Image OpticalFlats157 03.jpg thumb Optical flats in case. About 1 inch 2.5 cm in diameter Image Opticalflat interference fringes.jpg thumb Testing flatness of surfaces with optical flats. The lefthand surface is flat, the righthand surface is uneven. Optical flats are optical grade pieces of glass lapping lapped and polishing polished to be extremely flat on one or both sides, usually within a few millionths of an inch about 25 nanometres . They are used with a monochromatic light to determine the flatness of other optical surfaces by Interference wave propagation interference . ref cite book last English first R. E. editor first Albert G. editor last Ingalls editor link Albert Graham Ingalls title Amateur Telescope Making Amateur Telescope Making, Book Three publisher Scientific American date 1953 pages 156 162 chapter Optical Flats isbn ref When an opticalflat is placed on another surface and illuminated, the light waves reflect off both the bottom surface of the flat and the surface it is resting on. The reflected waves interfere, creating a pattern of interference fringe s Newton s rings , visible as light and dark bands. The spacing between the fringes is smaller where the gap is changing more rapidly, indicating a departure from flatness in one of the two surfaces, in a similar way to the contour lines on a map. A flat surface is indicated by a pattern of straight, parallel fringes with equal spacing, while other patterns indicate uneven surfaces. Two adjacent fringes ... of the two surfaces is made optically flat to the specified tolerance, and this surface is indicated by an arrow on the edge of the glass. Optical flats are sometimes given an optical coating and used ... . Optical flats have uses in spectrophotometry as well. Image Optical flats in use.jpg thumb left Optical flats being used to calibrate metal parts. See also Optical contact bonding References reflist optics stub Category Optical devices de Planglas ... more details
USPS , an oversized letter Opticalflat , an extremely flat piece of glass See also lookfrom intitle Flatten disambiguation Flattening Mudflat Planar disambiguation disambiguation de Flat ko ja ...wiktionary flat TOC right Flat , or flatness , describes an object or condition that is very smooth or level. Flat or flats may also refer to Places Flat, a residential house or apartment Flat, Alaska , United States Flat, Missouri , United States Flat, Puy de D me , a commune in r gion Auvergne, France Flat, Texas , United States Flat Brook , tributary of the Delaware River in Sussex County, New Jersey Flat Island , Hong Kong, People s Republic of China Flat River North Carolina , a river in Southern ..., West Virginia, USA The Flat , local name for South Dunedin , New Zealand The Flat , Western Australia The Flats , Cleveland, Ohio, United States Arts Flat music , a symbol music flat which denotes a lower pitch Flats comics , the first stage in the comic coloring process Flats theatre , flat pieces of theatrical scenery Flats band , English band Flat , a 2010 Indian film Footwear Flats, footwear ... a race Ballet shoes Ballet slippers are often referred to as flats or flat shoes , as opposed to the Pointe shoes more advanced female dancers wear Mathematics and geometry Flat geometry , the generalization of lines and planes in an n dimensional Euclidean space Flat matroids , a further generalization of flats from linear algebra to the context of matroids For use of flat sign in mathematics, see musical isomorphism mapping vectors to covectors Flat morphism in algebraic geometry Flat module in abstract algebra Transportation Flat, a deflated pneumatic tire Flat car , an open container on wheels designed to carry heavy loads Flat spot , a fault in the shape of a railroad wheel Other uses Flat, a two dimensional toy soldier made of tin or plastic Flat, a leading type of wordplay predating the invention of crosswords, as identified by the National Puzzlers League Flats or flat butterflies ... more details
A flat may refer to The musical pitch A musical note A scale based on A flat, such as A flat major or A flat minor A Flat film A Flat film , a 2010 Hindi film Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages disambig ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup March 2010 unreferenced November 2010 Infobox film name Flat image Flat.JPG alt see WP ALT caption Promotional poster director Hemant Madhukar producer Anjum Rizvi story Hemant Madhukar starring Jimmy Shergill br Sanjay Suri br Hazel br Sachin Kedekar br Kaveri Jha music Bappa Lahiri cinematography Manoj Shaw editing Bunty Nagi studio distributor released Film date Year Month Day Location runtime country FilmIndia language Hindi budget gross Flat is an upcoming Bollywood supernatural thriller film written and directed by Hemant Madhukar . It stars Jimmy Shergill and Sanjay Suri in the lead roles. Cast Jimmy Shergill as Rahul Sanjay Suri as Karan Hazel Crowney as Geethika Kaveri Jha as Preeti Sachin Khedekar as Varma References reflist External links IMDb title 0988655 DEFAULTSORT Flat Category Upcoming films Category Indian films Category Hindi language films Category Supernatural thriller films ... more details
