Refimprove date May 2007 Opticalcommunication is any form of telecommunication that uses light as the transmission medium . An opticalcommunication system consists of a transmitter , which encodes a message into an optical signal information theory signal , a channel communications channel , which ... optical signal. Forms of opticalcommunication File Bundesarchiv Bild 102 09520, Kieler Hafen, Abfahrt der Deutschen Hochseeflotte.jpg thumb Naval signal There are many forms of non technological opticalcommunication, including body language and sign language . Techniques such as semaphore line s, ship flags , smoke signals , and beacon beacon fires were the earliest form of technological opticalcommunication. The heliograph uses a mirror to Reflection physics reflect sunlight to a distant ... lower cost. Free space opticalcommunication Main article Free space opticalcommunication ... using LEDs. See also Commons category Opticalcommunication Laser Optical telegraph Heliograph Telegraph Jun Ichi Nishizawa an inventor of opticalcommunication. Optical fiber cable Optical ...&seqNum 1&rl 1 Fiber Optic Technologies by Vivek Alwayn Opticalcommunication Category Optical communications ... an Aldis lamp to communicate with planes whose radio failed. Optical fiber is the most common medium for modern digital opticalcommunication. Free space opticalcommunication is also used today in a variety of applications. Optical fiber communication Main article Fiber optic communication . Optical fiber is the most common type of channel for optical communications, however, other types of optical ... in optical fiber links are generally light emitting diode s LEDs or laser diode s. Infrared light, rather than visible light is used more commonly, because optical fibers transmit infrared wavelengths ... is typically simple intensity modulation , although historically optical phase and frequency modulation ... and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably decode the transmitted information. Infrared ... more details
of the two heads. In telecommunication s, Free Space Optics FSO is an opticalcommunication technology ... of a fibre optic cable or transmission line . History Opticalcommunication s, in various ... high intensity LEDs. ref http www.modulatedlight.org optical comms optical qso 173mile.html A 173 mile 2 way all electronic optical contact ref However, the low grade equipment used limited bandwidth signal processing bandwidths to about 4 kHz . In outer space , the communication range of free space opticalcommunication is currently in the order of several thousand kilometers, ref http www.esa.int ... vw video showing Lichtsprechger t 80 in use DEFAULTSORT Free Space OpticalCommunication Category Telecommunications ... 2007 gvttw Carson 2007, pg.76 78 ref Its first practical use came in military communication systems .... However the technology lost market momentum when the installation of optical fiber networks for civilian uses was at its peak. Usage and technologies Free space optical links can be implemented using infrared laser light, although low data rate communication over short distances is possible ... space optical communications. Free Space Optics are additionally used for communications between ... of kilometers, using optical telescopes as beam expanders. ref http silicium.dk pdf speciale.pdf Optical Communications in Deep Space, University of Copenhagen ref The present distance records for optical communications have involved detection and emission of laser light by space probes. The current two way distance record for communication is held by the Mercury laser altimeter instrument ... 3 29 2011. ref Secure free space optical communications have been proposed using a laser N Slit ..., W. E. Davenport, and P. G. Varmette, N slit interferometer for secure free space optical communications ... lighting and communication into the same system. ref Tanaka, Y. Haruyama, S. Nakagawa, M. , Wireless optical transmissions with white colored LED for wireless home links, Personal, Indoor and Mobile ... more details
For the term used in the game of bridge, see Glossary of contract bridge terms communication . Communication is the activity of conveying information . Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended ... at the time of communication thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender. Human communication ... of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages seem ... language eye contact , sign language , paralanguage , haptic communication , chronemics , and media ... also defines the communication to include the display of text, Braille , tactile communication ..., and accessible information and communication technology . ref Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability, Article 2, Definition ref Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication describes ... or Human position posture facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing .... Non verbal communication is also called silent language and plays a key role in human day to day ... of emoticons to convey emotional expressions in pictorial form. Visual communication Visual communication is the conveyance of ideas and information through creation of visual representations ... designers use methods of visual communication in their professional practice. Oral communication Oral communication , while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, typically relies on both words, visual aids and non verbal elements to support the conveyance of the meaning. Oral communication includes discussion, speeches, presentations, interpersonal communication and many other varieties. In face to face communication the body language and voice tonality plays a significant role and may ... needed date November 2009 Visual aid can help to facilitate effective communication and is almost ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Communication Type Studio album Artist Leah Dizon Cover Leahcommunicationcdonly.jpg Released August 20, 2008 Genre J pop Length Language Japanese language Japanese , English language English Label Victor Entertainment Reviews Last album Destiny Line 2007 This album Communication br 2008 Next album Misc Extra album cover Upper caption CD DVD Type Studio Album Cover Leahcommunicationcddvd.jpg 300px Lower caption CD DVD cover Singles Name Communication Type Studio Single 1 Love Paradox Single 1 date March 26, 2008 Single 2 Vanilla Leah Dizon song Vanilla Single 2 date June 25, 2008 Communication is the second studio album by American born Japanese pop singer Leah Dizon . It was released on September 12, 2007 by Victor Entertainment . Dizon herself also wrote or co wrote 10 of the tracks, along with composing 2 herself. It was released in a CD only and CD DVD format and it includes the title tracks from her two latest singles, Love Paradox and Vanilla Leah Dizon song Vanilla , as well as two b sides. ref http ameblo.jp leahdizon news Leah Dizon Official Blog What sNew What sNew powered by Bot generated title ref ref http www.jvcmusic.co.jp Information A020707.html news Victor Entertainment Bot generated title ref ref http www.towerrecords.co.jp sitemap CSfCardMain.jsp?GOODS NO 1844392&GOODS SORT CD 101 TOWER.JP Leah Dizon Bot generated title ref ref http www.neowing.co.jp detailview.html?KEY VICL 62900 Communication & 93 Bot generated title ref According to one press release, Lost At Sea and BxKxRxxx are said to be rock tunes, her first . ref http www.sanspo.com ... It is Dizon s last recording before announcing her marriage and pregnancy in October 2008 on her Communication ... Chino length7 5 23 title8 Communication writer8 Leah Dizon, Yoshiaki Fujizawa extra8 Fujizawa length8 ... albums ja Communication ... more details
Optical wireless is the combined use of opticaloptical fiber optical fibre and wireless radio radio frequency communication to provide telecommunications telecommunication to clusters of end points which are geographically distant. The optical fibre is used to span the longest distances, then a wireless link transmits the signal to nearby houses. telecom stub Sources http searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com sDefinition 0,,sid40 gci760820,00.html Opticalcommunication Category Optical communications Category Local loop ... more details
Optical networking can refer to Opticalcommunication Fiber optic communication Synchronous optical networking Optical Transport Network OTN Passive optical network disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An optical link is a communications link that consists of a single end to end optical circuit. A cable of optical fiber , possibly concatenated into a dark fiber link, is the simplest form of an optical link. Other forms of optical link can include single colour links over a wavelength division multiplex infrastructure, and or links that use optical amplifier s to compensate for attenuation over long distances. Other forms of optical links include free space opticalcommunication links. Also in the railways optical is used in two forms depending upon the whether the feeding station is main or not. Thus for main stations it is sain to be long hall and for all remaining stations it is to be short hall. See also colbegin 3 Light Peak Optical interconnect Parallel optical interface Interconnect bottleneck OpticalcommunicationOptical cable Transimpedance amplifier Photo diode VCSEL PIN diode Green computing InfiniBand InfiniBand Trade Association Fibre channel HDMI PCI Express Active cables Small form factor pluggable transceiver Terabit Ethernet 100 Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gigabit Ethernet Optoelectronics Data center High performance computing Cloud computing CXP connector Active Cables C Form factor Pluggable Fiber optic communication List of device bandwidths colend category Optical communications DEFAULTSORT Optical Link Telecom stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Optical Circulator symbol.jpg thumb Optical Circulator symbol An optical circulator is a special optical fiber fiber optic component that can be used to separate optical powers that travel in opposite directions in an optical fiber , analogous to the operation of an electronic circulator . An optical circulator is a three port device designed such that light entering any port exits from the next. This means that if light enters port 1 it is emitted from port 2, but if some of the emitted light is reflected back to the circulator, it does not come out of port 1, but instead exits from port 3. Circulators can be used to achieve bi directional transmission over a single fiber. Because of its high optical isolator isolation of the input and reflected optical powers and its low insertion loss , optical circulators are widely used in advanced fiber optic communications communication systems and fiber optic sensor applications. Optical circulators are non reciprocal optics, which means that changes in the properties of light passing through the device are not reversed when the light passes through in the opposite direction. This can only happen when the symmetry of the system is broken, for example by an external magnetic field . A Faraday rotator is another example of a non reciprocal optical device. See also Optical isolator http patft.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO2&Sect2 HITOFF&p 1&u 2Fnetahtml 2FPTO 2Fsearch adv.htm&r 1&f G&l 50&d PTXT&S1 5909310.PN.&OS pn 5909310&RS PN 5909310 US Patent 005909310 DEFAULTSORT Optical Circulator Category Optical devices Optics stub ... more details
