File Variable Optical Attenuator.jpg thumb Variable OpticalAttenuator An opticalattenuator is a device used to reduce the Power physics power level of an optical Signalling telecommunication signal , either in free space or in an optical fiber . The basic types of optical attenuators are fixed, step wise variable, and continuously variable. Fiber optic attenuator applications Attenuators are commonly used in fiber optic telecommunication communications , either to test power level margins by temporarily adding a calibrated amount of signal loss, or installed permanently to properly match transmitter and receiver levels. Sharp bends stress optic fibers and can cause losses. If a received signal is too strong a temporary fix is to wrap the cable around a pencil until the desired level of attenuation is achieved. ref http www.thefoa.org tech ref appln attenuators.html Using Attenuators With Fiber Optic Data Links ref However, such arrangements are unreliable, since the stressed fiber tends to break over time. Fixed fiber optic attenuators Fixed optical attenuators used in fiber optic systems ... Attenuator, Optical Category Fiber optics Category Optical devices Category Telecommunications equipment ... are incorporated into patch cables. The alternative build out style attenuator is a small male ... etc. Built in variable fiber optic attenuators Built in variable optical attenuators may be either ... equivalent to a fixed attenuator, and may be referred to as an adjustable attenuator . In contrast, an electrically controlled attenuator can provide adaptive power optimization. Attributes ... advantage, since commonly used test sequences can be run automatically. Attenuator instrument ... in an attempt to reduce cost. The most accurate variable attenuator instruments have thousands ... also Attenuation electromagnetic radiation Optical fiber cable Optical fiber connector Gap loss Attenuation sources and causes Optical power meter References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create ... more details
seealso Attenuation Attenuation disambiguation An attenuator could mean Attenuator electronics , an electronic device that reduces the amplitude of a signal Opticalattenuator , a device or instrument to reduce light power Attenuator genetics , a specific regulatory sequence transcribed into RNA Impact attenuator , used on highways as a crumple zone in case of a car crash disambig es Atenuador ... more details
An impact attenuator , also known as a crash cushion or crash attenuator or cowboy cushions , is a device intended to reduce the damage done to structures, vehicles, and motorists resulting from a motor vehicle collision. Impact attenuators are designed to absorb the errant vehicle s kinetic energy and or redirect the vehicle away from the hazard, ref http www.extranet.vdot.state.va.us locdes GRIT Appendices 5CAppendix6.pdf 03 21 00 .PDF Bot generated title ref and from roadway machinery or workers. Types Overview Image Impact Attenuator In Auckland.jpg thumb right An impact attenuator mounted to a truck in Auckland . Impact attenuators are usually placed in front of fixed structures near freeway s, such as Gore road gore point s, Jersey barrier introductions, or overpass supports. Temporary versions can be used for road construction projects. Impact attenuators can be categorized by the method used to dissipate kinetic energy Momentum transfer. Many early models used successive rows of sand or water filled barrels or modules. Momentum is transferred to the sand or water, reducing the speed of the impacting vehicle. Material deformation. Many newer attenuators use crushable materials that create a crumple zone, absorbing energy. Others flatten a corrugated steel guard rail section, or split a steel box beam. Friction. Some attenuators work by forcing a steel cable or strap through an angled slot or tube, converting kinetic energy into heat. Truck mounted versions TMA , similar ... mounted attenuator, the work zone supervisor must recall that the attenuator may not completely ... often specify a minimum buffer distance between the attenuator truck and the work area, and a minimum ... for which the attenuator is designed. Fitch Barrier Image FitchBarrels2008.jpg thumb Fitch barriers barrels. This is an installation in Canada. A Fitch Barrier is a type of impact attenuator which ... Barrier ref See also Traffic barrier Crumple zone References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Impact Attenuator ... more details
