Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File OpticalCirculator symbol.jpg thumb OpticalCirculator symbol An opticalcirculator is a special optical fiber fiber optic component that can be used to separate optical signals that travel in opposite directions in an optical fiber , analogous to the operation of an electronic circulator . An opticalcirculator is a three port device designed such that light entering any port exits from the next. This means that if light enters port 1 it is emitted from port 2, but if some of the emitted light is reflected back to the circulator, it does not come out of port 1, but instead exits from port 3. Circulators can be used to achieve bi directional transmission over a single fiber. Because of its high optical isolator isolation of the input and reflected optical powers and its low insertion loss , optical circulators are widely used in advanced fiber optic communications communication systems and fiber optic sensor applications. Optical circulators are non reciprocal optics, which means that changes in the properties of light passing through the device are not reversed when the light passes through in the opposite direction. This can only happen when the symmetry of the system is broken, for example by an external magnetic field . A Faraday rotator is another example of a non reciprocal optical device. See also Optical isolator http patft.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO2&Sect2 HITOFF&p 1&u 2Fnetahtml 2FPTO 2Fsearch adv.htm&r 1&f G&l 50&d PTXT&S1 5909310.PN.&OS pn 5909310&RS PN 5909310 US Patent 005909310 DEFAULTSORT OpticalCirculator Category Optical devices Optics stub ... more details
other uses Image AisladorG.JPG thumb 300px right A Waveguide electromagnetism waveguide circulator used as an isolator by placing a Transmission line Matched load matched load on port 3. The label on the permanent magnet indicates the direction of circulation A circulator is a Passivity engineering passive non Reciprocity electromagnetism reciprocal three or four Two port network port device, in which microwave or radio frequency power entering any port is transmitted to the next port in rotation only . Thus, to within a phase factor, the Scattering parameters scattering matrix for an ideal three port circulator is math S begin pmatrix 0 & 0 & 1 1 & 0 & 0 0 & 1 & 0 end pmatrix math When one port of a three port circulator is terminated in a matched load, it can be used as an isolator microwave isolator , since a signal can travel in only one direction between the remaining ports. ref For a description of a circulator, see Harvtxt Jachowski 1976 ref There are circulators for LF, VHF , Ultra high frequency UHF , microwave frequencies and for light , the latter being used in optical fiber networks. Circulators fall into two main classes 4 port waveguide circulators based on Faraday rotation of waves propagating in a magnetised material, and 3 port Y junction circulators based on cancellation ... in behaviour from a true 4 port circulator. In radar , circulators are used to route outgoing ... a circulator for this function. Radio frequency circulators are composed of magnetised ferrite ... garnet crystal is used in optical circulators. There have also been investigations into making ... title Y Circulator journal Journal of Applied Physics Supplement volume 30 issue 4 pages 1525, 1535 ... Ronald E. title Ferrite Circulator issue date January 27, 1976 year 1976 country code US patent number 3935549 Citation first E. A. last Ohm year 1956 title A Broad Band Microwave Circulator journal ... TMTT.1956.1125064 Citation first C. last Wenzel year 1991 title Low Frequency Circulator Isolator ... more details
Circulator may refer to OpticalcirculatorCirculator pump DC Circulator often referred to as the Circulator Downtown circulator disambig ... more details
globalize USA date January 2011 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A downtown circulator is a general term in the United States for a road or bus system to distribute traffic or people through a downtown area. Specific examples include Miami, Florida s Florida State Road 970 Downtown Distributor Pawtucket, Rhode Island s Downtown Circulator Pawtucket Downtown Circulator The DC Circulator bus system in Washington, D.C. Tulsa, Oklahoma s Inner Dispersal Loop formed by I 444 Unsigned and I 244 . Kansas City, Missouri s Downtown freeway loop Kansas City downtown freeway loop Circulator bus A circulator bus is a more generic terms and is a bus serving an area confined to a specific locale, such as a downtown area downtown circulator or suburban neighborhood, with connections to major traffic Highway corridors . See also Ring road DEFAULTSORT Downtown Circulator Category Bus transport Category Road transportation in the United States road stub ... more details
