The Circle may refer to The Circle file system , a peer to peer distributed file system written mainly in Python The Circle play The Circle play , a 1921 play by Somerset Maugham starring John Drew, Jr. and Mrs. Leslie Carter The Circle TV program , an Australian morning show on Network Ten The Circle 1925 film The Circle 1925 film , a film directed by Frank Borzage adapted from the Somerset Maugham play The Circle 2000 film The Circle 2000 film , a film directed by Jafar Panahi The Circle 2009 film The Circle 2009 film , a film directed by Nawaf Al Jahani The Circle Star Trek Deep Space Nine The Circle Star Trek Deep Space Nine , the second episode of the second season of the television series Star Trek Deep Space Nine The Circle Fear Itself The Circle Fear Itself , the thirteenth and last episode of the television series Fear Itself The Circle comics The Circle comics , a Wonder Woman story arc The Circle Image Comics The Circle Image Comics , an Image Comics series The Circle, Kingston upon Hull , a demolished cricket ground in Kingston upon Hull, England The Circle Interchange in Chicago, where the Dan Ryan, Eisenhower and Kennedy expressways meet The Circle School , Sudbury School located in Harrisburg PA and founded in 1984 The Circle Trilogy , a series of novels by Ted Dekker Another name for the Magic circle of ritual magic The Circle , A technique used by George Remus to smuggle illegal wines to US during the Prohibition in the United States Prohibition period . In music The Circle Wipers album The Circle Wipers album The Circle B z album The Circle B z album The Circle Bon Jovi album The Circle Bon Jovi album The Circle Ragnar S lberg album The Circle Ragnar S lberg album A song by Ocean Colour Scene on the album Moseley Shoals A song by Circle II Circle on the album Watching in Silence See also Circle disambiguation disambig fr The Circle it The Circle pl The Circle tr The Circle ... more details
About the shape and mathematical concept Refimprove date November 2010 Infobox polygon name Circle image CIRCLE 1.svg caption Circle illustration showing a radius, a diameter, the centre and the circumference ... of circles that arise in nature. A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those ... topology interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term circle may be used interchangeably ... technical usage, the circle is the former and the latter is called a Disk mathematics disk . A circle ... cone is intersected by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. A circle can also be defined .... TOC br clear all To avoid layout breaking when TOC is hidden Terminology A circle s diameter is the length of a line segment whose endpoint s lie on the circle and which passes through the centre. This is the largest distance between any two points on the circle. The diameter of a circle is twice the radius , or distance from the centre to the circle s boundary. The terms diameter and radius ... the outside of a circle. A chord geometry chord is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle. A diameter is the longest chord in a circle. A tangent to a circle is a straight line that touches the circle at a single point, while a Secant line secant is an extended chord a straight line cutting the circle at two points. An Arc geometry arc of a circle is any Connected space connected part of the circle s circumference. A Circular sector sector is a region bounded by two radii and an arc ... between the chord s endpoints. align left cellspacing 0 cellpadding 0 Image CIRCLE LINES.svg right thumb Chord, secant, tangent, and diameter. Image Circle slices.svg right thumb Arc, sector, and segment History The word circle derives from the Greek, kirkos a circle, from the base ker which means to turn or bend. The origins of the words circus and wikt circuit circuit are closely related. The circle ... a circle shape in the sand. The circle is the basis for the wheel , which, with related inventions ... more details
Refimprove date October 2010 Into A Circle In Two A Circle, In2a0 were an England English New Wave music New Wave Gothic Rock Goth duet music duo , formed in April 1985 by Bee Paul Hampshire and Barry Jepson , two former members of Getting the Fear . Career Lyrically and in attitude, they were influenced by Brion Gysin and his frequent collaborator William S. Burroughs . Particularly in respect to their use of North African folklore the stories, for instance, of 11th Century Ismaili warrior, Hassan i Sabah and magical rituals such as that of the goat boy god, Boujeloud . After writing and rehearsing for some months the band played their first concert at the Croydon Underground in December 1985, just prior to the release of their first Single music single Rise in2a0 Rise . Bee and Barry undertook the production, artwork and layouts. Rise quickly sold out it was a limited pressing of 5,000 copies and a short tour of England and Scotland followed in March 1986. The band was joined on three dates and subsequent ones by Rose McDowall , from Strawberry Switchblade . In July 1986 a deal was signed with Abstract Records, followed by the release of their next single, Inside Out Into a Circle song Inside Out . This was a success and live dates over the Christmas period followed. However this highlighted Bee and Barry s dissatisfaction with working with session musician s, and the band spent some time rehearsing and producing a new live format. The third single Forever in2a0 Forever was a reflection