Other uses Attenuator disambiguation Image RF Attenuator 30dB 5W.jpg thumb A 30dB 5W RF attenuator, DC 18GHz, with N type coaxial connectors Image RF attenuator 20db coaxdyna.jpg thumb Coaxial Dynamics 100 Watt power attenuator An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the amplitude or Electric ... waveform . An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier , though the two work by different methods. While an amplifier provides gain , an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than 1. Attenuators ..., and to improve impedance matching . In measuring signals, attenuator pads or adaptors are used to lower ... apparent SWR. Attenuator circuits Image Pi type unbalanced attenuator circuit.jpg thumb left type unbalanced attenuator circuit Image Pi type balanced attenuator circuit.jpg thumb left type balanced attenuator circuit Image T type unbalanced attenuator circuit.jpg thumb left T type unbalanced attenuator circuit Image T type balanced attenuator circuit.jpg thumb left T type balanced attenuator ... form. Four fundamental attenuator circuit diagrams are given in the figures on the left. Since an attenuator circuit consists solely of passive resistor elements, it is linear and reciprocity ... are referred to as input and output, respectively. Attenuator characteristics image General Microwave Modulator.png thumb right A RF Microwave Attenuator. Picture courtesy of http www.herley.com ... 3Aepsg 3Adow&lc eng&cc US&nfr 11143.0.00 Attenuator Overview a brief review of key specifications ... of the attenuator depends on its ability to dissipate power. RF attenuators are used as loads for and as known ... ref Audio attenuators A line level attenuator in the preamp or a power attenuator after the power ..., reducing the volume of the output. A line level attenuator has lower power handling, such as a 1 2 watt potentiometer or voltage divider and controls preamp level signals, whereas a power attenuator ... and the speaker. Power attenuator guitar Guitar amplifier Component values for resistive pads and attenuators ... more details
Other uses Attenuator disambiguation Cleanup date February 2008 Attenuation is a regulatory feature found throughout Prokaryote Archaea and Bacteria causing premature termination of Transcription genetics transcription . ref name Merino2005 Merino E, Yanofsky C 2005 . Transcription attenuation a highly conserved regulatory strategy used by bacteria. Trends Genet 21 260 4. ref Attenuators are 5 cis acting regulatory regions which fold into one of two alternative RNA structures which determine the success of transcription. ref name Naville2010 Naville M, Gautheret, D 2009 . Transcription attenuation in bacteria theme and variations . Briefings in Functional Genomics 9 2 178 189. ref The folding is modulated by a sensing mechanism producing either a Intrinsic termination Rho independent terminator , resulting in interrupted transcription and a non functional RNA product or an anti terminator structure, resulting in a functional RNA transcript. There are now many equivalent examples where the translation, not transcription, is terminated by sequestering the Shine Dalgarno sequence ribosomal ... terminator structure is favoured. The canonical attenuator example of Attenuator genetics Mechanism .... The attenuator sequence, which is located between the mRNA leader sequence 5 Untranslated Region ... 4. The attenuator sequence at domain 1 contains instruction for peptide synthesis that requires tryptophans. A high level of tryptophan will permit ribosomes to translate the attenuator sequence ... and translated, so that tryptophan can be produced. Thus, domain 4 is an attenuator. Without ... instruct mcclean plsc431 prokaryo prokaryo3.htm ref The attenuator sequence has its codons translated into a leader peptide, but is not part of the trp operon gene sequence. The attenuator allows more time for the attenuator sequence domains to form loop structures, but does not produce a protein ... February 2011 DEFAULTSORT Attenuator Genetics Category Gene expression de Attenuation Genexpression ... more details
In conjunction with an electric guitar amplifier, a Attenuator electronics power attenuator is used to divert and dissipate some or all of the amplifier s excess or unneeded power in order to reduce the volume of sound produced by the speaker. Explanation With tube guitar amplifiers , it is often desirable to produce distortion by overdriving the output stage. Under such a condition, the amplifier will produce at or near its maximum output power. The resulting volume level, however, may be considered ... attenuator which is placed in circuit between the output transformer and the guitar speaker , while the remaining portion of the output power is directed to the speaker. An example of a common type of attenuator ... stays constant. However the term Attenuator electronics power attenuator may be a misnomer for this type ..., an attenuator should not introduce distortion. ref Cite book last Eastman first Austin title .... Description A power attenuator can be either purely resistive, or mostly resistive and partly Reactance electronics reactive . The original guitar amp power attenuator, the Altair Attenuator, was primarily .... Another early model, simply called Power Attenuator by Active Guitar Electronics, used continuously ... s tone. A guitar amp power attenuator may also offer a line level output jack for sending the distortion ... being driven continuously at full power, the use of an attenuator will neither increase nor reduce the potential of damage to the amplifier. An early guitar amplifier to include a power attenuator was the Jim Kelley Amplifiers Jim Kelley amplifier , which came with its own L pad type attenuator ... Power Brake, THD Electronics Hot Plate power attenuator THD Hot Plate , and Weber MASS. See also commons Guitar Power scaling Guitar amplifier Attenuator electronics Distortion guitar Isolation cabinet ... Attenuator Page http amps.zugster.net articles attenuation Adam s amps Basic attenuator circuits DEFAULTSORT Power Attenuator Guitar Category Electric guitars Category Noise reduction Category Loudspeaker ... more details