for the Dunedin, New Zealand, area locally known as The Flat South Dunedin The Flat is an anchor age just north of North Island Houtman Abrolhos North Island in the Houtman Abrolhos . ref name Wallabi Australia 1 100000 Topographic Survey, Map sheet 1641 Edition 1 Wallabi ref It is located at coord 28 16 44 S 113 35 3 E display inline,title region AU WA dim 2500 type waterbody , ref name Gazetteer 1996 Gazetteer of Australia 1996 . Belconnen, ACT Australian Surveying and Land Information Group. ref ref name Gazetteer 277062 Gazetteer of Australia name North Island id 277062 ref References reflist Category Houtman Abrolhos WesternAustralia geo stub ... more details
. In optics, it means a usually at least Float glass mechanically flat , sometimes opticalflat optically flat , depending on resolution requirements piece of transparent for a wavelength range of interest, not necessarily for visible light optical material that allows light into an optical instrument ... books?id uqo9AAAAIAAJ&pg PA26&dq optical window&cd 15 v onepage&q optical 20window&f false format Hardcover. 170 pgs. isbn 9780851090214 ref In medical physics , the optical window is the portion ... , at least if it is designed for visible light. An optical window may be built into a piece of equipment such as a vacuum chamber to allow optical instruments to view inside that equipment. See also Optical window in biological tissue Radio window Reference Reflist DEFAULTSORT Optical Window Category Optical spectrum id Jendela optik no Optisk vindu pl Okno optyczne sr sv Optiskt f nster ... more details
. The surface of the table must also be quite flat, to allow precision optical mounts to make good contact with the table without rocking and facilitate easy assembly of the optical system. Earlier optical table tops were sometimes made of a large slab of highly polished granite . The heavy, dense ...Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Laser.jpg thumb 300px A laser system on an optical table. An optical table is platform that is used to support systems used for optics experiment s and Optical engineering engineering . Explanation In optical systems, especially those involving interferometry , the alignment ... stable surface that improves the stability of the optical system. Such tables were very heavy and expensive, however, and are not commonly available today. Modern optical tables are typically made ... to be bolted down to fit the optical system layout. Components may also be held to the steel ... by special air conditioning . The metal used to construct modern optical tables has a higher speed ... M6 25 mm Imperial 20 Unified National Coarse UNC 1 25.4mm Breadboards An alternative to an optical table is an optical breadboard . Some optical systems use breadboards made of solid aluminum for later integration with a larger system with some form of vibration control. Most optical breadboards are constructed ... on an ordinary table or workbench. Breadboards are not as good as optical tables, but weigh less and are adequate for smaller optical systems that do not require extremely high levels of mechanical ... onto an optical table, build up a module of the experiment on it, and then transfer the module as a whole ..., custom built optical devices are assembled and aligned on breadboards, which are then enclosed in a case ... neon laser on an optical bench. An optical bench or optical rail is a less sophisticated piece of equipment ... Optical bench simulation https www.cvimellesgriot.com Products Documents TechnicalGuide Fundamentals Vibration Isolation.pdf Fundamentals of Vibration Isolation for Optical Tables DEFAULTSORT ... more details
Optical tweezers originally called single beam gradient force trap are scientific instruments that use ... dielectric objects. Optical tweezers have been particularly successful in studying a variety of biological systems in recent years. History and development The detection of optical scattering ... the first observation of what is now commonly referred to as an optical tweezers a tightly focused ... force optical trap for dielectric particles journal Opt. Lett. volume 11 pages 288 290 year 1986 doi ... paper, United States Secretary of Energy Steven Chu , would go on to use optical tweezing in his ... Matthews J.N.A. title Commercial optical traps emerge from biophysics labs journal Physics Today ... for internal newsletter at Bell Labs. Contains confirmation of Ashkin as the inventor of optical ... Chu described how Ashkin had