Opticalcharacterrecognition , usually abbreviated to OCR , is the Machine mechanical or Electronics ... are free of charge services. See also List of opticalcharacterrecognition software Current state .... inconsistent citations ref On line characterrecognition is sometimes confused with OpticalCharacter ... also List of opticalcharacterrecognition software Automatic number plate recognition Book scanning ... links Commons category Opticalcharacterrecognition http www.unicode.org charts PDF U2440.pdf Unicode OCR Hex Range 2440 245F OpticalCharacterRecognition in Unicode OCR DEFAULTSORT OpticalCharacter ... Opticalcharacterrecognition de Texterkennung et OCR el es Reconocimiento ... caract res gl OpticalCharacterRecognition ko hy OCR hi hr Opti ko prepoznavanje znakova ... hu Optikai karakterfelismer s mk nl Opticalcharacterrecognition ... optic a caracterelor ru simple Opticalcharacterrecognition sk ... characterrecognition system a computer program capable of recognizing text printed in any normal ... characterrecognition computer program. LexisNexis was one of the first customers, and bought ... OCR Software and Intelligent characterrecognition ICR Software technology are analytical artificial ... recognition . OCR is an instance of off line characterrecognition, where the system recognizes the fixed static shape of the character, while on line characterrecognition instead recognizes ..., or left to right. On line characterrecognition is also referred to by other terms such as dynamic characterrecognition, real time characterrecognition, and Intelligent CharacterRecognition or ICR ... on this basic OCR technology. For more complex recognition problems, intelligent characterrecognition ... Institutional repository Machine learning Music OCR Optical mark recognition Raster to vector ... characterrecognition Category Unicode Category Symbols ar bn ... more details
An OCR SDK is a Software Development Kit for adding Opticalcharacterrecognition capabilities to forms processing applications, document imaging management systems, e discovery systems and records management solutions. In order to avoid the difficulties of incorporating OCR technology, some OCR SDKs contain a high number of API s, support multiple Operating system s and programming language s. Here is a non exhaustive comparison of opticalcharacterrecognition software class wikitable sortable Name Founded year Latest stable version Release year License Online Microsoft Windows Windows Mac OS X Linux Berkeley Software Distribution BSD Programming language SDK? Languages Fonts Notes ABBYY FineReader 1989 10 2009 proprietary yes yes yes yes yes C C yes 186 ref http finereader.abbyy.com full feature list ocr accuracy ref ? ABBYY also supplies SDKs for embedded or mobile devices. Professional, Corporate and Site License Editions for Windows, Express Edition for Mac. ref http ocrworld.com software 5 in depth 149 top ocr software.html ref AnyDoc Software ? ? ? proprietary no yes no no no VB Script ? ? ? Works with structured, semi structured, and unstructured documents. Brainware ? ? ? proprietary no yes no no no ? ? ? ? Template free data extraction and processing of data from documents into any backend system sample document types include invoices, remittance statements, bills of lading ... DEFAULTSORT List Of OpticalCharacterRecognition Software Category Computer libraries Category Opticalcharacterrecognition Category Software comparisons Opticalcharacterrecognition ... ref Any printed font Supports Latin, Asian, Arabic, and MICR character sets. ref name leadtools default For full page, zonal, and form image processing. Includes OCR, barcode, OMR and forms recognition. ref http www.leadtools.com sdk recognition imaging.htm ref ICR handwritten text recognition ... kit SDK based on Cognitive Technologies CuneiForm recognition engine. Wraps Puma COM server ... more details
1998 08 98 dd aug.htm ref ref Bookrags. n.d. OpticalCharacterRecognition. Retrieved June 11, 2006, from http www.bookrags.com sciences computerscience opticalcharacterrecognition csci 02.html ref ... J. n.d. OpticalCharacterRecognition. Retrieved June 11, 2006, from http www.bookrags.com sciences ... patents were given for machines that would aid the blind. ref Bookrags. n.d. OpticalCharacterRecognition. Retrieved June 11, 2006, from http www.bookrags.com sciences computerscience opticalcharacter ... as 1857 as an input device for telegraph. ref Yurcik, William J. n.d. OpticalCharacterRecognition ... Clock mark Opticalcharacterrecognition Electronic Data Capture Paper data storage media Category Artificial intelligence applications Category Opticalcharacterrecognition de Optical Mark Recognition ...Optical Mark Recognition also called Optical Mark Reading and OMR is the process of capturing human marked ... by dedicated OMR device Many traditional OMR Optical Mark Recognition devices work with a dedicated ... with a document feeder to process the forms once filled out. OMR is generally distinguished from opticalcharacterrecognition OCR by the fact that a complicated pattern recognition engine is not required ... method of tallying votes. noinclude ref Bergeron, Bryan P. 1998, August . Optical mark recognition ... on a laser printer. The need for OMR software originated because early Optical Mark Recognition ... filled in bubble is recognized, the recognition is done via an optical scanner. The first mark ... recognition ja pl OMR zh DEFAULTSORT Optical Mark Recognition ... shape. A related field to OMR and OCR is the recognition of barcodes such as the UPC bar code found on product packaging. One of the most familiar applications of optical mark recognition is the use of 2 HB in Europe pencil bubble optical answer sheet s in multiple choice question examination ... was required for reliability. In most Asian countries, a special marker is used to fill in an optical ... more details
