by the Polarization waves polarization of the pump laser along with the quantum selection rules . Upon optical pumping, the atom is said to be oriented in a particular math m F math sublevel, however due to the cyclic nature of optical pumping the bound electron will actually be undergoing repeated Excited state excitation and decay between upper and lower state sublevels. The frequency and polarization of the pump laser determines which math m F math sublevel the atom is oriented in. In practice, completely coherent optical pumping may not occur ... more details
Electro optic rectification EOR also referred to as optical rectification is a non linear optics non linear optical process which consists in the generation of a quasi DC Polarization electrostatics polarization in a non linear medium at the passage of an intense optical beam. For typical intensities, optical rectification is a second order phenomenon difference frequency mixing ref Rice et al., Terahertz optical rectification from 110 zinc blende crystals , Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1324 1994 ref which is based on the inverse process of the electro optic effect . It was reported for the first time in 1962, ref Bass et al., Optical rectification , Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 446 1962 ref when radiation from a ruby laser was transmitted through potassium dihydrogen phosphate KDP and potassium dideuterium phosphate KD sub d sub P crystals. Explanation Optical rectification can be intuitively explained in terms of the symmetry properties of the non linear medium in the presence of a preferred internal direction, the polarization will not reverse its sign at the same time as the driving field. If the latter is represented by a sinusoidal wave, then an average DC polarization will be generated. This is the analogue of the Rectifier electric rectification effect , where an AC signal is converted rectified ... of the nonlinear optical medium. A popular material for generating radiation in the 0.5&ndash 3 THz range 1 mm wavelength is zinc telluride . Optical rectification also occurs on metal surfaces ..., F., Kuzel, P., Coutaz, J. L., Study of terahertz radiation generated by optical rectification ... with carrier acceleration in semiconductors and polymers, optical rectification is one of the main ... of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics, claims to have found a way to make an optical battery . ref We ve all been taught that this doesn t happen by Nicole ... of Applied Physics, Randall Laboratory, University of Michigan, Michigan 48109 1022, USA published ... more details
. 2023 1989 Category Atomic, molecular, and opticalphysics es Molasa ptica ...Image Molasses.gif 350px thumb Optical Molasses Schematic Optical molasses is a laser cooling technique that can cool down neutral atom s to temperatures colder than a magneto optical trap MOT . An optical molasses consists of 3 pairs of counter propagating circularly polarized laser beams intersecting in the region where the atoms are present. The main difference between optical molasses and a MOT is the absence of magnetic field in the former. While a typical Sodium MOT can cool atoms down to 300 K, optical molasses can cool the atoms down to 40 K, an order of magnitude colder. History When laser cooling was proposed in 1975, a theoretical limit on the lowest possible temperature was predicted. Known as the Doppler Limit , math T d hbar Gamma 2 k b math , this was given by the lowest possible temperature attainable considering the cooling of two level atoms by Doppler cooling and the heating of atoms due to momentum diffusion from the scattering of laser photons. Here, math Gamma math , is the natural line width of the atomic transition, math hbar math , is Planck s constant and, math k b math , is Boltzmann s constant. Experiments at the National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, found the temperature of cooled atoms to be well below the theoretical limit. Initially, it was a surprise to theorists, until the full explanation came out. Theory The best explanation of the phenomenon of optical molasses is based on the principle of polarization gradient cooling. Counterpropagating beams of circularly polarized light cause a standing wave, where the light polarization depends on the spatial location. The AC Stark Effect Stark Shift of atoms in different Fine structure magnetic sub levels is also spatially dependent. The basic idea is that atoms moving with a velocity ... cooling. Optical Molasses is an extension of Doppler cooling date April 2011 References ... more details
Matthews J.N.A. title Commercial optical traps emerge from biophysics labs journal Physics Today ... Oakey first4 John last5 Marr first5 David W. M. ref Physics of optical tweezers Image Optical Trap ... gradient force See Physics of optical tweezers from the optical lattice point. By shifting ...Optical tweezers originally called single beam gradient force trap are scientific instruments that use ... dielectric objects. Optical tweezers have been particularly successful in studying a variety of biological systems in recent years. History and development The detection of optical scattering ... the first observation of what is now commonly referred to as an optical tweezers a tightly focused ... force optical trap for dielectric particles journal Opt. Lett. volume 11 pages 288 290 year 1986 doi ... paper, United States Secretary of Energy Steven Chu , would go on to use optical tweezing in his ... earned Chu the 1997 in science Awards 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Claude Cohen ... for internal newsletter at Bell Labs. Contains confirmation of Ashkin as the inventor of optical trapping and provides information on the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics. ref In an interview, Steven Chu described how Ashkin had first envisioned optical tweezing as a method for trapping atoms. ref ... in diameter utilizing resonant laser light and a magnetic gradient trap cf. Magneto optical trap . In the late ... coli bacterium. ref cite journal author Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM title Optical trapping and manipulation ... Bustamante , James Spudich , and Steven Block pioneered the use of optical trap force spectroscopy to characterize ... for locomotion and mechanical action within the cell. Optical traps allowed these biophysics ... level optical trap force spectroscopy has since led to greater understanding of the stochastic nature of these force generating molecules. Optical tweezers have proven useful in other areas of biology as well. For instance, in 2003 the techniques of optical tweezers were applied in the field of cell ... more details