s, optical interleaver s and Optical DPSK demodulator s, to the fiber optic communication industry ...A 90 optical hybrid is a six port device that is used for coherence physics coherent signal demodulation for either Homodyne detection homodyne or Optical heterodyne detection heterodyne detection. It would ... in the complex field space. The optical hybrid would then deliver the four light signals to two pairs of balanced detectors. Why optical hybrids are needed Since the late 1990s, the transport capacities ... DPSK modulation format, as opposed to OOK 2 developments in optical coherent detection and 3 progress ... strides in optical signal technology are no longer theoretical possibilities but are feasible solutions in present day optical networking technology. The path for an optical coherent system has already ... optical phase lock loop. These advances coupled with recent introduction of six port optical hybrid ... and implementing an optical coherent detection scheme. Perhaps with such advances, optical .... Optical coherent systems The commercial feasibility of a coherent system for optical signal transmission ..., because optical amplifiers were not yet fully developed, optical transmission systems were limited by the attenuation in optical fibers. A large number of transmission experiments with coherent ... to existing optical direct detection system technology, because optical coherent detection systems can also detect not only an optical signal s amplitude but phase and polarization as well ... of an optical coherent system could not be realized by existing systems and technologies ... to a halt, as optical signals could get amplified along the optical transmission link, effectively extending the reach of the optical signal. The primary focus of the development of optical fiber ... dispersion, which became one of the most limiting impairments in optical fibers. Eventually, many techniques ... shifted towards increasing the amount of information that could be transmitted in an optical fiber ... more details
Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics . Optical engineers design components of optical instrument s such as lens optics lenses , microscope s, telescope s, and other equipment that utilize the properties of light . Other devices include optical sensors and measurement systems, laser s, fiber optic communication systems, optical disc systems e.g. CD , DVD , etc. Because optical engineers want to design and build devices that make light do something useful, they must understand and apply the science of optics in substantial detail, in order to know what is physically possible to achieve physics and chemistry . However, they also must know what is practical in terms of available technology, materials, costs, design methods, etc. As with other fields of engineering, computer s are important to many perhaps most optical engineers. They are used with instruments, for simulation, in design, and for many other applications. Engineers often use general computer tools such as spreadsheet s and programming language s, and they make frequent use of specialized optical software designed specifically for their field. Optical engineering metrology uses optical ... of Optical Engineering 4,000 years ago there were some signs and indications that early optical engineers used optical applications. People who designed and built the Stonehenge and Pyramid of Cheops used basic optical engineering principles. These structures had a connection with the earth and sun ... of optical beams from the eyes. Aristotle believed vision is accomplished when particles from the object ... doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 . ref See also Optical lens design Optician Optics Optical physics SPIE CODE V Zemax HEXAGON optical software HEXAGON References references Further reading Driggers, Ronald G. ed. 2003 . Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. New York Marcel Dekker. 3 vols. ISBN 978 0824709402 ... link doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 FTS Yu & Xiangyang Yang 1997 Introduction to Optical Engineering ... more details