Opticalcharacterrecognition Category Banking technology Category Typography Category Banking terms and equipment Category ISO standards de Magnetic Ink CharacterRecognition fr CMC7 it Magnetic ink characterrecognition he ja pt Magnetic ink characterrecognition ru ... cite web title Information processing Magnetic ink characterrecognition Print specifications publisher ... fonts, which unlike real MICR fonts, had a full character repertoire. Image MICR.svg thumb ... , terminator , amount , routing , and an unused character. Some countries, including France, use ... manuals micr4 ch02s01.php MICR E 13B Character set http home.comcast.net hayosh HISTMICR.pdf ... more details
In computer science , intelligent characterrecognition ICR is an advanced opticalcharacterrecognition OCR or rather more specific handwriting recognition system that allows fonts and different styles of handwriting to be learned by a computer during processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels. Most ICR software has a self learning system referred to as a neural network , which automatically updates the recognition database for new handwriting patterns. It extends the usefulness of scanning devices for the purpose of document processing, from printed characterrecognition a function of OCR to hand written matter recognition. Because this process is involved in recognising hand writing, accuracy levels may, in some circumstances, not be very good but can achieve 97 accuracy rates in reading handwriting in structured forms. Often to achieve these high recognition rates several read engines are used within the software and each is given elective voting rights to determine the true reading of characters. In numeric fields, engines which are designed to read numbers take preference, while in alpha fields, engines designed to read hand written letters have higher elective rights. When used in conjunction with a bespoke interface hub, hand written data can be automatically populated into a back office system avoiding laborious manual keying and can be more accurate than traditional human data entry. An important development of ICR was the invention of Forms Processing Automated Forms Processing in 1993. This involved a three stage process of capturing the image of the form ... linguistics Category Opticalcharacterrecognition de Intelligent CharacterRecognition fr Reconnaissance ... Taking ICR to the Next Level Intelligent word recognition IWR can not only recognize and extract printed handwritten information, but cursive handwriting as well. ICR recognizes on the character level ... recognition machine learning technology stub Category Artificial intelligence applications Category ... more details
A Multiline OpticalCharacter Reader , or MLOCR, is a type of mail sorting machine that uses OpticalCharacterRecognition OCR technology to determine how to route mail through the postal system. MLOCRs work by capturing images of the front of letter sized mailpieces, and extracting the entire address from each piece. It looks up the postal code within each address in a master database, prints a barcode representing this information on the mailpiece, and performs an initial sort. All of this occurs in a fraction of a second as the mailpiece passes through the machine. After this point, mail is further sorted by barcode sorters that read this barcode to determine its destination throughout its journey all the way down to the walk sequence of the mail carrier. If the MLOCR is not able to decode the address usually due to being handwritten Fact date September 2007 , it puts the mailpiece on hold by putting a unique fluorescent barcode on the back of the mailpiece, and these un coded letters are set aside while the Remote Bar Coding System formerly called Remote Video Encoding scrutinizes these. An image of the mailpiece is sent to a Remote Encoding Center where human Data Conversion Operators process the images. These operators convert the information on the mailpiece into abbreviated codes and enter the data into the computer. This data is sent back to the MLOCR site where it is matched with the unique barcodes on the back of the un coded mailpieces, and these pieces finally are given barcodes like the rest of the mail. All this effort is put into deciphering these mailpieces so that they never need to be examined again. The United States Postal Service is the largest user of these machines Fact date May 2008 however, large volume mailers and mail consolidators also have their own MLOCR systems to barcode outgoing mail, in order to receive significant postage discounts. An option ... in the United States today. Canada Post and Australia Post also use Multiline OpticalCharacter ... more details
