Unreferenced date December 2009 An opticalinstrument either processes light wave s to enhance an image for viewing, or analyzes light waves or photon s to determine one of a number of characteristic properties. Image enhancement Further Viewing instrument The first optical instruments were telescope s used for magnification of distant images, and microscope s used for magnifying very tiny images. Since the days of Galileo and Van Leeuwenhoek , these instruments have been greatly improved and extended into other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum . The binoculars binocular device is a generally compact instrument for both eyes designed for mobile use. A camera could be considered a type of opticalinstrument for storing an image. Analysis Another class of opticalinstrument is used to analyze the properties of light or optical materials. They include Interferometer for measuring the Interference wave propagation interference properties of light waves Photometer for measuring light intensity Polarimeter for measuring dispersion or rotation of polarized light Reflectometer for measuring the reflectivity of a surface or object Refractometer for measuring refractive index of various materials, invented by Ernst Abbe Spectrometer or monochromator for generating or measuring a portion of the optical spectrum, for the purpose of chemical or material analysis. Autocollimator which is used to measure angular deflections. Vertometer which is used to determine refractive power of lenses such as glasses, contact lenses and magnifier lens DNA sequencer s can be considered optical instruments as they analyse the color and intensity of the light emitted by a fluorochrome attached to a specific ... Optical devices DEFAULTSORT OpticalInstrument Category Optical devices ar bg el es Instrumento ptico fr Instrument d optique it Strumento ottico ml nl Optisch instrument ja pt Instrumento ptico ru sl Opti ni instrument ... more details
wiktionarypar instrumentInstrument may refer to Instrument film Instrument film , a documentary of the band Fugazi , directed by Jem Cohen Instruments application , a performance visualizer Science and technology Measuring instrument , a device used to measure or compare physical properties Electrical measurement instrument Electrical instrument , an instrument used to measure voltage , electric current , resistance, power, etc. Electronic measurement instrument Electronic instrument , an technical instrument of any kind that relies on electronics for its performance and accuracy. Also, any specialized electical instrument for making measurements in electronic equipment or devices. Scientific instrument , a device used to collect scientific data, often electronic in nature Laboratory equipment , the measuring tools used in a scientific laboratory, often electronic in nature Medical instrument , a device used to diagnose or treat diseases Flight instruments , the devices used to measure the speed, altitude, and pertinent flight angles of various kinds of aircraft Quantum instrument , a mathematical object in quantum theory combining the concepts of measurement and quantum operation Vehicle instrument , a device measuring parameters of a vehicle, such as its speed or position Weather instrument , a device used to record aspects of the weather Other Financial instrument , a formal ... instrument , a formal documentation of a status or transaction Musical instrument , a device designed to produce musical sounds Negotiable instrument , a type of contract Statutory instrument , a form of legislation See also Tool Instrumentation disambiguation disambig af Instrument ast Instrumentu cs Instrument da Instrument de Instrument es Instrumento fr Instrument gl Instrumento hr Instrument it Strumento la Instrumentum nl Instrument no Instrument nn Instrument pl Instrument pt Instrumento ro Instrument simple Instrument fi Instrumentti sv Instrument ur zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For a mirror holder Mirror mount Orphan date November 2006 An optical mount is a device used to join a normal camera and another optical instrument, such as a microscope or telescope . The optical mount is generally attached to the camera as a camera lens lens would on one end, and fastened to the other instrument in a similar fashion. Optical mounts are used extensively in science scientific imaging applications in biology and astronomy . DEFAULTSORT Optical Mount Category Photography equipment Category Microscopy Category Astronomical instruments Photography stub ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 A viewing instrument is a device used for viewing or examining an object or scene, or some electrical property or signal. In some cases the thing viewed is mathematical. The names of many viewing instruments is derived from the English language English suffix scope , meaning see , which derives from the scientific Latin suffix scopium , meaning a viewing instrument, which in turn originates from the ancient Greek language Greek verb skopein , meaning to examine . Glossary of types of viewing instrument