Optical interconnect is a way of communication by optical cables. ref name register cite news url http www.theregister.co.uk 2009 09 23 light peak title Intel unfurls copper killing optical cables last Myslewski first Rik date 2009 09 23 publisher The Register accessdate 2009 09 27 ref Compared to traditional cables, optical wires are capable of a much higher Bandwidth computing bandwidth , from 10 Gb s up to 100 Gb s. ref name cnet cite news url http news.cnet.com 8301 30685 3 10360047 264.html title Intel s Light Peak One PC cable to rule them all last Shankland first Stephen date 2009 09 23 publisher CNet accessdate 2009 09 27 ref The technology is currently being introduced as a way to link computers to mobile devices, ref name pcworld cite news url http www.pcworld.com businesscenter article 172480 intel connects pcs to devices using light.html title Intel Connects PCs to Devices Using Light last Shah first Agam date 2009 09 23 publisher PC World magazine PCWorld accessdate 2009 09 27 ref as well as on motherboard s and devices within computers ref name cnet ref name iptronics cite news url http www.iptronics.com 36209 Optical 20interconnects.html title Parallel Optical Interconnects last Bek first Jesper date 2008 06 09 publisher IPtronics accessdate 2010 04 09 ref See also Opticalcommunication Parallel optical interface Thunderbolt interface Interconnect bottleneck Optical fiber cable References reflist Compu stub Electron stub Category Integrated circuits ... more details
consumption, but an opticalcommunication system will typically use more power over short distances than an electronic one. This is because the shot noise of an opticalcommunication channel is greater ... using Free Space OpticalCommunication in Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Massively ...An optical computer also called a photonic computer is a device that uses the photon s of visible light ..., and this makes three dimensional wiring necessary. Thus, an optical computer, besides being much faster ... computer components with optical equivalents, resulting in an optical digital computer system processing binary data. This approach appears to offer the best short term prospects for commercial optical computing, since optical components could be integrated into traditional computers to produce an optical ... into photons and back. This also slows down transmission of messages. All optical computers eliminate ... devices have been designed which use principles of optical computing, e.g., optical correlators . Such devices can be used for detecting and tracking objects, for example. Optical components for binary ... . To replace electronic components with optical ones, an equivalent optical transistor is required ... manner to the voltage response of an electronic transistor. Such an optical transistor ref Jain, K. and Pratt, Jr., G. W., Optical transistor , Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 28, 719 1976 . ref ref name jainprattpatent Jain, K. and Pratt, Jr., G. W., Optical transistors and logic circuits embodying the same , U.S. Pat. 4,382,660, issued May 10, 1983. ref can be used to create optical logic gates .... There has been a large expansion in the optical interconnects for photonic based computing. Currently ... among researchers with regard to the future capabilities of optical computers will they be able ..., and form factor? Opponents of the idea that optical computers can be competitive note that ref ... speed. For optical logic to be competitive beyond a few niche applications, major breakthroughs in non ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The path that light takes in traversing an optical system is often called the optical path . The physical length of an optical device can be reduced to less than the length of the optical path by using folded optics . The optical path length as defined in optics is the length of the path multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium. See also Optical path length DEFAULTSORT Optical path Category Optics Optics stub de Strahlengang it Cammino ottico sv Str lg ng ... more details
Merge from Erbium doped waveguide amplifier discuss Talk Optical amplifier Merger proposal date August 2009 An optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal information theory signal directly, without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal. An optical amplifier may be thought of as a laser without an optical cavity , or one in which feedback from the cavity is suppressed. Optical amplifiers are important in opticalcommunication and laser physics . There are several .... This nonlinearity presents the most severe problem for opticalcommunication applications. However ... types of optical amplifiers. In doped fiber amplifiers and bulk lasers, stimulated emission in the amplifier s gain medium causes amplification of incoming light. In semiconductor optical amplfiers ... of a simple Doped Fiber Amplifier Doped fiber amplifiers DFAs are optical amplifiers that use a dopant doped optical fiber as a gain medium to amplify an optical signal. They are related to fiber laser ... window of an optical amplifier is the range of optical wavelengths for which the amplifier ... ions, the glass structure of the optical fiber, and the wavelength and power of the pump laser ... levels occurs when the ions are incorporated into the glass of the optical fiber and thus the amplification ... broadened ions. Spectral holes vary in width depending on the characteristics of the optical ... aligned with the optical field vector of the pump. Also, those excited ions aligned with the signal ... be inconveniently large. Fortunately, in optical fibers small amounts of birefringence are always present ... coincides with the third transmission window of silica based optical fiber. Two bands have developed ... and 1480 nm pumping is generally utilised in amplifiers. The optical fiber amplifier was invented ... . Semiconductor optical amplifier Semiconductor optical amplifier redirects here Semiconductor optical ..., Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. Boston, MA Springer Verlag, 2002. ISBN 978 0 7923 7657 6 ... more details