Recognition is identification of something already known or acknowledgement of something as valid. The term and similar may have the following specialized meanings. Diplomatic recognition , acceptance of the sovereign status of a political entity by other sovereign governments Intra species recognition Molecular recognitionRecognition international law Recognition parliamentary procedure , the assignment of the floor Recognition sociology , an acknowledgement of merits Recognition tax , an income tax concept Revenue recognition Fiction The Recognition , a short science fiction story Technologies Aircraft recognition Automatic number plate recognition Facial recognition disambiguation Gesture recognition Handwriting recognition Iris recognition Language recognition disambiguation Magnetic ink characterrecognition Named entity recognitionOpticalcharacterrecognitionOptical mark recognition Pattern recognitionRecognition of human individuals Speech recognition Audio visual speech recognition Speaker recognition Subvocal speech recognition Music Wreckonize , a USA musician disambig ca Reconeixement de Erkennung es Reconocimiento fr Reconnaissance lt Atpa inimas nl Erkenning pt Reconhecimento ru simple Recognition sr ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For the William Gaddis novel The Recognitions The Recognition is a short story by English author J. G. Ballard , originally included in Harlan Ellison s science fiction anthology Dangerous Visions . br J. G. Ballard DEFAULTSORT Recognition, The Category 1967 short stories Category Short stories by J. G. Ballard Category Dangerous Visions short stories Sf story stub ... more details
Wiktionary characterCharacter s may refer to Art and entertainment Character arts , an agent in a work of art, including literature, drama, cinema, opera, etc. Character 1968 film Character 1997 film , based on the novel by Dutch author Ferdinand Bordewijk Character album Character album , by Dark Tranquillity Characters album Characters album , by Stevie Wonder Character Options , a toy company The Characters , a Theophrastus The Characters book by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus Mathematics, science and technology Character biology , the abstraction of an observable physical or biochemical trait of an organism Character mathematics , a type of function used in algebra Character structure , a psychological system of personal traits Moral character , an evaluation of a particular individual s moral qualities Game character disambiguation , various types of character in a video game or role playing game Player character , as above but who is controlled or whose actions are directly chosen by a player Non player character , as above but not player controlled Symbols Character computing , a unit of information roughly corresponding to a grapheme Character symbol , a sign or symbol Chinese character , a written language symbol sinogram used in Chinese, Japanese, and other languages Other Character income tax , a type of income for tax purposes in the USA Sacramental character , a Catholic teaching See also lookfrom intitle disambig de Charakter es Car cter eo Litero fr Caract re ko it Carattere nl Karakter ja pl Charakter pt Car cter desambigua o ro Caracter ru ... more details
movement analysis Neocognitron Opticalcharacterrecognition Pen computing Tablet PC Sketch recognition ... of the written text may be sensed off line from a piece of paper by optical scanning opticalcharacterrecognition or intelligent word recognition . Alternatively, the movements of the pen tip may be sensed on line , for example by a pen based computer screen surface. Handwriting recognition principally entails opticalcharacterrecognition . However, a complete handwriting recognition system ... Specifying specific character ranges Utilization of specialized forms Character extraction Off line characterrecognition often involves scanning a form or document written sometime in the past. This means ... Hand CharacterRecognition Terminal publisher Cadre Systems Limited, England pages date 1982 08 15 ... tablet and pen. ref Citation last first title Inforite Hand CharacterRecognition Terminal publisher ...Handwriting recognition is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible handwritten ... the most plausible words. Off line recognition Off line handwriting recognition involves the automatic .... Off line handwriting recognition is comparatively difficult, as different people have different ... for hand printed text. There is no OCR ICR engine that supports handwriting recognition as of today ... of handwriting recognition systems. A form field for a ZIP code for example, would contain only ... both characters. This causes a major problem in the recognition stage. Yet many algorithms are available that reduce the risk of connected characters. Characterrecognition After the extraction of individual characters occurs a recognition engine is used to identify the corresponding computer character. Several different recognition techniques are currently available. Neural networks Neural network recognizers learn from an initial image training set. The trained network then makes the character ... than a neural network because the properties are not learned automatically. On line recognition On line ... more details