binoculars Cinemascope cystoscope electroscope electrotachyscope endoscope fibrescope finderscope fluoroscope Galvanometer galvanoscope gastroscope gonioscope iconoscope kaleidoscope kinescope kinetoscope laryngoscope microscope oscilloscope Otoscope periscope phenakistoscope also phenakistiscope praxinoscope Rotoscope spectroscope stethoscope stereoscope stroboscope tachistoscope telescope teleidoscope viewfinder See also wiktionary scope Opticalinstrument DEFAULTSORT Scope Category Greek suffixes Scope de skop ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2010 image Tribrach for surveying instruments.JPG right thumb A tribrach with an optical plummet the black cylinder pointing to the left lower corner of the image . Image View through optical plummet.jpg right thumb View through an optical plummet of a prism adapter. Image Surveyors tripod head.jpg right thumb The head of a Tripod surveying surveyors tripod with the screw for mounting the tribrach. In surveying science, a tribrach means an instrument attachment plate containing three thumbscrews see theodolite . The device consists of two triangular metal plates, which are connected at their corners by thumbscrews. By turning these, it is possible to level the top plate, when the bottom plate has been mounted atop a tripod. Both metal plates making up the tribrach have a large circular hole in the center, through which goes the attachment screw of the theodolite . When tightened, this screw firmly attaches the theodolite, placed atop the tribrach, to a flange pressing against the bottom surface of the tribrach. In this way, it is possible to mount the instrument firmly, but freely within some inches choose the horizontal position of attachment. A tribrach is used to iteratively and simultaneously realize the dual requirements placed on a theodolite mounted for measurement over a benchmark that it be centered and levelled . Usually the tribrach also contains a forced centering mechanism, allowing the theodolite to be replaced by a target, optical plummet or other instrument to the same position with sub mm precision, by just loosening and re tightening a locking screw. External links http www.wild heerbrugg.com various accessories.htm Tribrachs and other accessories to Wild theodolite s. Category Surveying pl Spodarka sv Trefot geodesi ... more details
Italic title Infobox journal title Optical Materials cover File Optical Materials.gif editor G. Boulon discipline Optics , Chemistry , Physics peer reviewed formernames abbreviation Opt. Mater. publisher Elsevier country frequency Monthly history 1992 present openaccess license impact 1.728 impact year 2009 website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 522512 description link1 http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 09253467 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name RSS http rss.sciencedirect.com publication science 5596 atom JSTOR OCLC 39097987 LCCN 93023084 CODEN OMATET ISSN 0925 3467 eISSN 1873 1252 Optical Materials is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal that publishes original papers and review articles on the design, synthesis, characterisation and applications of materials, suitable for various opticalinstrumentoptical device s. The journal also publishes papers about physical and chemical properties of such materials and their applications. Abstracting and indexing Optical Materials is abstracted and indexed in the following databases Chemical Abstracts Service Current Contents Engineering, Computing & Technology Compendex Compendex Engineering Index Inspec Scopus References Reflist External links Official 1 http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 522512 description Category Optics journals Category Monthly journals Category Publications established in 1992 Category Elsevier academic journals Category English language journals sci journal stub ... more details
light optical material that allows light into an opticalinstrument . A window is usually ... Ltd date 1975 01 pages 26 url http books.google.com books?id uqo9AAAAIAAJ&pg PA26&dq optical window&lr &cd 15 v onepage&q optical 20window&f false format Hardcover. 170 pgs. isbn 9780851090214 ref In medical physics , the optical window is the portion of the visible and infrared spectrum where living ... wavelengths water strongly absorbs infrared light. In optics, it means a usually flat, sometimes optical ... for visible light. An optical window may be built into a piece of equipment such as a vacuum chamber to allow optical instruments to view inside that equipment. See also Optical window in biological tissue Radio window Reference Reflist DEFAULTSORT Optical Window Category Optical spectrum id Jendela ... more details
Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics . Optical engineers design components of opticalinstrument s such as lens optics lenses , microscope s, telescope s, and other equipment that utilize the properties of light . Other devices include optical sensors and measurement systems, laser s, fiber optic communication systems, optical disc systems e.g. CD , DVD , etc. Because optical engineers want to design and build devices that make light do something useful, they must understand and apply the science of optics in substantial detail, in order to know what is physically possible to achieve physics and chemistry . However, they also must know what is practical in terms of available technology, materials, costs, design methods, etc. As with other fields of engineering, computer s are important to many perhaps most optical engineers. They are used with instruments, for simulation, in design, and for many other applications. Engineers often use general computer tools such as spreadsheet s and programming language s, and they make frequent use of specialized optical software designed specifically for their field. Optical engineering metrology uses optical ... of Optical Engineering 4,000 years ago there were some signs and indications that early optical engineers used optical applications. People who designed and built the Stonehenge and Pyramid of Cheops used basic optical engineering principles. These structures had a connection with the earth and sun ... of optical beams from the eyes. Aristotle believed vision is accomplished when particles from the object ... doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 . ref See also Optical lens design Optician Optics Optical physics SPIE CODE V Zemax HEXAGON optical software HEXAGON References references Further reading Driggers, Ronald G. ed. 2003 . Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. New York Marcel Dekker. 3 vols. ISBN 978 0824709402 ... link doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 FTS Yu & Xiangyang Yang 1997 Introduction to Optical Engineering ... more details
to mornings and afternoons when Aberration in optical systems atmospheric aberration did not affect the instrument man s line of sight. The heliotrope operator was called a heliotroper or flasher and would sometimes employ a second mirror for communicating with the instrument station through heliography ... instrument specialized for signaling, was inspired by observing the use of heliotropes in the survey of India. See also Heliograph , a similar instrument, used in communication Notes Reflist ... it Eliotropo strumento nl Heliotroop instrument sv Heliotrop instrument tr Helyotrop ... more details
Instrument maker can refer to A maker of scientific instrument s A maker of musical instrument s A luthier is a maker of stringed instruments disambig da Instrumentmager sv Instrumentmakare ... more details
Whipple Museum of the History of Science Types of scientific instruments Opticalinstrument Electronic ...A scientific instrument can be any type of equipment, machine, apparatus or device as is specifically designed, constructed and often, through trial and error, ingeniously refined to apply utmost efficiency in the utilization of some well proven physical principle, relationship or technology to facilitate or enable the pursuit, acquisition, transduction and storage of repeatable, verifiable data, usually consisting of sets numerical measurements made upon otherwise unknown, unproven quantities, properties, phenomena, materials, forces or etc., preferably as those characterized over time by an increasing degree of accuracy and precision and, typically, those initially derived as isolated or dependent variable results from, or empirical observations made during, the course of such experimental procedures as are firmly based upon the scientific method and long accepted tenants of experimental design. Scientific instruments are part of laboratory equipment, but are considered more sophisticated and more specialized than other measuring instruments as weighing scale scales , meter sticks, chronometer ... to the list of the realm of scientific instrument applications and research, with much of the activity ... characterization Micrometer , distance Microscope , optical magnification NMR spectrometer , chemical ... of America Bruker Biosciences Corporation Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company , United Kingdom http ... www.shivsons.com Shiv Dial Sud And Sons , India http www.zebraoptical.com Sunrise Optical LLC , United ... designers See also List of astronomical instrument makers Category Scientific instrument makers Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers William Jones optician Jones, William Petrus Jacobus ... See also tron , a suffix to denote a complex scientific instrument, like in cyclotron , phytotron , synchrotron , ... Category Scientific instruments es Instrumento cient fico fr Instrument ... more details