Optical lift is an optics optical analogue of aerodynamic lift , in which a Camber aerodynamics cambered refractive object with differently shaped top and bottom surfaces experiences a stable transverse lift force when placed in a uniform stream of light . ref name Nature Photonics cite journal title Stable optical lift journal Nature Photonics volume 5 pages 48 date 05 December 2010 first Grover A. last Swartzlander Jr coauthors Timothy J. Peterson, Alexandra B. Artusio Glimpse and Alan D. Raisanen doi 10.1038 nphoton.2010.266 url http www.nature.com nphoton journal vaop ncurrent full nphoton.2010.266.html accessdate 2010 12 08 ref Discovery The ability of light to apply pressure to objects has been known for some time. When date June 2011 This is the principle behind the solar sail , which uses light radiation pressure to move through outer space space . A 2010 study by physicist Grover ... physics motion . ref name Nature Photonics The experiment began as computer model s that suggested when ... of propagation, this is called the optical tweezers scatter force , but the excitement came when the particles ... did not exhibit this same lift effect. ref name Physorg cite news first Lin last Edwards title Optical ... 12 optical video.html work Physorg accessdate 2010 12 09 ref In optical lift, created by a lightfoil ..., lift. ref name Physorg Potential uses The 2010 discovery of stable optical lift is considered by some physicists to be most surprising . ref name BBC Unlike optical tweezers , an intensity gradient ... in a single quasi uniform beam of light. Swartzlander and his team propose using optical lift to power ... title Optical Lift May Allow Us to Steer Solar Sail Spacecrafts and Nano Devices date December 7, 2010 ... Optical force Solar sail References reflist External links http www.physorg.com news 2010 12 optical video.html Video Optical lifting demonstrated for the first time physics stub science stub DEFAULTSORT Optical lift Category Aircraft wing design Category Force Category Spacecraft propulsion Category ... more details
Lead too short date May 2010 File Microsoft wireless mouse.jpg thumb 300px A wireless optical mouse An optical ... orthogonal shafts which drive chopper wheels for distance measurement. The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern optical mice works on most opaque ... for better resolution and precision. Battery powered, wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only glow steadily when movement is detected. Early optical mice File Xerox Optical Mouse Chip.jpg thumb left Xerox optical mouse chip Early optical mice, first demonstrated ... PA11&dq optical mouse kirsch lyon&lr &num 20&as brr 3&ei TLI2S4 TG4rSkwTjy5DMAQ&cd 1 v onepage&q optical ... 6649 date February 21, 1983 url http books.google.com books?id S8EAAAAMBAJ&pg PA28&dq optical mouse led color&lr &num 20&as brr 3&ei bK42S8jnO5qIlQSZuLy5AQ&cd 15 v onepage&q optical mouse 20led 20color ... on the same chip ref cite book chapter The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart ...&q optical mouse lyon&dq optical mouse lyon&lr &as brr 0&as pt ALLTYPES&ei AKf7Sc3PLJDmkASaxq3LBA&pgis ... Opto mouse sensor.jpg thumb left The optical sensor from a Microsoft Wireless IntelliMouse Explorer v. 1.0A Modern optical mice File Avago ADNS 5030 optical mouse sensor disassembled.jpg thumb Optical mouse sensor disassembled Modern surface independent optical mice work by using an optoelectronic ... pad. The first commercially successful optical computer mice were the Microsoft IntelliMouse with IntelliEye ... several years mechanical mice became obsolete. The technology underlying the modern optical computer ... for tracking military targets. Optical mice use image sensors to image naturally occurring texture in materials ... how far the mouse has moved. To understand how optical mice work, imagine two photographs of the same ... of one photograph overhang the other represents the offset between the images, and in the case of an optical computer mouse the distance it has moved. Optical mice capture one thousand successive images ... more details
An optical vortex also known as a screw dislocation or phase singularity is a zero of an optical field ... projected onto a flat surface, an optical vortex looks like a ring of light, with a dark hole in the center. This corkscrew of light, with darkness at the center, is called an optical vortex. The vortex ... of trapped particles. Interfering an optical vortex with a plane wave of light reveals the spiral phase as concentric spirals. The number of arms in the spiral equals the topological charge. Optical ... first NR coauthors McDuff, R Smith, CP White, AG title Generation of optical phase singularities ... or in a diffraction grating on a film or piece of glass. Properties An optical singularity is a zero of an optical field. The phase in the field circulates around these points of zero intensity giving .... A Gaussian beam Hypergeometric Gaussian modes hypergeometric Gaussian mode HyGG has an optical ... light can be converted into orbital angular momentum. ref cite journal title Optical spin to orbital ... types of beams. At radio frequencies it is trivial to produce a non optical vortex. Simply arrange ... plate with an azimuthal distribution of the local optical axis, which has a topological charge ... directly detected, as their parent star is so bright. Progress has been made in creating an optical ... with other techniques. Optical vortices are used in optical tweezers to manipulate micrometer ... using OAM. Micro motors have also been created using optical vortex tweezers. Current computers ... information. Optical vortices theoretically have an infinite number of states, as there is no limit ... is also interested in optical vortices, as they can communicate using a higher bandwidth of information. However, that will need further developments in optical fibers , since existing optical fibers change the twist of optical vortices when bent or stressed. Twisted radio beams could reduce radio .... reflist External links http www.physics.gla.ac.uk Optics projects Optical vortices and optical ... more details
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