Information Description Attenuator T section circuit. Source Self created using Inkscape Date 29th August 2010 Author User Spinningspark font style background FFF090 color 00C000 Sp font style background FFF0A0 color 80C000 in font style color C08000 ni font font font style color C00000 ng font font font style color 2820F0 Spark font other versions Licensing cc by sa 3.0 Courtesy Spinningspark at Wikipedia Keep local ... more details
Information Description Attenuator section circuit. Source Self created using Inkscape Date 29th August 2010 Author User Spinningspark font style background FFF090 color 00C000 Sp font style background FFF0A0 color 80C000 in font style color C08000 ni font font font style color C00000 ng font font font style color 2820F0 Spark font other versions Licensing cc by sa 3.0 Courtesy Spinningspark at Wikipedia Keep local ... more details
Optical wireless is the combined use of opticaloptical fiber optical fibre and wireless radio radio frequency communication to provide telecommunications telecommunication to clusters of end points which are geographically distant. The high capacity optical fibre is used to span the longest distances, and a lower cost wireless link carries the signal for the last mile to nearby users. Sources http searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com sDefinition 0,,sid40 gci760820,00.html Definition Optical Wireless , SearchMobileComputuing website. Optical communication Telecommunications telecom stub Category Optical communications Category Local loop ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The path that light takes in traversing an optical system is often called the optical path . The physical length of an optical device can be reduced to less than the length of the optical path by using folded optics . The optical path length as defined in optics is the length of the path multiplied by the index of refraction of the medium. See also Optical path length DEFAULTSORT Optical path Category Optics Optics stub de Strahlengang it Cammino ottico sv Str lg ng ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An optical link is a communications link that consists of a single end to end optical circuit. A cable of optical fiber , possibly concatenated into a dark fiber link, is the simplest form of an optical link. Other forms of optical link can include single colour links over a wavelength division multiplex infrastructure, and or links that use optical amplifier s to compensate for attenuation over long distances. Other forms of optical links include free space optical communication links. Also in the railways optical is used in two forms depending upon the whether the feeding station is main or not. Thus for main stations it is sain to be long hall and for all remaining stations it is to be short hall. See also colbegin 3 Light Peak Optical interconnect Parallel optical interface Interconnect bottleneck Optical communication Optical cable Transimpedance amplifier Photo diode VCSEL PIN diode Green computing InfiniBand InfiniBand Trade Association Fibre channel HDMI PCI Express Active cables Small form factor pluggable transceiver Terabit Ethernet 100 Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gigabit Ethernet Optoelectronics Data center High performance computing Cloud computing CXP connector Active Cables C Form factor Pluggable Fiber optic communication List of device bandwidths colend DEFAULTSORT Optical Link Category Optical communications Telecom stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Optical physics , or optical science , is a subfield of atomic, molecular, and optical physics . It is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation , the properties of that radiation, and the interaction of that radiation with matter , especially its manipulation and control. It differs from general optics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new phenomena. There is no strong distinction, however, between optical physics, applied optics, and optical engineering, since the devices of optical engineering and the applications of applied optics are necessary for basic research in optical physics, and that research leads to the development of new devices and applications. Often the same people are involved in both the basic research and the applied technology development. Researchers in optical physics use and develop light sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum from microwave s to X ray s. The field includes the generation and detection of light, linear and nonlinear optics nonlinear optical processes, and spectroscopy . Laser s and laser spectroscopy have transformed optical science. Major study in optical physics is also devoted to quantum optics and Coherence physics coherence , and to femtosecond optics. In optical physics, support is also provided in areas such as the nonlinear response of isolated atoms to intense, ultra short electromagnetic fields, the atom cavity interaction at high ... include the development of novel optical techniques for nano optical measurements, diffractive optics , low coherence interferometry , optical coherence tomography , and near field microscopy . Research in optical physics places an emphasis on ultrafast optical science and technology. The applications of optical physics create advancements in telecommunication communications , medicine , manufacturing ... Optical Physics Category Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Category Optics bn ... more details