of the band s new direction, and featured Rose McDowall on backing vocalist backing vocals . It was co produced by Larry Steinbeck from Bronski Beat , and was a taster for their debut album ... refused to financially back them. In September 1989, Into A Circle took to the road one last time ... Inside Out Into a Circle song Inside Out 1986, Abstract, 12ABS042 Inside Out , Reward , Flow , Field ... Into a Circle Category English musical groups Category British New Wave musical groups Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An optical reader is a device found within most computer Image scanner scanners that captures visual information and translates the image into digital information the computer is capable of understanding and displaying. An example of optical readers are marksense systems for election s where voters mark their choice by filling a rectangle, circle or oval, or by completing an arrow. After the voting a tabulating device reads the votes using dark mark logic , whereby the computer selects the darkest mark within a given set as the correct choice or vote. Marksense is also used extensively in such areas as lottery lotteries and multiple choice tests. See also Digital paper Optical scan voting system References reflist noreferences date March 2010 DEFAULTSORT Optical Reader Optics stub Category Optical devices ... more details
Optical wireless is the combined use of opticaloptical fiber optical fibre and wireless radio radio frequency communication to provide telecommunications telecommunication to clusters of end points which are geographically distant. The high capacity optical fibre is used to span the longest distances, and a lower cost wireless link carries the signal for the last mile to nearby users. Sources http searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com sDefinition 0,,sid40 gci760820,00.html Definition Optical Wireless , SearchMobileComputuing website. Optical communication Telecommunications telecom stub Category Optical communications Category Local loop ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The path that light takes in traversing an optical system is often called the optical path . The physical length of an optical device can be reduced to less than the length of the optical path by using folded optics . The optical path length as defined in optics is the length of the path multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium. See also Optical path length DEFAULTSORT Optical path Category Optics Optics stub de Strahlengang it Cammino ottico sv Str lg ng ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An optical link is a communications link that consists of a single end to end optical circuit. A cable of optical fiber , possibly concatenated into a dark fiber link, is the simplest form of an optical link. Other forms of optical link can include single colour links over a wavelength division multiplex infrastructure, and or links that use optical amplifier s to compensate for attenuation over long distances. Other forms of optical links include free space optical communication links. Also in the railways optical is used in two forms depending upon the whether the feeding station is main or not. Thus for main stations it is sain to be long hall and for all remaining stations it is to be short hall. See also colbegin 3 Light Peak Optical interconnect Parallel optical interface Interconnect bottleneck Optical communication Optical cable Transimpedance amplifier Photo diode VCSEL PIN diode Green computing InfiniBand InfiniBand Trade Association Fibre channel HDMI PCI Express Active cables Small form factor pluggable transceiver Terabit Ethernet 100 Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gigabit Ethernet Optoelectronics Data center High performance computing Cloud computing CXP connector Active Cables C Form factor Pluggable Fiber optic communication List of device bandwidths colend DEFAULTSORT Optical Link Category Optical communications Telecom stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Optical physics , or optical science , is a subfield of atomic, molecular, and optical physics . It is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation , the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter , especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new phenomena. There is no strong distinction, however, between optical physics, applied optics, and optical engineering, since the devices of optical engineering and the applications of applied optics are necessary for basic research in optical physics, and that research leads to the development of new devices and applications. Often the same people are involved in both the basic research and the applied technology development. Researchers in optical physics use and develop light sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum from microwave s to X ray s. The field includes the generation and detection of light, linear and nonlinear optics nonlinear optical processes, and spectroscopy . Laser s and laser spectroscopy have transformed optical science. Major study in optical physics is also devoted to quantum optics and Coherence physics coherence , and to femtosecond optics. In optical physics, support is also provided in areas such as the nonlinear response of isolated atoms to intense, ultra short electromagnetic fields, the atom cavity interaction at high ... include the development of novel optical techniques for nano optical measurements, diffractive optics , low coherence interferometry , optical coherence tomography , and near field microscopy . Research in optical physics places an emphasis on ultrafast optical science and technology. The applications of optical physics create advancements in telecommunication communications , medicine , manufacturing ... Optical Physics Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Category Optics bn ... more details