recognition has become daily practice. The principal character undergoes an eye transplant in order ...Image humaniris.jpg thumb 250px right Iris scanners use pattern recognition techniques based on images of the iris anatomy irides of an individual s eyes. File Iris Recognition.ogv Iris Recognition thumb 250px Iris recognition system based on pattern matching Iris recognition is a method of biometrics biometric authentication that uses pattern recognition techniques based on high resolution images ... prevalent, ocular based technology, retina scan ning, iris recognition uses camera technology, with subtle .... Iris recognition efficacy is rarely impeded by glasses or contact lenses. Iris technology ... of its speed of comparison, iris recognition is the only biometric technology well suited for one to many identification. A key advantage of iris recognition is its stability, or template longevity ... recognition algorithms required for image acquisition and one to many matching was pioneered by John ... of almost all currently as of 2006 commercially deployed iris recognition systems. In tests ... The majority of iris recognition benchmarks are implemented in Near Infrared NIR imaging by emitting ... for iris recognition. The melanin, also known as chromophore, mainly consists of two distinct heterogeneous ... and fused the results to boost the recognition rate. An alternative feature extraction method ... to reach high accuracies of recognition in large databanks. class wikitable Visible Wavelength ... An iris recognition algorithm first has to identify the approximately concentric circular outer boundaries ... threshold, a positive identification has effectively been made. A practical problem of iris recognition ... iris recognition algorithm, John Daugman s IrisCode, has an unprecedented Type I and type II ... already made into fingerprint recognition. Iris recognition is very difficult to perform at a distance ... standoff iris or iris at a distance . As with other photographic biometric technologies, iris recognition ... more details
Activity recognition aims to recognize the actions and goals of one or more agents from a series of observations ... of study such as medicine, human computer interaction, or sociology. To understand activity recognition ... have been studied by researchers in activity recognition examples include assisting the sick .... Due to its many faceted nature, different fields may refer to activity recognition as plan recognition, goal recognition, intent recognition, behavior recognition, location estimation and location based services. Types of activity recognition Sensor based, single user activity recognition Sensor based activity recognition integrates the emerging area of sensor networks with novel data mining and machine ... Borriello, et al. The Mobile Sensing Platform An Embedded System for Activity Recognition. Appears ... recognition to provide an estimation of the energy consumption during everyday life. Sensor based activity recognition researchers believe that by empowering ubiquitous computing ubiquitous computers ... to act on our behalf. Levels of sensor based activity recognition Sensor based activity recognition ... has been the main thrust in this direction in layers, where the recognition at several intermediate ... where activity recognition work from wearable and environmental often appears are ISWC and UbiComp . Sensor based, multi user activity recognition Recognizing activities for multiple users using .... Vision based activity recognition It is a very important and challenging problem to track ... employed is computer vision. Vision based activity recognition has found many applications such as human ... conferences where vision based activity recognition work often appears are ICCV and CVPR . In vision based activity recognition, a great deal of work has been done. Researchers have attempted a number of methods such as optical flow , Kalman filtering , hidden Markov model s, etc., under different ... dropped objects. Levels of vision based activity recognition In vision based activity recognition ... more details
Recognition screensaver on a PC , in which the Character arts character responds to questions, e.g. Where are you? or statements, e.g. Hello. Speech recognition also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition converts spoken words to text. The term voice recognition is sometimes used to refer to recognition systems that must be trained to a particular speaker&mdash as is the case for most desktop recognition software. speaker recognition Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech. Speech recognition is a broader solution which refers to technology ... that can recognize arbitrary voices. Speech recognition applications include voice user interface ... for the recognition of single spoken digits ref Davies , K.H., Biddulph, R. and Balashek, S. 1952 Automatic Speech Recognition of Spoken Digits , J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 24 6 pp.637 642 ref Another early ... domains for the commercial application of speech recognition in the United States has been health ... . According to industry experts, at its inception, speech recognition SR was sold as a way to completely ... encounters, which many if not all were reluctant to do. The biggest limitation to speech recognition .... Applications Health care In the health care domain, even in the wake of improving speech recognition ... be redistributed rather than replaced. Speech recognition can be implemented in front end or back ... recognition engine, the recognized words are displayed right after they are spoken, and the dictator ... is routed through a speech recognition machine and the recognized draft document is routed along with the original ... can be more effective and may be performed more easily when deployed in conjunction with a speech recognition ... efforts have been devoted in the last decade to the test and evaluation of speech recognition in fighter aircraft. Of particular note is the U.S. program in speech recognition for the Advanced ... recognition systems on Mirage aircraft Mirage aircraft, and also programs in the UK dealing with a variety ... more details