can be manipulated to improve performance. Applications Optical fiber communication Main Fiber optic communicationOptical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and Computer network ... using optical fiber for communication will travel at around 200 million meters per second ...Image fibreoptic.jpg thumb right A bundle of optical fibers Image Fiber optic illuminated.jpg thumb A TOSLINK fiber optic audio cable being illuminated at one end An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent ... and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics . Optical fibers are widely used in fiber optic communication s, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidth computing bandwidth s data rates than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal ... of other applications, including sensor s and fiber laser s. Optical fiber typically consists of a transparent core optical fiber core surrounded by a transparent Cladding fiber optics cladding ..., and are used for short distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than convert 1050 sp us m ft . Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable ... splice mechanically or by fusion splicing fusing them together with heat. Special optical ... book last Bates first Regis J title Optical Switching and Networking Handbook publisher McGraw Hill ... to act as an optical fibre. ref Wells, J. Hair light guide. Nature, 338, 23, 2 March 1989 ref Practical ... Narinder Singh Kapany conducted experiments that led to the invention of optical fiber. Modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber is coated with a transparent cladding to offer a more suitable ... previous optical fibers had relied on air or impractical oils and waxes as the low index cladding ... Graham Bell invented a Photophone to transmit voice signals over an optical beam. ref http inventors.about.com ... more details
About the optical component the optoelectronic component Opto isolator An optical isolator , or optical diode , is an optical component which allows the transmission of light in only one direction. It is typically used to prevent unwanted feedback into an optical oscillator , such as a laser cavity . The operation of the device depends on the Faraday effect which in turn is produced by magneto optic effect , which is used in the main component, the Faraday rotator . File Isolator diagram.GIF thumbnail right 200px Figure 1 The optical circuit symbol for an isolator Theory main Faraday effect The main component of the optical isolator is the Faraday rotator. The magnetic field, math B math , applied to the Faraday rotator causes a rotation in the polarization of the light due to the Faraday effect. The angle of rotation, math beta math , is given by, math beta nu B d , math , where, math nu math is the Verdet constant of the material amorphous or crystalline solid, liquid, or gaseous of which the rotator is made, and math d math is the length of the rotator. This is shown in Figure 2. Specifically for an optical isolator, the values are chosen to give a rotation of 45 degrees. Polarization ... isolators are typically used in free space optical systems. This is because the polarization of the source is typically maintained by the system. In optical fibre systems, the polarization direction ... will lead to a loss. Polarization independent isolator File Optical isolator.GIF thumbnail right .... The Faraday rotator main Faraday rotator The most important optical element in an isolator is the Faraday ... doped borosilicate glass and terbium gallium garnet crystal TGG . For long distance fibre communication ... YIG based Faraday isolators reach isolations higher than 30 Decibel dB . Optical isolators ... direction. This allows the higher isolation to be achieved. Optical isolators and thermodynamics It might ... isolators, good pictures Category Optical devices de Optischer Isolator pt Isolador ptico ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Optical physics , or optical science , is a subfield of atomic, molecular, and optical physics . It is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation , the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter , especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new phenomena. There is no strong distinction, however, between optical physics, applied optics, and optical engineering, since the devices of optical engineering and the applications of applied optics are necessary for basic research in optical physics, and that research leads to the development of new devices and applications. Often the same people are involved in both the basic research and the applied technology development. Researchers in optical physics use and develop light sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum from microwave s to X ray s. The field includes the generation and detection of light, linear and nonlinear optics nonlinear optical processes, and spectroscopy . Laser s and laser spectroscopy have transformed optical science. Major study in optical physics is also devoted to quantum optics and Coherence physics coherence , and to femtosecond optics. In optical physics, support is also provided in