Optical networking can refer to Optical communication Fiber optic communication Synchronous optical networking Optical Transport Network OTN Passive optical network disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Optical microspheres photonic atoms are high quality factor optical resonator s used for active and passive photonic applications such as microlaser cavities and filters. Category Optics optics stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Optical storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light , usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc. An older example, that does not require the use of computers, is microform . There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. Optical storage differs from other computer data storage data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism or semiconductor s. Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox . Single compact discs can hold around 700MB megabyte s and optical jukebox es can hold much more ref Compact Disc http en.wikipedia.org wiki Compact Disc ref . The term optical drive usually refers to a device in a computer that can read CD ROM s or other optical disc s. It is estimated that in the year 2007, optical storage represents 27 of the world s technological capacity to store information ref name HilbertLopez2011 http www.sciencemag.org content 332 6025 60 The World s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information , especially http www.sciencemag.org content suppl 2011 02 08 science.1200970.DC1 Hilbert SOM.pdf ... also Data storage device the broader topic of all devices that store data. Optical Media board disc modern optical discs such as CD ROM s and related formats. Optical Jukebox Optical disc drive Optical tape more capacity than magnetic tape but not as cost effective Magneto optical drive combines Optical ... data storage media. HDSS Holographic Data Storage Systems potential new optical storage technology. 3D optical data storage potential new optical storage technology. Optical Storage Technology Association industry trade association References Reflist Optical storage media DEFAULTSORT Optical Storage ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 Image optical train.jpg thumb 250px right An optical train showing the arrangement and angle of lenses and mirrors to guide the laser. Optical train also called optical assembly is the arrangement of lens optics lenses to guide Line of sight propagation line of sight and lasers. The position and angle of lenses are adjusted to guide a laser through the path required. optics stub Category fiber optics ... more details
For the optic axis of a crystal Optic axis of a crystal Image Optical axis en.png thumb 300px Optical axis coincides with red ray and rays symmetrical to optical axis pair of blue and pair of green rays propagating through different lenses. An optical axis is a line along which there is some degree of rotational symmetry in an optics optical system such as a camera lens or microscope . The optical axis is an imaginary line that defines the path along which light propagates through the system. For a system composed of simple lens optics lenses and mirror s, the axis passes through the center of curvature of each surface, and coincides with the axis of rotational symmetry . The optical axis is often coincident with the system s mechanical axis, but not always, as in the case of off axis optical system s. For an optical fiber , the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core , and is also known as the fiber axis . See also Ray optics Cardinal point optics Boresight References FS1037C DODDIC Category Geometrical optics de Optische Achse Optik et Optiline telg eo Optika akso ko id Sumbu optis it Asse ottico nl Optische as optica ja pl O optyczna ru sk Optick os sl Opti na os tr Optik eksen uk zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For a mirror holder Mirror mount Orphan date November 2006 An optical mount is a device used to join a normal camera and another optical instrument, such as a microscope or telescope . The optical mount is generally attached to the camera as a camera lens lens would on one end, and fastened to the other instrument in a similar fashion. Optical mounts are used extensively in science scientific imaging applications in biology and astronomy . DEFAULTSORT Optical Mount Category Photography equipment Category Microscopy Category Astronomical instruments Photography stub ... more details
Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics . Optical engineers design components of optical instrument s such as lens optics lenses , microscope s, telescope s, and other equipment that utilizes the properties of light . Other devices include optical sensors and measurement systems, laser s, fiber optic communication systems, optical disc systems e.g. CD , DVD , etc. Because optical engineers want to design and build devices that make light do something useful, they must understand and apply the science of optics in substantial detail, in order to know what is physically possible to achieve physics and chemistry . However, they also must know what is practical in terms of available technology, materials, costs, design methods, etc. As with other fields of engineering, computer s are important to many perhaps most optical engineers. They are used with instruments, for simulation, in design, and for many other applications. Engineers often use general computer tools such as spreadsheet s and programming language s, and they make frequent use of specialized optical software designed specifically for their field. Optical engineering metrology uses optical methods to measure micro vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer or to measure the properties of the various masses with instruments measuring refraction . See also Optical lens design Optician Optical physics SPIE Code V Zemax HEXAGON optical software References references Further reading Driggers, Ronald G. ed. 2003 . Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. New York Marcel Dekker. 3 vols. ISBN 978 0824709402 Bruce H. Walker, Historical Review,SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA. ISBN 9780819478771. http link.aip.org link doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 FTS Yu & Xiangyang Yang 1997 Introduction to Optical Engineering , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0251574935 . Technology footer Engineering stub Category Optics Category Engineering disciplines ar de Feinoptiker ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Optical Circulator symbol.jpg thumb Optical Circulator symbol An optical circulator is a special optical fiber fiber optic component that can be used to separate optical signals that travel in opposite directions in an optical fiber , analogous to the operation of an electronic circulator . An optical circulator is a three port device designed such that light entering any port exits from the next. This means that if light enters port 1 it is emitted from port 2, but if some of the emitted light is reflected back to the circulator, it does not come out of port 1, but instead exits from port 3. Circulators can be used to achieve bi directional transmission over a single fiber. Because of its high optical isolator isolation of the input and reflected optical powers and its low insertion loss , optical circulators are widely used in advanced fiber optic communications communication systems and fiber optic sensor applications. Optical circulators are non reciprocal optics, which means that changes in the properties of light passing through the device are not reversed when the light passes through in the opposite direction. This can only happen when the symmetry of the system is broken, for example by an external magnetic field . A Faraday rotator is another example of a non reciprocal optical device. See also Optical isolator http patft.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO2&Sect2 HITOFF&p 1&u 2Fnetahtml 2FPTO 2Fsearch adv.htm&r 1&f G&l 50&d PTXT&S1 5909310.PN.&OS pn 5909310&RS PN 5909310 US Patent 005909310 DEFAULTSORT Optical Circulator Category Optical devices Optics stub ... more details
Image Optical Interleaver.gif thumb 400px right Illustration of the function of an optical interleaver and de interleaver An optical interleaver is a 3 port passive fiber optics fiber optic device that is used to combine two sets of dense wavelength division multiplexing DWDM channels odd and even channels into a composite signal stream in an interleaving way. For example, optical interleaver takes two multiplexed signals with 100 GHz spacing and interleaves them, creating a denser DWDM signal with channels spaced 50 GHz apart. The process can be repeated, creating even denser composite signals with 25 GHz or 12.5 GHz spacing. The device can be used in a reverse direction, forming an optical deinterleaver that separates a denser DWDM signal into odd channels and even channels. See schematic diagram. For example, in most DWDM equipment, the standard channel spacing is 100 GHz. But spacing the signal carrying frequencies every 50 or even 25 GHz can double or even quadruple the number of channels per fiber. Thus, optical interleaver can expand the number of channels per fiber, and devices and or networks can be upgraded without requiring that all devices be upgraded. Optical interleaver is based on multiple beam interference . Currently, there are two approaches to building optical interleaver 1 Step phase Michelson interferometer , and 2 birefringence Birefringent crystal networks. The former is based on Michelson interferometer combined with Gires Tournois interferometer . Image Interleaver Spectrum.jpg frame 622px center Transmission spectra of 50 100 GHz optical interleaver at three temperatures See also Optical add drop multiplexer External Links http www.optoplex.com Optical Interleaver.htm Optical Interleaver for fiber optic communications Category Fiber optic communications Interleaver, optical Category Optical devices Interleaver, optical Category Photonics ... more details