In computational linguistics and natural language processing , language recognition may refer to Language identification Natural language understanding Speech recognition See also Wikipedia Language recognition chart disambig ... more details
Fingerprint recognition or fingerprint authentication refers to the automate d method of verifying a match between two human fingerprint s. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to Forensic identification identify individuals and verification verify their Personally identifiable information identity . This article touches on two major classes of algorithm s minutia and pattern and four sensor designs optical, ultrasonic, passive capacitance, and active capacitance . Background The analysis of fingerprints for matching purposes generally requires the comparison of several features of the print pattern. These include patterns, which are aggregate characteristics of ridges, and minutia points, which are unique features found within the patterns. ref jain It is also necessary to know the structure and properties of human skin in order to successfully employ some of the imaging technologies. Patterns The three basic patterns of fingerprint ridges are the arch, loop, and Whorl fingerprint whorl . An arch is a pattern where the ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in the center forming an arc, and then exit the other side of the finger. The loop is a pattern where the ridges enter from one side of a finger, form a curve, and tend to exit from the same side they enter. In the whorl pattern, ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger. Scientists have found that family members often share the same general fingerprint patterns, leading to the belief ... of the more commonly used fingerprint sensor technology technologies . OpticalOptical fingerprint ... visual images of the fingerprint. Unlike optical imaging, ultrasonic sensors use very high frequency ... in Fingerprint and Face Recognition. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. note ScientificAmerican1 cite ... finalproject smazumdar final report.pdf title Biometric Security Using Finger Print Recognition first1 ... Enable Logon Using Biometric Fingerprint Reader in Windows 7 x86 & x64 DEFAULTSORT Fingerprint Recognition ... more details
Facial recognition or face recognition may refer to Face perception , the process by which the human brain understands and interprets the face Pareidolia , which involves, in part, seeing images of faces in clouds and other scenes Facial recognition system , an automated system with the ability to identify individuals by their facial characteristics disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2008 For information extraction related task named entity recognition Name recognition is a concept used in politics to describe the number of people who are aware of a politician . It is considered an important factor in elections , as candidates with low name recognition are unlikely to receive votes from people who only casually follow politics. Name recognition is also considered a major obstacle for challengers hoping to defeat incumbents . Incumbents are politicians who have already been elected to a particular office, and are now running for re election to that same office. By definition, the fact that incumbents are already in office gives them name recognition. This proves to be a huge advantage over most challengers. There are multiple ways candidates can increase their name recognition during the campaign. Radio and television advertisements very effective. Additionally, yard signs can increase name recognition. References reflist Category Elections Category Political campaign techniques poli stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The recognition sequence , sometimes also referred to as recognition site , of any DNA binding domain DNA binding protein motif that exhibits binding specificity, refers to the DNA sequence or subset thereof , to which the domain is specific. Palindromic sequence Recognition sequences are palindromes . The transcription factor Sp1 biology Sp1 for example, binds the sequences 5 G T GGGCGG G A G A C T 3 , where G T indicates that the domain will bind a guanine or thymine at this position. The restriction endonuclease PstI recognizes, binds, and cleaves the sequence 5 CTGCAG 3 . However, a recognition sequence refers to a different aspect from that of recognition site . A given recognition sequence can occur one or more times, or not at all on a specific DNA fragment. A recognition site is specified by the position of the site. For example, there are two PstI recognition site in the following DNA sequence fragment, start at base 9 and 31 respectively. A recognition sequence is a specific sequence, usually very short less than 10 bases . Depending on the degree of specificity of the protein, a DNA binding protein can bind to more than one specific sequence. For PstI, which has a single sequence specificity, it is 5 CTGCAG 3 . It is always the same whether at the first recognition site or the second in the following example sequence. For Sp1, which has multiple 16 sequence specificity as shown above, the two recognition sites in the following example sequence fragment are at 18 and 32, and their respective recognition sequences are 5 GGGGCGGAGC 3 and 5 TGGGCGGAAC 3 . 5 AACGTTAG CTGCAG TC GGGGCGGAGC TAGG CTGCAG GAAT TGGGCGGAAC CT 3 See also DNA binding domain Transcription factor Classes , for more examples DEFAULTSORT Recognition Sequence Category Genetics Category Proteins Genetics stub ... more details