Infobox Bus transit name DC Circulator logo circulator logo.png logo size 240 image DC Circulator.jpg image size image caption company slogan parent founded 2005 ref name 2011report cite web title DC Circulator ... locale service area Downtown Washington, D.C. Downtown Washington service type Downtown circulator ... http www.dccirculator.com The DC Circulator is a bus system in Washington, D.C. The District of Columbia ... Surface Transit operate the service in a public private partnership with First Transit . The DC Circulator ... 5 31 2011EndDate 10 31 2011PubDate 10 31 2011 work DC Circulator publisher DC Department of Transportation ... met to plan what would become the Circulator. ref name DCBid cite web title DC Circulator url http www.downtowndc.org programs transportation dc circulator publisher Downtown DC BID accessdate 12 ... First Transit as the system operator, the DC Circulator started service in July 2005 with two routes ... name servicechanges cite web title DDOT to Implement Changes to Existing Circulator Service url http ddot.dc.gov DC DDOT About DDOT News Room Press Releases DDOT to Implement Changes to Existing Circulator ... ref ref name mallroute cite news title D.C. Circulator bus route on National Mall ends url http www.tbd.com articles 2011 04 d c circulator bus route on national mall ends 57612.html accessdate 12 ... , and neighborhoods east of the Anacostia River . ref name 2011report Routes The DC Circulator has ... index.php?option com content&view article&id 27&Itemid 6 publisher DC Circulator accessdate 12 ... news PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID 2518 title Metrobus Routes 98, N22 being replaced by DC Circulator ... About DDOT News Room ci.DC Circulator Expansion Continues.print title DC Circulator Expansion Continues ... Convention Center and the Waterfront neighborhood, replacing the Circulator line and the eliminated ... more to ride and offers less frequent service, but the District officials said the ridership on the Circulator was too low to continue it. ref name servicechanges Fares The current DC Circulator fare ... more details
A circulator pump is a specific type of pump used to circulate gas es, liquid s, or Slurry slurries in a closed circuit. They are commonly found circulating water in a Hydronics hydronic heating or cooling system. Because they only circulate liquid within a closed circuit, they only need to overcome the friction of a piping system as opposed to lifting a fluid from a point of lower potential energy to a point of higher potential energy . Circulator pumps as used in hydronic systems are usually electrically powered Pump Rotary dynamic centrifugal pump centrifugal pump s. As used in homes, they are often small, sealed, and rated at a fraction of a horsepower , but in commercial applications they range in size up to many horsepower and the electric motor is usually separated from the pump body by some form of mechanical coupling. The sealed units used in home applications often have the motor rotor, pump impeller, and support Bearing mechanical bearings combined and sealed within the water circuit. This avoids one of the principal challenges faced by the larger, two part pumps maintaining a water tight seal at the point where the pump drive shaft enters the pump body. Small to medium sized circulator pumps are usually supported entirely by the pipe flanges that join them to the rest ... offer rebates to homeowners and builders that install a circulator pump to save water. In typical ... cools producing the familiar wait for hot water the next time the tap is opened. By adding a circulator ... the energy demand on the water heater. Circulator Pump Optimizing In the past circulating pumps ... but routine, using a 24 hour timer to schedule circulator pump operations would not be practical ... and more. Minimizing circulator pump operations saves valuable resources and the environment. EU ... news title Europump prepares for new circulator legislation url http www.worldpumps.com view 22759 europump prepares for new circulator legislation newspaper World Pumps ref . This Regulation is part ... more details
Summary logo fur REQUIRED Article DC Circulator Use Public facility HIGHLY RECOMMENDED Source DC Circulator Website ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Used for Owner Website http www.dccirculator.com History Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability other information Licensing Non free logo ... more details
A thermal immersion circulator is an electrically powered device that circulates and heats a warm fluid kept at an accurate and stable temperature ref http sousvideaustralia.com products polyscience immersion circulators Polyscience food grade immersion circulators ref . It is used in process, environmental, microbiological, hazardous waste, and other laboratories ref name ebay http reviews.ebay.com Immersion Thermal Circulators for Sous Vide W0QQugidZ10000000006157618 eBay guide Immersion Thermal Circulators for Sous Vide scoring one of the laboratory circulators on ebay for a hundred bucks or so is not a good deal as the unintended consequences of using one will be very costly. ref . Since the late twentieth century they have also been used for sous vide food cooking prolonged cooking of food in sealed packages in a water bath at lower temperatures than usually used for cooking . A thermal immersion circulator comprises a circulator pump a mechanism to move the fluid , a heating element immersed in the fluid, an accurate Resistance thermometer temperature probe , and Process control control circuitry which compares the measured temperature with the desired value and supplies power to the heater as required to stabilise the temperature. It has been recommended that second hand laboratory circulators should not be used for food, or in a kitchen, due to the risk of contamination, as chemical residues cannot be completely removed ref name ebay . A food grade, rather than laboratory, circulator is advised, even if unused. References references Category Cooking appliances ... more details