File Variable Optical Attenuator.jpg thumb Variable Optical Attenuator An optical attenuator is a device used to reduce the Power physics power level of an optical Signalling telecommunication signal , either in free space or in an optical fiber . The basic types of optical attenuators are fixed, step wise variable, and continuously variable. Fiber optic attenuator applications Attenuators are commonly used in fiber optic telecommunication communications , either to test power level margins by temporarily adding a calibrated amount of signal loss, or installed permanently to properly match transmitter and receiver levels. Sharp bends stress optic fibers and can cause losses. If a received signal is too strong a temporary fix is to wrap the cable around a pencil until the desired level of attenuation is achieved. ref http www.thefoa.org tech ref appln attenuators.html Using Attenuators With Fiber Optic Data Links ref However, such arrangements are unreliable, since the stressed fiber tends to break over time. Fixed fiber optic attenuators Fixed optical attenuators used in fiber optic systems may use a variety of principles for their functioning. Preferred attenuators use either doped fibers, or mis aligned splices, since both of these are reliable and inexpensive. Inline style attenuators are incorporated into patch cables. The alternative build out style attenuator is a small male female adapter that can be added on to other cables. ref http www.evergreencomm.com fiber optic attenuators.html ... etc. Built in variable fiber optic attenuators Built in variable optical attenuators may be either ... advantage, since commonly used test sequences can be run automatically. Attenuator instrument ... also Attenuation electromagnetic radiation Optical fiber cable Optical fiber connector Gap loss Attenuation sources and causes Optical power meter References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create ... Attenuator, Optical Category Fiber optics Category Optical devices Category Telecommunications equipment ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The path that light takes in traversing an optical system is often called the optical path . The physical length of an optical device can be reduced to less than the length of the optical path by using folded optics . The optical path length as defined in optics is the length of the path multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium. See also Optical path length DEFAULTSORT Optical path Category Optics Optics stub de Strahlengang it Cammino ottico sv Str lg ng ... more details
Optical wireless is the combined use of opticaloptical fiber optical fibre and wireless radio radio frequency communication to provide telecommunications telecommunication to clusters of end points which are geographically distant. The optical fibre is used to span the longest distances, then a wireless link transmits the signal to nearby houses. telecom stub Sources http searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com sDefinition 0,,sid40 gci760820,00.html Optical communication Category Optical communications Category Local loop ... more details
Image Oktant.jpg thumb Octant. This instrument, labelled Crichton London, Sold by J Berry, Aberdeen , appears ... arm and mirror supports are brass. Rather than use a sighting telescope, this instrument has a sighting pinnula. The octant , also called reflecting quadrant , is a measuring instrument used primarily in navigation . It is a type of reflecting instrument . Etymology The name octant derives from the Latin octans meaning eighth part of a circle , because the instrument s arc is one eighth of a circle. Reflecting quadrant derives from the instrument using mirrors to reflect the path of light to the observer and, in doing so, doubles the angle measured. This allows the instrument to use a one eighth .... 42, p. 155, 1742 ref A detailed description of the instrument was given to Edmond Halley , but the description ... of this instrument was constructed by Thomas Heath instrument maker Thomas Heath and may have been ... & Carter, London 1971, ISBN 0 370 01347 6 ref Newton s instrument used two mirrors, but they were ... s. The diagram on the right shows the configuration of the instrument. ref Brewster, Sir David ... 1855 ref The 45 arc of the instrument P Q , was Graduation instrument graduated with 90 divisions ... 10 seconds . Thus the instrument could have readings interpolated to 5 seconds of arc. This fineness of graduation is only possible due to the large size of the instrument the sighting telescope alone ... one side of the instrument. A horizon mirror , was fixed at a 45 angle in front of the telescope s objective ... red through the instrument. This image is turned 90 anticlockwise relative to the one above. With the two ... thumb Hadley s reflecting quadrant. This instrument follows the form of Newton s reflecting quadrant ... was mounted at the vertex of the instrument to allow one to observe a bright object. The shade pivots ... instrument, the arrangement of the mirrors allowed the observer to simultaneously ... view. The significant difference with this design was that the mirrors allowed the instrument ... more details
The term national instrument can refer to National Instruments , an American corporation List of national instruments music The national instrument of a nation , referring to a musical instrument of particular cultural and social importance disambig ... more details