Recognition in sociology is public acknowledgement of person s Social status status or merit s achievement s, virtue s, service, etc . When some person is recognized , he or she is accorded some special status, such as a name, title, or classification. Recognition can take many forms, such as mention in the mass media . Historical examples The Qianlong Emperor of China used large circular logos the size of a dinner plate to distinguish members of his family from his Han Chinese Han subjects. Their symbol of privilege was a Mandarin square on their clothing. Acculturation It becomes easier for people to be accepted into some society social process if they allow themselves to fit into a social identity , as a signal that they implicitly accept some Norm sociology social norm . Thus the use of uniform dress is a signal for both group inclusion and acceptance . Gang s use signals and dress for this purpose. Dress codes and norms also occur for religion religious groups. In employment As a means to increase productivity , communication , and Contentment satisfaction in the workplace, recognition is a tool used by many successful organizations to address these challenges. Recognition can be used in multiple models, including manager to employee, employee to manager, and peer to peer . In terms of employment, individuals within an organization can acknowledge each other for great attitudes .... Recognition in the workplace can be a monetising activity, a complementary activity, or both ... employees or public recognition with a thank you , kudos , or congratulations . Recognition Resources A set of tools was developed in 2008 to help individuals better understand their Recognition Style ... representations of a teams overall Recognition Nature, an indicator useful for leaders in determining healthy recognition team dynamics. See also Respect Posthumous recognition Name recognition Donor recognition wall Roll call Category Sociology Category Evaluation ... more details
Direct and indirect alloantigen recognition are two mechanisms by which T cells may recognize alloantigen s and lead to transplant rejection after an organ transplant . Direct alloantigen recognition Donor tissue macrophages migrate to lymph node s, stimulate a measurable percentage of recipient T cells . The host T cells in the lymph node recognize either the allograft HLA or an associated bound peptide . In this case, alloreactive T cells are stimulated by donor APCs which express both the allogeneic MHC and costimulatory activity . Indirect alloantigen recognition Host organ recipient macrophage s process proteins from the transplanted graft, and trigger a T cell response. Presentation may occur via MHC class I or MHC class II , although class II is usually involved. The main difference between indirect and direct alloantigen recognition stems from the origin of the macrophages type of APC . In direct alloantigen recognition, the involved macrophages are donor derived. In indirect alloantigen recognition, the macrophages APCs involved are recipient. med stub Category Immune system Category T cells ... more details
Diplomatic recognition in public international law international law is a unilateral political act with domestic ... or status of another state or government . Recognition can be accorded either de facto or de jure , usually by a statement of the recognizing government. Recognition of states and governments Diplomatic recognition must be distinguished from recognition of states and their governments. ref See Stefan Talmon, Recognition of Governments in International Law With Particular Reference to Governments ... is not required to accord formal recognition to any other state, but it is required to treat any entity ... or use of force in the UN Charter. States can exercise their recognition powers either explicitly ... States, merican Law Insitute Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0314301380, 202 Recognition or Acceptance of States and 203 Recognition or Acceptance of Governments and 204 Recognition and Maintaining Diplomatic Relations ref The recognition of a government implies recognition of the state it governs, but not vice versa. De facto recognition of states, rather than de jure, is rare. De jure recognition is stronger, while de facto recognition is more tentative and only recognizes that a government exercises ... Union Soviet de jure recognition. Renewing recognition of a government is not necessary when ... of a coup d etat or revolution . Recognition of a new government by other states can be important ... Pakistan or the People s Republic of China , but is recognized by Russia . Recognition can be implied ... recognition is possible, a state may feel the need to explicitly proclaim that its acts do not constitute diplomatic recognition, like when the United States commenced its dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1988. The doctrine of non recognition of illegal or immoral situations .... Withdrawal of recognition of a government is a more severe act of disapproval than the breaking of diplomatic relations . Recognition of governments Besides recognizing other states, states also can ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 A recognition strike is an industrial Strike action strike implemented in order to force a particular employer or industry to recognize a trade union as the legitimate collective bargaining agent for a company s workers. They were more common in North America prior to the advent of modern labor law which usually has a process which legally compels an employer to recognize a union that has been properly certified and thus shown that it has the support of the workers in a specific bargaining unit. See U.S. Steel Recognition Strike of 1901 Portal Organized labour DEFAULTSORT Recognition Strike Category Trade unions Category Labor Trade union stub ... more details