Optical networking can refer to Optical communication Fiber optic communication Synchronous optical networking Optical Transport Network OTN Passive optical network disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Optical microspheres photonic atoms are high quality factor optical resonator s used for active and passive photonic applications such as microlaser cavities and filters. Category Optics optics stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Optical storage is a term from engineering referring to the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light , usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc. An older example, that does not require the use of computers, is microform . There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. Optical storage differs from other computer data storage data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism or semiconductor s. Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox . Single compact discs can hold around 700MB megabyte s and optical jukebox es can hold much more ref Compact Disc http en.wikipedia.org wiki Compact Disc ref . The term optical drive usually refers to a device in a computer that can read CD ROM s or other optical disc s. It is estimated that in the year 2007, optical storage represents 27 of the world s technological capacity to store information ref name HilbertLopez2011 http www.sciencemag.org content 332 6025 60 The World s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information , especially http www.sciencemag.org content suppl 2011 02 08 science.1200970.DC1 Hilbert SOM.pdf ... also Data storage device the broader topic of all devices that store data. Optical Media board disc modern optical discs such as CD ROM s and related formats. Optical Jukebox Optical disc drive Optical tape more capacity than magnetic tape but not as cost effective Magneto optical drive combines Optical ... data storage media. HDSS Holographic Data Storage Systems potential new optical storage technology. 3D optical data storage potential new optical storage technology. Optical Storage Technology Association industry trade association References Reflist Optical storage media DEFAULTSORT Optical Storage ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 Image optical train.jpg thumb 250px right An optical train showing the arrangement and angle of lenses and mirrors to guide the laser. Optical train also called optical assembly is the arrangement of lens optics lenses to guide Line of sight propagation line of sight and lasers. The position and angle of lenses are adjusted to guide a laser through the path required. optics stub Category fiber optics ... more details
For the optic axis of a crystal Optic axis of a crystal Image Optical axis en.png thumb 300px Optical axis coincides with red ray and rays symmetrical to optical axis pair of blue and pair of green rays propagating through different lenses. An optical axis is a line along which there is some degree of rotational symmetry in an optics optical system such as a camera lens or microscope . The optical axis is an imaginary line that defines the path along which light propagates through the system. For a system composed of simple lens optics lenses and mirror s, the axis passes through the center of curvature of each surface, and coincides with the axis of rotational symmetry . The optical axis is often coincident with the system s mechanical axis, but not always, as in the case of off axis optical system s. For an optical fiber , the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core , and is also known as the fiber axis . See also Ray optics Cardinal point optics Boresight References FS1037C DODDIC Category Geometrical optics de Optische Achse Optik et Optiline telg eo Optika akso ko id Sumbu optis it Asse ottico nl Optische as optica ja pl O optyczna ru sk Optick os sl Opti na os tr Optik eksen uk zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For a mirror holder Mirror mount Orphan date November 2006 An optical mount is a device used to join a normal camera and another optical instrument, such as a microscope or telescope . The optical mount is generally attached to the camera as a camera lens lens would on one end, and fastened to the other instrument in a similar fashion. Optical mounts are used extensively in science scientific imaging applications in biology and astronomy . DEFAULTSORT Optical Mount Category Photography equipment Category Microscopy Category Astronomical instruments Photography stub ... more details