and instrument is required. Structure and types The most recent types of optical dilatometer use ...orphan date April 2010 An optical dilatometer is a non contact device able to measure thermal expansions or sintering kinetics of any kind of materials, unlike traditional push rod dilatometer, it can push up to the dilatometric softening of the specimen. It is a device for measuring changes in the dimensions of a specimen, optically, the achieved resolution can results in greater values than those of a conventional pushrod dilatometer. A monochromatic light source, such as a laser , illuminates the specimen. Some of the light is reflected by the specimen and interferes with the incoming light, creating optical interference fringe s. As the specimen contracts or expands, there is a proportional movement of the interference fringes, which can be measured using a camera system. The measurement ... light. Optical dilatometers are used to measure thermal expansion . The optical dilatometer ... wavelength and a very high Optical resolution resolution image sensor it is possible to achieve ... Optical resolution resolution of nearly 1500 micrometre pixel of the camera not an interpolated .... There are two major types of optical dilatometers which are currently in use Horizontal OD ... for the result of the measurement because the optical system follows the horizontal movements ... formulation strongly decreases and trapped gas is then free to exit. History The first optical ... materials in different fields of science and engineering. In particular, the use of optical methods ... way of measuring thermal expansion and it may attain nanometric resolution. This is the type of instrument ... substantially similar to the electronic dilatometer . Optical dilatometers are used along traditional .... Optical dilatometers are used for thermal analysis of various types of materials, such as incoherent ... http www.expertsystemsolutions.com ENGLISH prodotti Dilatometriottici.html Double Beam optical Dilatometers ... more details
Instrument of Surrender is a name often given to surrendering documents of a military conflict, as those documents are legal instrument s. Some such documents are World War II Japanese Instrument of Surrender German Instrument of Surrender Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces Other conflicts Argentine surrender in the Falklands War 1982 Pakistan Pakistani Instrument of Surrender 1971 at the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War . disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Optical physics , or optical science , is a subfield of atomic, molecular, and optical physics . It is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation , the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter , especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new phenomena. There is no strong distinction, however, between optical physics, applied optics, and optical engineering, since the devices of optical engineering and the applications of applied optics are necessary for basic research in optical physics, and that research leads to the development of new devices and applications. Often the same people are involved in both the basic research and the applied technology development. Researchers in optical physics use and develop light sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum from microwave s to X ray s. The field includes the generation and detection of light, linear and nonlinear optics nonlinear optical processes, and spectroscopy . Laser s and laser spectroscopy have transformed optical science. Major study in optical physics is also devoted to quantum optics and Coherence physics coherence , and to femtosecond optics. In optical physics, support is also provided in areas such as the nonlinear response of isolated atoms to intense, ultra short electromagnetic fields, the atom cavity interaction at high ... include the development of novel optical techniques for nano optical measurements, diffractive optics , low coherence interferometry , optical coherence tomography , and near field microscopy . Research in optical physics places an emphasis on ultrafast optical science and technology. The applications of optical physics create advancements in telecommunication communications , medicine , manufacturing ... Optical Physics Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Category Optics bn ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A software instrument can be a synthesized version of a real instrument like the sounds of a violin or drum s , or a unique instrument, generated by computer software. Software instruments have been made popular by the convergence of synthesizers and computers, as well as sequencing software like GarageBand , Logic Pro geared toward professionals , the open source project Audacity , and Ableton Live which is geared towards live performances. Also of note is software like Csound and Nyquist , which can be used to program software instruments. A software instrument is akin to a soundfont. DEFAULTSORT Software Instrument Category Electronic music Musical instrument stub Compu stub sv mjukvaruinstrument ... more details