areas such as the nonlinear response of isolated atoms to intense, ultra short electromagnetic fields, the atom cavity interaction at high ... include the development of novel optical techniques for nano optical measurements, diffractive optics , low coherence interferometry , optical coherence tomography , and near field microscopy . Research in optical physics places an emphasis on ultrafast optical science and technology. The applications of optical physics create advancements in telecommunication communications , medicine , manufacturing ... Optical Physics Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Category Optics bn ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Optical storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light , usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc. An older example, that does not require the use of computers, is microform . There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. Optical storage differs from other computer data storage data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism or semiconductor s. Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox . Single compact discs can hold around 700MB megabyte s and optical jukebox es can hold much more ref Compact Disc http en.wikipedia.org wiki Compact Disc ref . The term optical drive usually refers to a device in a computer that can read CD ROM s or other optical disc s. See also Data storage device the broader topic of all devices that store data. Optical Media board disc modern optical discs such as CD ROM s and related formats. Optical Jukebox Optical disc drive Optical tape more capacity than magnetic tape but not as cost effective Magneto optical drive combines Optical and Magnetic technologies to store data. Laser turntable a device that optically reads mechanical data storage media. HDSS Holographic Data Storage Systems potential new optical storage technology. 3D optical data storage potential new optical storage technology. Optical Storage Technology Association industry trade association References Reflist Optical storage media DEFAULTSORT Optical Storage Category Storage media compu storage stub ar es Almacenamiento ptico fr Lecteur de disque optique ro Dispozitive optice de stocare fi Optinen asema vi a quang zh ... more details
Cleanup date January 2008 Optical interferometry combines two or more light waves in an optics optical instrument in such a way that Interference wave propagation interference occurs between them. Early interferometers used white light sources and also monochromatic light from atomic sources e.g., Double slit experiment Young s double slit experiment of 1805 . Such interferometers had a wide range of applications, for example, calibration of slip gauges and measurement of gas flow. ref Longhurst ... up the standard. The development of laser s has made it much easier to produce optical interference ... and other fields. Optical interferometer configurations There are many ways in which two or more light ... here . Some applications of optical interferometry Optical interferometry is used in a vast ... , ring laser gyroscope s are used that can detect rotation through optical interferometry of laser ... application of optical interferometry using coherent light is Holographic interferometry , a technique ..., optical probes are deployable directly in process, at a distance from the profilometer enclosure. ref Citation last1 Losert first1 R. title So Far, Yet so Close Optical Profilometer Systems Inspect ..., channels, holes , and film thickness measurement semi conductor and optical industries, etc . ref .... Optical coherence tomography This is a medical imaging technique based on low coherence interferometry ... accuracy. Astronomical optical interferometry An astronomical interferometer is an array of telescopes ... to microdensitometry and microscopy ref F. J. Duarte , Electro optical interferometric microdensitometer ... gratings and transmissive optical surfaces in general. More recently the N slit interferometer has been applied to generate interferometric characters for secure Free space opticalcommunicationoptical communications in free space . ref http www.iop.org EJ abstract 2040 8986 12 1 015705 F. J ... DEFAULTSORT Optical Interferometry Category Interferometry Category Interferometers Category ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Optical microspheres photonic atoms are high quality factor optical resonator s used for active and passive photonic applications such as microlaser cavities and filters. physics stub Category Optics ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 Image optical train.jpg thumb 250px right An optical train showing the arrangement and angle of lenses and mirrors to guide the laser. Optical train also called optical assembly is the arrangement of lens optics lenses to guide Line of sight propagation line of sight and lasers. The position and angle of lenses are adjusted to guide a laser through the path required. optics stub Category fiber optics ... more details