first envisioned optical tweezing as a method for trapping atoms. ref ... in diameter utilizing resonant laser light and a magnetic gradient trap cf. Magneto optical trap . In the late ... coli bacterium. ref cite journal author Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM title Optical trapping and manipulation ... Bustamante , James Spudich , and Steven Block pioneered the use of optical trap force spectroscopy to characterize ... for locomotion and mechanical action within the cell. Optical traps allowed these biophysics ... level optical trap force spectroscopy has since led to greater understanding of the stochastic nature of these force generating molecules. Optical tweezers have proven useful in other areas of biology as well. For instance, in 2003 the techniques of optical tweezers were applied in the field of cell sorting by creating a large optical intensity pattern over the sample area, cells can be sorted by their intrinsic optical characteristics. ref name MacDonald03 cite journal author MacDonald MP, Spalding GC, Dholakia K title Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice journal Nature volume 426 ... ref ref Koss BA, Grier DG, http physics.nyu.edu grierlab peristalsis2b Optical Peristalsis ref Optical ... more details
Optical lift is an optics optical analogue of aerodynamic lift , in which a Camber aerodynamics cambered refractive object with differently shaped top and bottom surfaces experiences a stable transverse lift force when placed in a uniform stream of light . ref name Nature Photonics cite journal title Stable optical lift journal Nature Photonics volume 5 pages 48 date 05 December 2010 first Grover A. last Swartzlander Jr coauthors Timothy J. Peterson, Alexandra B. Artusio Glimpse and Alan D. Raisanen doi 10.1038 nphoton.2010.266 url http www.nature.com nphoton journal vaop ncurrent full nphoton.2010.266.html accessdate 2010 12 08 ref Discovery The ability of light to apply pressure to objects has been known for some time. When date June 2011 This is the principle behind the solar sail , which uses light radiation pressure to move through outer space space . A 2010 study by physicist Grover ... tiny, transparent, micrometer sized rods that were flat on one side and rounded on the other, rather ... of propagation, this is called the optical tweezers scatter force , but the excitement came when the particles ... did not exhibit this same lift effect. ref name Physorg cite news first Lin last Edwards title Optical ... 12 optical video.html work Physorg accessdate 2010 12 09 ref In optical lift, created by a lightfoil ..., lift. ref name Physorg Potential uses The 2010 discovery of stable optical lift is considered by some physicists to be most surprising . ref name BBC Unlike optical tweezers , an intensity gradient ... in a single quasi uniform beam of light. Swartzlander and his team propose using optical lift to power ... title Optical Lift May Allow Us to Steer Solar Sail Spacecrafts and Nano Devices date December 7, 2010 ... Optical force Solar sail References reflist External links http www.physorg.com news 2010 12 optical video.html Video Optical lifting demonstrated for the first time physics stub science stub DEFAULTSORT Optical lift Category Aircraft wing design Category Force Category Spacecraft propulsion Category ... more details
Optical wireless is the combined use of opticaloptical fiber optical fibre and wireless radio radio frequency communication to provide telecommunications telecommunication to clusters of end points which are geographically distant. The high capacity optical fibre is used to span the longest distances, and a lower cost wireless link carries the signal for the last mile to nearby users. Sources http searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com sDefinition 0,,sid40 gci760820,00.html Definition Optical Wireless , SearchMobileComputuing website. Optical communication Telecommunications telecom stub Category Optical communications Category Local loop ... more details
An optical cavity or optical resonator is an arrangement of mirror s that forms a standing wave cavity resonator for light wave s. Optical cavities are a major component of laser s, surrounding the gain medium and providing feedback of the laser light. They are also used in optical parametric oscillator .... Flat mirrors are not often used because of the difficulty of aligning them to the needed precision ... inside the cavity. Optical cavities are designed to have a large Q factor ref cite web title ... compared to the frequency of the laser. Resonator modes Image Optical cavity1.png right frame Types of two mirror optical cavities, with mirrors of various curvatures, showing the radiation pattern ... is a Gaussian beam . Resonator types The most common types of optical cavities consist of two facing plane flat or spherical