Infobox Bus transit name Charm City Circulator logo Charm City Circulator logo.svg logo size image Charm City Circulator 1203 purple.jpg image caption Orion VII HEV 3rd Generation company slogan Fast. Friendly. FREE parent Baltimore City Department of Transportation begin service January 11, 2010 headquarters locale Baltimore , Maryland service area Downtown Baltimore service type alliance routes 3 1 planned 2012 destinations stops 80 hubs stations lounge fleet 26 see fleet roster below ridership fuel type Clean diesel , Hybrid electric bus Hybrid operator Veolia Transport Veolia ceo website http www.charmcitycirculator.com charmcitycirculator.com The Charm City Circulator is a privately funded, public transit shuttle bus service giving riders free connection to historic sites, parking, and businesses throughout downtown Baltimore for free. The newest system in Maryland was established in 2008, but did not begin inaugural service until January 11, 2010 because of funding issues. The system currently operates three routes on major streets throughout downtown. The system also connect to water taxi and MTA Maryland . History The Charm City Circulator a.k.a. CCC or Downtown Circulator , started as a plan by former mayor Sheila Dixon to make Baltimore an eco friendly city and utilize transport ... became the pilot service for the Charm City Circulator travelling east west via Pratt Street Lombard ... 23 daily30.html title For the Charm City Circulator, growing pains are inevitable publisher Baltimore ... 2011 01 11 news bs md charm city circulator 20110111 1 charm city circulator orange route purple route title Circulator marks a year on the streets publisher Baltimore Sun date January ... circulator 20110111 1 charm city circulator orange route purple route title Circulator marks a year ... news url http www.youtube.com watch?v OLmE3zMhbjs 2011 14 11 title Preview Charm City Circulator City .... Charm City Circulator operated by Veolia bus yard located at 1400 Cherry Hill Road. Two blocks from ... more details
in many optical components, such as circulator s, polarization beam combiner s, wavelength locker ...A 90 optical hybrid is a six port device that is used for coherence physics coherent signal demodulation for either Homodyne detection homodyne or Optical heterodyne detection heterodyne detection. It would ... in the complex field space. The optical hybrid would then deliver the four light signals to two pairs of balanced detectors. Why optical hybrids are needed Since the late 1990s, the transport capacities ... to OOK 2 developments in optical coherent detection and 3 progress in adaptive electrical ... efficiency against noise and transmission impairments. These advancements in optical signal technology are feasible solutions in present day optical networking. The path for an optical coherent ... optical phase locked loop . These advances coupled with recent introduction of six port optical hybrids make adopting and implementing an optical coherent detection scheme economically feasible. With such advances, optical network s can begin to realize the benefits already recognized in microwave ... through coherent detection. Optical coherent systems The commercial feasibility of a coherent system for optical signal transmission was first investigated in the late 1980s as a means to improve a receiver s sensitivity. At the time, because optical amplifiers were not yet fully developed, optical transmission systems were limited by the attenuation in optical fibers. A large number of transmission ... detection. In addition, in contrast to existing optical direct detection system technology, because optical coherent detection systems can also detect not only an optical signal s amplitude but phase ... because the implementation and benefits of an optical coherent system could not be realized by existing ... on coherent detection to a halt, as optical signals could get amplified along the optical transmission link, effectively extending the reach of the optical signal. The primary focus of the development ... more details