For the optic axis of a crystal Optic axis of a crystal Image Optical axis en.png thumb 300px Optical axis coincides with red ray and rays symmetrical to optical axis pair of blue and pair of green rays propagating through different lenses. An optical axis is a line along which there is some degree of rotational symmetry in an optics optical system such as a camera lens or microscope . The optical axis is an imaginary line that defines the path along which light propagates through the system. For a system composed of simple lens optics lenses and mirror s, the axis passes through the center of curvature of each surface, and coincides with the axis of rotational symmetry . The optical axis is often coincident with the system s mechanical axis, but not always, as in the case of off axis optical system s. For an optical fiber , the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core , and is also known as the fiber axis . See also Ray optics Cardinal point optics Boresight References FS1037C DODDIC Category Geometrical optics de Optische Achse Optik et Optiline telg eo Optika akso ko id Sumbu optis nl Optische as optica ja pl O optyczna ru sk Optick os sl Opti na os tr Optik eksen uk zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For a mirror holder Mirror mount Orphan date November 2006 An optical mount is a device used to join a normal camera and another optical instrument, such as a microscope or telescope . The optical mount is generally attached to the camera as a camera lens lens would on one end, and fastened to the other instrument in a similar fashion. Optical mounts are used extensively in science scientific imaging applications in biology and astronomy . DEFAULTSORT Optical Mount Category Photography equipment Category Microscopy Category Astronomical instruments Photography stub ... more details
Image OpticalFlats157 03.jpg thumb Optical flats in case. About 1 inch 2.5 cm in diameter Image Optical flat interference fringes.jpg thumb Testing flatness of surfaces with optical flats. The lefthand surface is flat, the righthand surface is uneven. Optical flats are optical grade pieces of glass lapping lapped and polishing polished to be extremely flat on one or both sides, usually within a few millionths of an inch about 25 nanometres . They are used with a monochromatic light to determine the flatness of other optical surfaces by Interference wave propagation interference . ref cite book last English first R. E. editor first Albert G. editor last Ingalls editorlink Albert Graham Ingalls title Amateur Telescope Making Amateur Telescope Making, Book Three publisher Scientific American date 1953 pages 156 162 chapter Optical Flats isbn ref When an optical flat is placed on another surface, interference fringe s Newton s rings are seen due to interference in the tiny gap between the two surfaces. The spacing between the fringes is smaller where the gap is changing more rapidly, indicating a departure from flatness in one of the two surfaces, in a similar way to the contour lines on a map. A flat surface is indicated by a pattern of straight, parallel fringes with equal spacing, while other patterns indicate uneven surfaces. Two adjacent fringes indicate a difference in elevation of one half wavelength of the light used, so by counting the fringes differences in elevation of the surface can be measured to millionths of an inch. Usually only one of the two surfaces is made optically .... Optical flats are sometimes given an optical coating and used as precision mirror s for special purposes, such as in a Fabry P rot interferometer or laser cavity . Optical flats have uses in spectrophotometry as well. Image Optical flats in use.jpg thumb left Optical flats being used to calibrate metal parts. See also Optical contact bonding References reflist optics stub Category Optical ... more details
Image Optical Interleaver.gif thumb 400px right Illustration of the function of an optical interleaver and de interleaver An optical interleaver is a 3 port passive fiber optics fiber optic device that is used to combine two sets of dense wavelength division multiplexing DWDM channels odd and even channels into a composite signal stream in an interleaving way. For example, optical interleaver takes two multiplexed signals with 100 GHz spacing and interleaves them, creating a denser DWDM signal with channels spaced 50 GHz apart. The process can be repeated, creating even denser composite signals with 25 GHz or 12.5 GHz spacing. The device can be used in a reverse direction, forming an optical deinterleaver that separates a denser DWDM signal into odd channels and even channels. See schematic diagram. For example, in most DWDM equipment, the standard channel spacing is 100 GHz. But spacing the signal carrying frequencies every 50 or even 25 GHz can double or even quadruple the number of channels per fiber. Thus, optical interleaver can expand the number of channels per fiber, and devices and or networks can be upgraded without requiring that all devices be upgraded. Optical interleaver is based on multiple beam interference . Currently, there are two approaches to building optical interleaver 1 Step phase Michelson interferometer , and 2 birefringence Birefringent crystal networks. The former is based on Michelson interferometer combined with Gires Tournois interferometer . Image Interleaver Spectrum.jpg frame 622px center Transmission spectra of 50 100 GHz optical interleaver at three temperatures See also Optical add drop multiplexer http www.optoplex.com Optical Interleaver.htm Optical Interleaver for fiber optic communications Category Fiber optic communications Interleaver, optical Category Optical devices Interleaver, optical Category Photonics ... more details
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