Virtual instrument may refer to A Software synthesizer A program that implements functions of an instrument by computer, sensors and actuators. This can be a program written in the LabVIEW or in other programming language s see Virtual instrumentation . disambig ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Optical storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light , usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc. An older example, that does not require the use of computers, is microform . There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. Optical storage differs from other computer data storage data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism or semiconductor s. Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox . Single compact discs can hold around 700MB megabyte s and optical jukebox es can hold much more ref Compact Disc http en.wikipedia.org wiki Compact Disc ref . The term optical drive usually refers to a device in a computer that can read CD ROM s or other optical disc s. See also Data storage device the broader topic of all devices that store data. Optical Media board disc modern optical discs such as CD ROM s and related formats. Optical Jukebox Optical disc drive Optical tape more capacity than magnetic tape but not as cost effective Magneto optical drive combines Optical and Magnetic technologies to store data. Laser turntable a device that optically reads mechanical data storage media. HDSS Holographic Data Storage Systems potential new optical storage technology. 3D optical data storage potential new optical storage technology. Optical Storage Technology Association industry trade association References Reflist Optical storage media DEFAULTSORT Optical Storage Category Storage media compu storage stub ar es Almacenamiento ptico fr Lecteur de disque optique ro Dispozitive optice de stocare fi Optinen asema vi a quang zh ... more details
Optical networking can refer to Optical communication Fiber optic communication Synchronous optical networking Optical Transport Network OTN Passive optical network disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Merge eng discuss Talk Chang Merger proposal date January 2009 Infobox Instrument name Chang instrument names image Bishapur zan.jpg image capt A Sassanid era mosaic excavated at Bishapur classification string instrument range related eng Konghou Harp Chang instrument Image Harp Sassanid.png 230px thumb left Taq e Bostan carving, Women playing Chang instrument while the king is standing in a boat holding his bow and arrows, from 6th century Sassanid Iran. The chang lang fa , pronounced IPA fa t is an Iranian harp. It was very popular and used widely during the times of ancient Persia , especially during the Sassanid Dynasty where it was often played in the Shah shahs court. Iranian musical instruments Unreferenced date June 2007 DEFAULTSORT Chang Instrument Category Iranian musical instruments Category Harps string instrument stub fr Chang harpe ... more details
interaction with the instrument, communication between instrument and a job that controls the data flow from and to instrument, communication between the Instrument Job and Production database ... not keep on executing and consuming job server resources even when instrument is idle. This document ... to process it on Job servers. A dedicated machine can be spared for each instrument with serial port connected to instrument and that machine sends data on network. Increased cost, maintenance issues. A dedicated machine reads data from the instrument through serial port and files that data on Production ... by an instrument job on some Job Server which then processes the text stream Will that job run continuously ... Outline User interacts with Instrument Job Desk Initiate start, stop and terminate requests. Writes each request in Job desk queue. Instrument Job Desk Queue Has entry for each request generated and is processed by Instrument Controller with a specific ID. Request Type is the basis on which Instrument ... are processed by controller. STOP request is processed by instrument job. Instrument Controller Each ... of type START, TERMINATE and CHECK. Initiates Instrument Job. Terminates running job forcefully. Check whether a job is already stopped or is already started. Instrument Jobs Actual Instrument data Processing is done through instrument jobs. When started updates instrument job desk to mark itself as started. Processes data streams from instrument. Reads results and sends query response back to instrument. Processes stop request generated through Instrument Job desk controller. Job Architecture ... are filed on the specimen whose ID is sent by the instrument. If the raw stream is query for tests, generated by the instrument after reading a barcode, the ID sent is processed and a message is generated in the standard followed by the instrument. References http www.silkron.com main.php?content instrument Silkron http www.symyx.com page.php?id 37 SYMYX DEFAULTSORT Instrument Automation Category ... more details
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