Kin recognition is animals abilities to distinguish between close genetic kin and non kin. In evolutionary biology and in psychology , such capabilities are presumed to have evolved to serve the adaptive functions of kin altruism see kin selection and inbreeding avoidance. Apart from a few exceptional cases, such as the green beard effect , kin recognition is achieved via several cue based mechanisms, such as Imprinting psychology imprinting and phenotype matching. Because kin recognition is cue based, errors sometimes occur. A well known example is the Westermarck effect in which unrelated individuals who spend their childhood in the same household find each other sexually unattractive. References ZoolJLinnSoc154 781. Lieberman, D., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. 2007 . The architecture of human kin detection. Nature, 445, 727 731. See also Dear enemy recognition Category Biology Category Ethology Category Selection Biology stub ja ... more details
Sketch recognition is the automated recognition of hand drawn diagram s by a computer . ref Hammond, T. and Davis, R. 2005 , http rationale.csail.mit.edu publications Hammond2005Ladder.pdf LADDER, a sketching language for user interface developers , Computers & Graphics, 2005, 29 4 , pp. 518 532. ref ref Hammond, T., Logsdon, D., Peschel, J., Johnston, J., Taele, P., Wolin, A., and Paulson, B. A sketch recognition interface that recognizes hundreds of shapes in course of action diagrams. In Proceedings of the 28th of the international conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems CHI EA 10 , 2010, pp. 4213 4218. ref Research in sketch recognition lies at the crossroads of Artificial intelligence Artificial Intelligence and Human computer interaction Human Computer Interaction . Recognition algorithms usually are gesture based, appearance based, geometry based, or a combination thereof. Sketch Recognition Researchers Non Students Aaron Adler, BBN Technologies BBN Christine Alvarado, Harvey Mudd College Gennaro Costagliola, Italy Randall Davis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Vincenzo Deufemia, University of Salerno Ellen Do, Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Tech Mark Gross, Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon Ken Forbus , Northwestern University Northwestern Tracy Hammond , Texas A&M University James Landay, University of Washington Joe LaViola, University of Central Florida Ed Lank, University of Waterloo James Mahoney, PARC company PARC Michael Oltmans, ITA Software Beryl Plimmer, University of Auckland Eric Saund, PARC Metin Sezgin, Ko University Tom Stahovich, University of California at Riverside Andy vanDamm, Brown University Brown Jacob Wobbrock, University of Washington Lab Links Brown University Microsoft Center for Pen ... http rationale.csail.mit.edu Sketch Recognition Lab at Texas A&M University http srl.cs.tamu.edu See also Gesture recognition Handwriting recognition Human computer interaction Multi touch gestures ... more details
The recognition heuristic has been used as a model in decision making the psychology of judgment and decision making and as a heuristic in artificial intelligence . It states ref Goldstein, D. G., & Gigerenzer, G. 2002 . Models of ecological rationality The recognition heuristic. Psychological Review, 109, 75 90. http www.dangoldstein.com papers RecognitionPsychReview.pdf Full text PDF . ref ref Goldstein, D. G., & Gigerenzer, G. 1999 . The recognition heuristic How ignorance makes us smart. In G. Gigerenzer, & P. M. Todd, Eds. . Simple heuristics that make us smart. Oxford Oxford University Press. ref cquote If one of two objects is recognized and the other is not, then infer that the recognized object has the higher value with respect to the criterion. Daniel Goldstein and Gerd Gigerenzer quizzed students in Germany and the United States on the populations of both German and American cities. Each group scored slightly higher on the foreign cities despite only recognizing a fraction of them. The experimenters theorized that the students would be able to attain such high accuracy on foreign cities if they relied on the heuristic and particular conditions, concerning cue validity for example, were met. They posited the heuristic as a Domain specificity domain specific strategy for inference. In later research, Daniel M. Oppenheimer presented participants pairs of cities made from actual cities and fictional cities. Although the recognition heuristic predicts that participants would ... cities to be larger, showing that more than recognition can play a role in such inferences. ref Oppenheimer, D.M. 2003 . Not so Fast and not so Frugal Rethinking the Recognition Heuristic. Cognition ... quality of recognition and the inconsequentiality of further knowledge Two critical tests of the recognition ... tests the non compensatory prediction of the recognition heuristic and states that recognition information ... and decision making. ref Richter, T., & Sp th, P. 2006 . Recognition is used as one cue among ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