mirrors. The simplest of these is the plane parallel or Fabry P rot interferometer Fabry P rot cavity, consisting of two opposing flat mirrors. While simple, this arrangement ... commonly used in microchip and optical microcavity microcavity lasers and semiconductor laser s. In these cases, rather than using separate mirrors, a reflective optical coating may be directly applied ... droplet, also forms an interesting optical cavity. In 1986 Richard K. Chang et al. demonstrated lasing ... of optical cavity exhibits optical resonances when the size of the sphere or the optical wavelength ... of the modes then leads to a displacement. Practical resonators If the optical cavity is not empty ... separation, but the optical path length between the mirrors. Optical elements such as lenses placed ... beam s Aberration in optical systems astigmatism , which is produced by Brewster s angle .... Similarly the pointing stability of a laser may still be improved by spatial filtering by an optical fibre . Optical delay lines This section is linked from Delay line Optical cavities can also be used as multipass optical delay lines, folding a light beam so that a long path length may be achieved ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The path that light takes in traversing an optical system is often called the optical path . The physical length of an optical device can be reduced to less than the length of the optical path by using folded optics . The optical path length as defined in optics is the length of the path multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium. See also Optical path length DEFAULTSORT Optical path Category Optics Optics stub de Strahlengang it Cammino ottico sv Str lg ng ... more details
projected onto a flat surface, an optical vortex looks like a ring of light, with a dark hole in the center. This corkscrew of light, with darkness at the center, is called an optical vortex. The vortex ...An optical vortex also known as a screw dislocation or phase singularity is a zero of an optical field ... of trapped particles. Interfering an optical vortex with a plane wave of light reveals the spiral phase as concentric spirals. The number of arms in the spiral equals the topological charge. Optical ... first NR coauthors McDuff, R Smith, CP White, AG title Generation of optical phase singularities ... or in a diffraction grating on a film or piece of glass. Properties An optical singularity is a zero of an optical field. The phase in the field circulates around these points of zero intensity giving .... A Gaussian beam Hypergeometric Gaussian modes hypergeometric Gaussian mode HyGG has an optical ... light can be converted into orbital angular momentum. ref cite journal title Optical spin to orbital ... types of beams. At radio frequencies it is trivial to produce a non optical vortex. Simply arrange ... plate with an azimuthal distribution of the local optical axis, which has a topological charge ... directly detected, as their parent star is so bright. Progress has been made in creating an optical ... with other techniques. Optical vortices are used in optical tweezers to manipulate micrometer ... using OAM. Micro motors have also been created using optical vortex tweezers. Current computers ... information. Optical vortices theoretically have an infinite number of states, as there is no limit ... is also interested in optical vortices, as they can communicate using a higher bandwidth of information. However, that will need further developments in optical fibers , since existing optical fibers change the twist of optical vortices when bent or stressed. Twisted radio beams could reduce radio .... reflist External links http www.physics.gla.ac.uk Optics projects Optical vortices and optical ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An optical link is a communications link that consists of a single end to end optical circuit. A cable of optical fiber , possibly concatenated into a dark fiber link, is the simplest form of an optical link. Other forms of optical link can include single colour links over a wavelength division multiplex infrastructure, and or links that use optical amplifier s to compensate for attenuation over long distances. Other forms of optical links include free space optical communication links. Also in the railways optical is used in two forms depending upon the whether the feeding station is main or not. Thus for main stations it is sain to be long hall and for all remaining stations it is to be short hall. See also colbegin 3 Light Peak Optical interconnect Parallel optical interface Interconnect bottleneck Optical communication Optical cable Transimpedance amplifier Photo diode VCSEL PIN diode Green computing InfiniBand InfiniBand Trade Association Fibre channel HDMI PCI Express Active cables Small form factor pluggable transceiver