A 90 optical hybrid is a six port device that is used for coherence physics coherent signal demodulation for either Homodyne detection homodyne or Optical heterodyne detection heterodyne detection. It would ... in the complex field space. The optical hybrid would then deliver the four light signals to two pairs of balanced detectors. Why optical hybrids are needed Since the late 1990s, the transport capacities ... to OOK 2 developments in optical coherent detection and 3 progress in adaptive electrical ... efficiency against noise and transmission impairments. These advancements in optical signal technology are feasible solutions in present day optical networking. The path for an optical coherent ... optical phase locked loop . These advances coupled with recent introduction of six port optical hybrids make adopting and implementing an optical coherent detection scheme economically feasible. With such advances, optical network s can begin to realize the benefits already recognized in microwave ... through coherent detection. Optical coherent systems The commercial feasibility of a coherent system for optical signal transmission was first investigated in the late 1980s as a means to improve a receiver s sensitivity. At the time, because optical amplifiers were not yet fully developed, optical transmission systems were limited by the attenuation in optical fibers. A large number of transmission ... detection. In addition, in contrast to existing optical direct detection system technology, because optical coherent detection systems can also detect not only an optical signal s amplitude but phase ... because the implementation and benefits of an optical coherent system could not be realized by existing ... on coherent detection to a halt, as optical signals could get amplified along the optical transmission link, effectively extending the reach of the optical signal. The primary focus of the development of optical fiber transmission systems gradually shifted towards developing techniques ... more details
nr date March 2010 About the optical component the optoelectronic component Slotted optical switch In telecommunication , an optical switch is a switch that enables signals in optical fiber s or integrated optical circuit s IOCs to be selectively switched from one Telecommunication circuit circuit to another. The word is used on several levels. In commercial terms such as the telecom optical switch ..., independent of how the light itself is switched. Away from the world of telecom systems, an optical ... or signals within a given fiber . Hence a certain portion of the optical switch market is made up of photonic switches. These will contain within them an optical switch, which will, in a small number of cases, be a photonic switch. An optical switch may operate by mechanical means, such as physically shifting an optical fiber to drive one or more alternative fibers, or by electro optic effect s, magneto optic effect s, or other methods. Slow optical switches, such as those using moving fibers, may be used for alternate routing of an optical switch transmission telecommunications transmission path, such as routing around a Fault technology fault . Fast optical switches, such as those using electro ... are the semiconductor optical amplifiers , which are optoelectronic devices that can be used as optical switches and be integrated with discrete or integrated microelectronic circuits. A search on optical switch http patft.uspto.gov netahtml PTO search bool.html yielded some 8000 patents, roughly categorized as follows MEMS approaches involving arrays of micromirrors that can deflect an optical ... involving piezoelctric ceramics providing enhanced optical switching characteristics Inkjet methods ... to or to the normal power range when it is e.g., Patent 7,027,211 . See also Optical cross connect Optical buffer Optical transistor Optical mesh network External links http www.abc.net.au catalyst ... optic communications Switch, optical optics stub id Sakelar Optik he zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Context date October 2009 Optical films are several kinds of industrial and chemical thin film optics . They are mainly used for liquid crystal display panels. DEFAULTSORT Optical Film Category Liquid crystal displays Video tech stub ... more details
Mergeto diffraction limit date June 2009 Optical superresolution is a general term for optical techniques which operate beyond the normal diffraction limit . See also Super resolution Superoscillation Category Physical optics physics stub optics stub ... more details
TMB Optical of Cleveland, OH is a manufacturer of amateur optical telescope telescopes and accessories, specializing in apochromat ic refracting telescope refractors and astronomical eyepiece s. TMB was named after its founder, optics designer Thomas M. Back . Besides producing optical equipment, TMB has licensed optics designs to other manufacturers, such as Astronomics and Burgess Optical. Thomas M. Back died in September, 2007, but the company continues in operation. External links http www.tmboptical.com Company website http www.cloudynights.com item.php?item id 1549 An interview with Thomas Back Category Telescope manufacturers Category Companies based in Cleveland, Ohio US manufacturing company stub ... more details