Optical wireless is the combined use of opticaloptical fiber optical fibre and wireless radio radio frequency communication to provide telecommunications telecommunication to clusters of end points which are geographically distant. The high capacity optical fibre is used to span the longest distances, and a lower cost wireless link carries the signal for the last mile to nearby users. Sources http searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com sDefinition 0,,sid40 gci760820,00.html Definition Optical Wireless , SearchMobileComputuing website. Optical communication Telecommunications telecom stub Category Optical communications Category Local loop ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The path that light takes in traversing an optical system is often called the optical path . The physical length of an optical device can be reduced to less than the length of the optical path by using folded optics . The optical path length as defined in optics is the length of the path multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium. See also Optical path length DEFAULTSORT Optical path Category Optics Optics stub de Strahlengang it Cammino ottico sv Str lg ng ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An optical link is a communications link that consists of a single end to end optical circuit. A cable of optical fiber , possibly concatenated into a dark fiber link, is the simplest form of an optical link. Other forms of optical link can include single colour links over a wavelength division multiplex infrastructure, and or links that use optical amplifier s to compensate for attenuation over long distances. Other forms of optical links include free space optical communication links. Also in the railways optical is used in two forms depending upon the whether the feeding station is main or not. Thus for main stations it is sain to be long hall and for all remaining stations it is to be short hall. See also colbegin 3 Light Peak Optical interconnect Parallel optical interface Interconnect bottleneck Optical communication Optical cable Transimpedance amplifier Photo diode VCSEL PIN diode Green computing InfiniBand InfiniBand Trade Association Fibre channel HDMI PCI Express Active cables Small form factor pluggable transceiver Terabit Ethernet 100 Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gigabit Ethernet Optoelectronics Data center High performance computing Cloud computing CXP connector Active Cables C Form factor Pluggable Fiber optic communication List of device bandwidths colend DEFAULTSORT Optical Link Category Optical communications Telecom stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Optical physics , or optical science , is a subfield of atomic, molecular, and optical physics . It is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation , the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter , especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new phenomena. There is no strong distinction, however, between optical physics, applied optics, and optical engineering, since the devices of optical engineering and the applications of applied optics are necessary for basic research in optical physics, and that research leads to the development of new devices and applications. Often the same people are involved in both the basic research and the applied technology development. Researchers in optical physics use and develop light sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum from microwave s to X ray s. The field includes the generation and detection of light, linear and nonlinear optics nonlinear optical processes, and spectroscopy . Laser s and laser spectroscopy have transformed optical science. Major study in optical physics is also devoted to quantum optics and Coherence physics coherence , and to femtosecond optics. In optical physics, support is also provided in areas such as the nonlinear response of isolated atoms to intense, ultra short electromagnetic fields, the atom cavity interaction at high ... include the development of novel optical techniques for nano optical measurements, diffractive optics , low coherence interferometry , optical coherence tomography , and near field microscopy . Research in optical physics places an emphasis on ultrafast optical science and technology. The applications of optical physics create advancements in telecommunication communications , medicine , manufacturing ... Optical Physics Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Category Optics bn ... more details
Optical networking can refer to Optical communication Fiber optic communication Synchronous optical networking Optical Transport Network OTN Passive optical network disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Optical microspheres photonic atoms are high quality factor optical resonator s used for active and passive photonic applications such as microlaser cavities and filters. Category Optics optics stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Optical storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light , usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc. An older example, that does not require the use of computers, is microform . There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. Optical storage differs from other computer data storage data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism or semiconductor s. Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox . Single compact discs can hold around 700MB megabyte s and optical jukebox es can hold much more ref Compact Disc http en.wikipedia.org wiki Compact Disc ref . The term optical drive usually refers to a device in a computer that can read CD ROM s or other optical disc s. It is estimated that in the year 2007, optical storage represents 27 of the world s technological capacity to store information ref name HilbertLopez2011 http www.sciencemag.org content 332 6025 60 The World s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information , especially http www.sciencemag.org content suppl 2011 02 08 science.1200970.DC1 Hilbert SOM.pdf ... also Data storage device the broader topic of all devices that store data. Optical Media board disc modern optical discs such as CD ROM s and related formats. Optical Jukebox Optical disc drive Optical tape more capacity than magnetic tape but not as cost effective Magneto optical drive combines Optical ... data storage media. HDSS Holographic Data Storage Systems potential new optical storage technology. 3D optical data storage potential new optical storage technology. Optical Storage Technology Association industry trade association References Reflist Optical storage media DEFAULTSORT Optical Storage ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 Image optical train.jpg thumb 250px right An optical train showing the arrangement and angle of lenses and mirrors to guide the laser. Optical train also called optical assembly is the arrangement of lens optics lenses to guide Line of sight propagation line of sight and lasers. The position and angle of lenses are adjusted to guide a laser through the path required. optics stub Category fiber optics ... more details
For the optic axis of a crystal Optic axis of a crystal Image Optical axis en.png thumb 300px Optical axis coincides with red ray and rays symmetrical to optical axis pair of blue and pair of green rays propagating through different lenses. An optical axis is a line along which there is some degree of rotational symmetry in an optics optical system such as a camera lens or microscope . The optical axis is an imaginary line that defines the path along which light propagates through the system. For a system composed of simple lens optics lenses and mirror s, the axis passes through the center of curvature of each surface, and coincides with the axis of rotational symmetry . The optical axis is often coincident with the system s mechanical axis, but not always, as in the case of off axis optical system s. For an optical fiber , the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core , and is also known as the fiber axis . See also Ray optics Cardinal point optics Boresight References FS1037C DODDIC Category Geometrical optics de Optische Achse Optik et Optiline telg eo Optika akso ko id Sumbu optis it Asse ottico nl Optische as optica ja pl O optyczna ru sk Optick os sl Opti na os tr Optik eksen uk zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For a mirror holder Mirror mount Orphan date November 2006 An optical mount is a device used to join a normal camera and another optical instrument, such as a microscope or telescope . The optical mount is generally attached to the camera as a camera lens lens would on one end, and fastened to the other instrument in a similar fashion. Optical mounts are used extensively in science scientific imaging applications in biology and astronomy . DEFAULTSORT Optical Mount Category Photography equipment Category Microscopy Category Astronomical instruments Photography stub ... more details
Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics . Optical engineers design components of optical instrument s such as lens optics lenses , microscope s, telescope s, and other equipment that utilizes the properties of light . Other devices include optical sensors and measurement systems, laser s, fiber optic communication systems, optical disc systems e.g. CD , DVD , etc. Because optical engineers want to design and build devices that make light do something useful, they must understand and apply the science of optics in substantial detail, in order to know what is physically possible to achieve physics and chemistry . However, they also must know what is practical in terms of available technology, materials, costs, design methods, etc. As with other fields of engineering, computer s are important to many perhaps most optical engineers. They are used with instruments, for simulation, in design, and for many other applications. Engineers often use general computer tools such as spreadsheet s and programming language s, and they make frequent use of specialized optical software designed specifically for their field. Optical engineering metrology uses optical methods to measure micro vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer or to measure the properties of the various masses with instruments measuring refraction . See also Optical lens design Optician Optical physics SPIE Code V Zemax HEXAGON optical software References references Further reading Driggers, Ronald G. ed. 2003 . Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. New York Marcel Dekker. 3 vols. ISBN 978 0824709402 Bruce H. Walker, Historical Review,SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA. ISBN 9780819478771. http link.aip.org link doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 FTS Yu & Xiangyang Yang 1997 Introduction to Optical Engineering , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0251574935 . Technology footer Engineering stub Category Optics Category Engineering disciplines ar de Feinoptiker ... more details