Terabit Ethernet 100 Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gigabit Ethernet Optoelectronics Data center High performance computing Cloud computing CXP connector Active Cables C Form factor Pluggable Fiber optic communication List of device bandwidths colend DEFAULTSORT Optical Link Category Optical communications Telecom stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Optical physics , or optical science , is a subfield of atomic, molecular, and optical physics . It is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation , the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter , especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new phenomena. There is no strong distinction, however, between optical physics, applied optics, and optical engineering, since the devices of optical engineering and the applications of applied optics are necessary for basic research in optical physics, and that research leads to the development of new devices and applications. Often the same people are involved in both the basic research and the applied technology development. Researchers in optical physics use and develop light sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum from microwave s to X ray s. The field includes the generation and detection of light, linear and nonlinear optics nonlinear optical processes, and spectroscopy . Laser s and laser spectroscopy have transformed optical science. Major study in optical physics is also devoted to quantum optics and Coherence physics coherence , and to femtosecond optics. In optical physics, support is also provided in areas such as the nonlinear response of isolated atoms to intense, ultra short electromagnetic fields, the atom cavity interaction at high ... include the development of novel optical techniques for nano optical measurements, diffractive optics , low coherence interferometry , optical coherence tomography , and near field microscopy . Research in optical physics places an emphasis on ultrafast optical science and technology. The applications of optical physics create advancements in telecommunication communications , medicine , manufacturing ... Optical Physics Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Category Optics bn ... more details
Optical networking can refer to Optical communication Fiber optic communication Synchronous optical networking Optical Transport Network OTN Passive optical network disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
of the fiber can provide nicely flat surfaces with acceptable optical quality. Silica is also relatively ...Image fibreoptic.jpg thumb right A bundle of optical fibers Image Fiber optic illuminated.jpg thumb A TOSLINK fiber optic audio cable being illuminated at one end An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible .... ref http books.google.com books?id k83sN7SJLVgC&pg PA34&dq optical fiber glass human hair&hl en&ei Op3OTdSCFpDVgAehqeXCDA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 6&ved 0CHkQ6AEwBQ v onepage&q optical ... 34 ref The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics . Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optic communication ... applications, including sensor s and fiber laser s. Image Optical fibre junction box.jpg thumb right An optical fiber junction box. The yellow cables are Single mode optical fiber single mode fibers the orange and blue cables are Multi mode optical fiber multi mode fibers 50 125 m OM2 and 50 125 m OM3 fibers respectively. Optical fiber typically includes of a transparent core optical fiber core ... for most communication links longer than convert 1050 sp us m ft . Joining lengths of optical fiber ... fusing them together with heat. Special optical fiber connector s for removable connections are also ... Regis J title Optical Switching and Networking Handbook publisher McGraw Hill year 2001 location ... sixlecturesonlig00tynduoft ref Unpigmented human hairs have also been shown to act as an optical fiber ... by Heinrich Lamm in the following decade. Modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber is coated ... laureates 2009 sciback phy 09.pdf Two Revolutionary Optical Technologies . Scientific Background ... produced the first glass clad fibers previous optical fibers had relied on air or impractical ... signals over an optical beam. ref name SDU Jones, Newell. http history.sandiego.edu gen recording ... that would be offered by fiber optical systems. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, light ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Optical microspheres photonic atoms are high quality factor optical resonator s used for active and passive photonic applications such as microlaser cavities and filters. Category Optics optics stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Optical storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light , usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc. An older example, that does not require the use of computers, is microform . There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. Optical storage differs from other computer data storage data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism or semiconductor s. Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox . Single compact discs can hold around 700MB megabyte s and optical jukebox es can hold much more ref Compact Disc http en.wikipedia.org wiki Compact Disc ref . The term optical drive usually refers to a device in a computer that can read CD ROM s or other optical disc s. It is estimated that in the year 2007, optical storage represents 27 of the world s technological capacity to store information ref name HilbertLopez2011 http www.sciencemag.org content 332 6025 60 The World s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information , especially http www.sciencemag.org content suppl 2011 02 08 science.1200970.DC1 Hilbert SOM.pdf ... also Data storage device the broader topic of all devices that store data. Optical Media board disc modern optical discs such as CD ROM s and related formats. Optical Jukebox Optical disc drive Optical tape more capacity than magnetic tape but not as cost effective Magneto optical drive combines Optical ... data storage media. HDSS Holographic Data Storage Systems potential new optical storage technology. 3D optical data storage potential new optical storage technology. Optical Storage Technology Association industry trade association References Reflist Optical storage media DEFAULTSORT Optical Storage ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 Image optical train.jpg thumb 250px right An optical train showing the arrangement and angle of lenses and mirrors to guide the laser. Optical train also called optical assembly is the arrangement of lens optics lenses to guide Line of sight propagation line of sight and lasers. The position and angle of lenses are adjusted to guide a laser through the path required. optics stub Category fiber optics ... more details
For the optic axis of a crystal Optic axis of a crystal Image Optical axis en.png thumb 300px Optical axis coincides with red ray and rays symmetrical to optical axis pair of blue and pair of green rays propagating through different lenses. An optical axis is a line along which there is some degree of rotational symmetry in an optics optical system such as a camera lens or microscope . The optical axis is an imaginary line that defines the path along which light propagates through the system. For a system composed of simple lens optics lenses and mirror s, the axis passes through the center of curvature of each surface, and coincides with the axis of rotational symmetry . The optical axis is often coincident with the system s mechanical axis, but not always, as in the case of off axis optical system s. For an optical fiber , the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core , and is also known as the fiber axis . See also Ray optics Cardinal point optics Boresight References FS1037C DODDIC Category Geometrical optics de Optische Achse Optik et Optiline telg eo Optika akso ko id Sumbu optis it Asse ottico nl Optische as optica ja pl O optyczna ru sk Optick os sl Opti na os tr Optik eksen uk zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For a mirror holder Mirror mount Orphan date November 2006 An optical mount is a device used to join a normal camera and another optical instrument, such as a microscope or telescope . The optical mount is generally attached to the camera as a camera lens lens would on one end, and fastened to the other instrument in a similar fashion. Optical mounts are used extensively in science scientific imaging applications in biology and astronomy . DEFAULTSORT Optical Mount Category Photography equipment Category Microscopy Category Astronomical instruments Photography stub ... more details
Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics . Optical engineers design components of optical instrument s such as lens optics lenses , microscope s, telescope s, and other equipment that utilizes the properties of light . Other devices include optical sensors and measurement systems, laser s, fiber optic communication systems, optical disc systems e.g. CD , DVD , etc. Because optical engineers want to design and build devices that make light do something useful, they must understand and apply the science of optics in substantial detail, in order to know what is physically possible to achieve physics and chemistry . However, they also must know what is practical in terms of available technology, materials, costs, design methods, etc. As with other fields of engineering, computer s are important to many perhaps most optical engineers. They are used with instruments, for simulation, in design, and for many other applications. Engineers often use general computer tools such as spreadsheet s and programming language s, and they make frequent use of specialized optical software designed specifically for their field. Optical engineering metrology uses optical methods to measure micro vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer or to measure the properties of the various masses with instruments measuring refraction . See also Optical lens design Optician Optical physics SPIE Code V Zemax HEXAGON optical software References references Further reading Driggers, Ronald G. ed. 2003 . Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. New York Marcel Dekker. 3 vols. ISBN 978 0824709402 Bruce H. Walker, Historical Review,SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA. ISBN 9780819478771. http link.aip.org link doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 FTS Yu & Xiangyang Yang 1997 Introduction to Optical Engineering , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0251574935 . Technology footer Engineering stub Category Optics Category Engineering disciplines ar de Feinoptiker ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Optical Circulator symbol.jpg thumb Optical Circulator symbol An optical circulator is a special optical fiber fiber optic component that can be used to separate optical signals that travel in opposite directions in an optical fiber , analogous to the operation of an electronic circulator . An optical circulator is a three port device designed such that light entering any port exits from the next. This means that if light enters port 1 it is emitted from port 2, but if some of the emitted light is reflected back to the circulator, it does not come out of port 1, but instead exits from port 3. Circulators can be used to achieve bi directional transmission over a single fiber. Because of its high optical isolator isolation of the input and reflected optical powers and its low insertion loss , optical circulators are widely used in advanced fiber optic communications communication systems and fiber optic sensor applications. Optical circulators are non reciprocal optics, which means that changes in the properties of light passing through the device are not reversed when the light passes through in the opposite direction. This can only happen when the symmetry of the system is broken, for example by an external magnetic field . A Faraday rotator is another example of a non reciprocal optical device. See also Optical isolator http patft.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO2&Sect2 HITOFF&p 1&u 2Fnetahtml 2FPTO 2Fsearch adv.htm&r 1&f G&l 50&d PTXT&S1 5909310.PN.&OS pn 5909310&RS PN 5909310 US Patent 005909310 DEFAULTSORT Optical Circulator Category Optical devices Optics stub ... more details
Image Optical Interleaver.gif thumb 400px right Illustration of the function of an optical interleaver and de interleaver An optical interleaver is a 3 port passive fiber optics fiber optic device that is used to combine two sets of dense wavelength division multiplexing DWDM channels odd and even channels into a composite signal stream in an interleaving way. For example, optical interleaver takes two multiplexed signals with 100 GHz spacing and interleaves them, creating a denser DWDM signal with channels spaced 50 GHz apart. The process can be repeated, creating even denser composite signals with 25 GHz or 12.5 GHz spacing. The device can be used in a reverse direction, forming an optical deinterleaver that separates a denser DWDM signal into odd channels and even channels. See schematic diagram. For example, in most DWDM equipment, the standard channel spacing is 100 GHz. But spacing the signal carrying frequencies every 50 or even 25 GHz can double or even quadruple the number of channels per fiber. Thus, optical interleaver can expand the number of channels per fiber, and devices and or networks can be upgraded without requiring that all devices be upgraded. Optical interleaver is based on multiple beam interference . Currently, there are two approaches to building optical interleaver 1 Step phase Michelson interferometer , and 2 birefringence Birefringent crystal networks. The former is based on Michelson interferometer combined with Gires Tournois interferometer . Image Interleaver Spectrum.jpg frame 622px center Transmission spectra of 50 100 GHz optical interleaver at three temperatures See also Optical add drop multiplexer External Links http www.optoplex.com Optical Interleaver.htm Optical Interleaver for fiber optic communications Category Fiber optic communications Interleaver, optical Category Optical devices Interleaver, optical Category Photonics ... more details
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