Refimprove date May 2007 Optical communication is any form of telecommunication that uses light as the transmission medium . An optical communication system consists of a transmitter , which encodes a message into an optical signal information theory signal , a channel communications channel , which ... optical signal. Forms of optical communication File Bundesarchiv Bild 102 09520, Kieler Hafen, Abfahrt der Deutschen Hochseeflotte.jpg thumb Naval signal There are many forms of non technological optical ... s, ship flags , smoke signals , and beacon beacon fires were the earliest form of technological optical ... an Aldis lamp to communicate with planes whose radio failed. Optical fiber is the most common medium for modern digital optical communication. Free space optical communication is also used today in a variety of applications. Optical fiber communication Main article Fiber optic communication . Optical fiber is the most common type of channel for optical communications, however, other types of optical ... in optical fiber links are generally light emitting diode s LEDs or laser diode s. Infrared light, rather than visible light is used more commonly, because optical fibers transmit infrared wavelengths ... . The signal encoding is typically simple intensity modulation , although historically optical phase ... link distances at significantly lower cost. Free space optical communication Main article Free space optical communication . Free Space Optics FSO systems are generally employed for last mile communications ... propagation line of sight between the source and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably ... rate, short distance free space optical communications using LEDs. Other free space systems can provide ... web last Wilson first K. title Recent Development in High Data Rate Optical Communications at JPL ... Server accessdate 4 October 2011 ref See also Commons category Optical communication Laser Optical telegraph Heliograph Photophone Telegraph Jun Ichi Nishizawa an inventor of optical communication. Optical ... more details
Image OpticalFlats157 03.jpg thumb Optical flats in case. About 1 inch 2.5 cm in diameter Image Optical flat interference fringes.jpg thumb Testing flatness of surfaces with optical flats. The lefthand surface is flat, the righthand surface is uneven. Optical flats are optical grade pieces of glass lapping lapped and polishing polished to be extremely flat on one or both sides, usually within a few millionths of an inch about 25 nanometres . They are used with a monochromatic light to determine the flatness of other optical surfaces by Interference wave propagation interference . ref cite book last English first R. E. editor first Albert G. editor last Ingalls editor link Albert Graham Ingalls title Amateur Telescope Making Amateur Telescope Making, Book Three publisher Scientific American date 1953 pages 156 162 chapter Optical Flats isbn ref When an optical flat is placed on another surface and illuminated, the light waves reflect off both the bottom surface of the flat and the surface it is resting on. The reflected waves interfere, creating a pattern of interference fringe s Newton s rings , visible as light and dark bands. The spacing between the fringes is smaller where the gap is changing more rapidly, indicating a departure from flatness in one of the two surfaces, in a similar way to the contour lines on a map. A flat surface is indicated by a pattern of straight, parallel fringes with equal spacing, while other patterns indicate uneven surfaces. Two adjacent fringes indicate a difference in elevation of one half wavelength of the light used, so by counting the fringes ... by an arrow on the edge of the glass. Optical flats are sometimes given an optical coating and used ... . Optical flats have uses in spectrophotometry as well. Image Optical flats in use.jpg thumb left Optical flats being used to calibrate metal parts. See also Optical contact bonding References reflist optics stub Category Optical devices de Planglas ... more details
Other uses Optical depth astrophysics Optical depth , or optical thickness , is a measure of transparency optics transparency . Optical depth is defined by the negative logarithm of the fraction of radiation e.g., light that is not scattered or absorbed on a path. Hence optical depth is Dimensionless quantity dimensionless , and particularly is not expressed in units of length however the optical depth to an object will typically approach zero as the spatial distance to the object decreases. Formulations The optical depth expresses the quantity of light removed from a beam by scattering or absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption during its path through a transmission medium medium . If math ... intensity after a given path, then optical depth math tau math is defined by the following ... id ref math I I 0 e tau . , math Calculation from fundamental principles In atomic physics , the optical ... Science In atmospheric sciences , one often refers to the optical depth of the atmosphere as corresponding to the vertical path from Earth s surface to outer space at other times the optical ..., the optical depth for a slant path is math tau m tau math , where math m math is called the airmass .... Therefore math I I 0 e m tau . , math The optical depth of the atmosphere can be divided into several ... radiation absorption . The optical depth of the atmosphere can be measured with a sun ... of a star is defined as the surface where its optical depth is 2 3. This means that each photon .... At the temperature at optical depth 2 3, the energy emitted by the star the original derivation is for the sun matches the observed total energy emitted. Note that the optical depth of a given medium will be different for different colors wavelength s of light. For planetary rings , the optical ... optical depth equations Category Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer optics Category Visibility ... ru simple Optical depth sk Optick hr bka sl Opti na globina zh ... more details
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