Image Optical Interleaver.gif thumb 400px right Illustration of the function of an optical interleaver and de interleaver An optical interleaver is a 3 port passive fiber optics fiber optic device that is used to combine two sets of dense wavelength division multiplexing DWDM channels odd and even channels into a composite signal stream in an interleaving way. For example, optical interleaver takes two multiplexed signals with 100 GHz spacing and interleaves them, creating a denser DWDM signal with channels spaced 50 GHz apart. The process can be repeated, creating even denser composite signals with 25 GHz or 12.5 GHz spacing. The device can be used in a reverse direction, forming an optical deinterleaver that separates a denser DWDM signal into odd channels and even channels. See schematic diagram. For example, in most DWDM equipment, the standard channel spacing is 100 GHz. But spacing the signal carrying frequencies every 50 or even 25 GHz can double or even quadruple the number of channels per fiber. Thus, optical interleaver can expand the number of channels per fiber, and devices and or networks can be upgraded without requiring that all devices be upgraded. Optical interleaver is based on multiple beam interference . Currently, there are two approaches to building optical interleaver 1 Step phase Michelson interferometer , and 2 birefringence Birefringent crystal networks. The former is based on Michelson interferometer combined with Gires Tournois interferometer . Image Interleaver Spectrum.jpg frame 622px center Transmission spectra of 50 100 GHz optical interleaver at three temperatures See also Optical add drop multiplexer External Links http www.optoplex.com Optical Interleaver.htm Optical Interleaver for fiber optic communications Category Fiber optic communications Interleaver, optical Category Optical devices Interleaver, optical Category Photonics ... more details
nr date March 2010 About the optical component the optoelectronic component Slotted optical switch In telecommunication , an optical switch is a switch that enables signals in optical fiber s or integrated optical circuit s IOCs to be selectively switched from one Telecommunication circuit circuit to another. The word is used on several levels. In commercial terms such as the telecom optical switch ..., independent of how the light itself is switched. Away from the world of telecom systems, an optical ... or signals within a given fiber . Hence a certain portion of the optical switch market is made up of photonic switches. These will contain within them an optical switch, which will, in a small number of cases, be a photonic switch. An optical switch may operate by mechanical means, such as physically shifting an optical fiber to drive one or more alternative fibers, or by electro optic effect s, magneto optic effect s, or other methods. Slow optical switches, such as those using moving fibers, may be used for alternate routing of an optical switch transmission telecommunications transmission path, such as routing around a Fault technology fault . Fast optical switches, such as those using electro ... are the semiconductor optical amplifiers , which are optoelectronic devices that can be used as optical switches and be integrated with discrete or integrated microelectronic circuits. A search on optical switch http patft.uspto.gov netahtml PTO search bool.html yielded some 8000 patents, roughly categorized as follows MEMS approaches involving arrays of micromirrors that can deflect an optical ... involving piezoelctric ceramics providing enhanced optical switching characteristics Inkjet methods ... to or to the normal power range when it is e.g., Patent 7,027,211 . See also Optical cross connect Optical buffer Optical transistor Optical mesh network External links http www.abc.net.au catalyst ... optic communications Switch, optical optics stub id Sakelar Optik he zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Context date October 2009 Optical films are several kinds of industrial and chemical thin film optics . They are mainly used for liquid crystal display panels. DEFAULTSORT Optical Film Category Liquid crystal displays Video tech stub ... more details
Mergeto diffraction limit date June 2009 Optical superresolution is a general term for optical techniques which operate beyond the normal diffraction limit . See also Super resolution Superoscillation Category Physical optics physics stub optics stub ... more details
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