Optical engineering is the field of study that focuses on applications of optics . Optical engineers design components of optical instrument s such as lens optics lenses , microscope s, telescope s, and other equipment that utilizes the properties of light . Other devices include optical sensors and measurement systems, laser s, fiber optic communication systems, optical disc systems e.g. CD , DVD , etc. Because optical engineers want to design and build devices that make light do something useful, they must understand and apply the science of optics in substantial detail, in order to know what is physically possible to achieve physics and chemistry . However, they also must know what is practical in terms of available technology, materials, costs, design methods, etc. As with other fields of engineering, computer s are important to many perhaps most optical engineers. They are used with instruments, for simulation, in design, and for many other applications. Engineers often use general computer tools such as spreadsheet s and programming language s, and they make frequent use of specialized optical software designed specifically for their field. Optical engineering metrology uses optical methods to measure micro vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer or to measure the properties of the various masses with instruments measuring refraction . See also Optical lens design Optician Optical physics SPIE Code V Zemax HEXAGON optical software References references Further reading Driggers, Ronald G. ed. 2003 . Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering. New York Marcel Dekker. 3 vols. ISBN 978 0824709402 Bruce H. Walker, Historical Review,SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA. ISBN 9780819478771. http link.aip.org link doi 10.1117 3.818136.ch2 FTS Yu & Xiangyang Yang 1997 Introduction to Optical Engineering , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0251574935 . Technology footer Engineering stub Category Optics Category Engineering disciplines ar de Feinoptiker ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Optical Circulator symbol.jpg thumb Optical Circulator symbol An optical circulator is a special optical fiber fiber optic component that can be used to separate optical signals that travel in opposite directions in an optical fiber , analogous to the operation of an electronic circulator . An optical circulator is a three port device designed such that light entering any port exits from the next. This means that if light enters port 1 it is emitted from port 2, but if some of the emitted light is reflected back to the circulator, it does not come out of port 1, but instead exits from port 3. Circulators can be used to achieve bi directional transmission over a single fiber. Because of its high optical isolator isolation of the input and reflected optical powers and its low insertion loss , optical circulators are widely used in advanced fiber optic communications communication systems and fiber optic sensor applications. Optical circulators are non reciprocal optics, which means that changes in the properties of light passing through the device are not reversed when the light passes through in the opposite direction. This can only happen when the symmetry of the system is broken, for example by an external magnetic field . A Faraday rotator is another example of a non reciprocal optical device. See also Optical isolator http patft.uspto.gov netacgi nph Parser?Sect1 PTO2&Sect2 HITOFF&p 1&u 2Fnetahtml 2FPTO 2Fsearch adv.htm&r 1&f G&l 50&d PTXT&S1 5909310.PN.&OS pn 5909310&RS PN 5909310 US Patent 005909310 DEFAULTSORT Optical Circulator Category Optical devices Optics stub ... more details
Image Optical Interleaver.gif thumb 400px right Illustration of the function of an optical interleaver and de interleaver An optical interleaver is a 3 port passive fiber optics fiber optic device that is used to combine two sets of dense wavelength division multiplexing DWDM channels odd and even channels into a composite signal stream in an interleaving way. For example, optical interleaver takes two multiplexed signals with 100 GHz spacing and interleaves them, creating a denser DWDM signal with channels spaced 50 GHz apart. The process can be repeated, creating even denser composite signals with 25 GHz or 12.5 GHz spacing. The device can be used in a reverse direction, forming an optical deinterleaver that separates a denser DWDM signal into odd channels and even channels. See schematic diagram. For example, in most DWDM equipment, the standard channel spacing is 100 GHz. But spacing the signal carrying frequencies every 50 or even 25 GHz can double or even quadruple the number of channels per fiber. Thus, optical interleaver can expand the number of channels per fiber, and devices and or networks can be upgraded without requiring that all devices be upgraded. Optical interleaver is based on multiple beam interference . Currently, there are two approaches to building optical interleaver 1 Step phase Michelson interferometer , and 2 birefringence Birefringent crystal networks. The former is based on Michelson interferometer combined with Gires Tournois interferometer . Image Interleaver Spectrum.jpg frame 622px center Transmission spectra of 50 100 GHz optical interleaver at three temperatures See also Optical add drop multiplexer External Links http www.optoplex.com Optical Interleaver.htm Optical Interleaver for fiber optic communications Category Fiber optic communications Interleaver, optical Category Optical devices Interleaver, optical Category Photonics ... more details
A 90 optical hybrid is a six port device that is used for coherence physics coherent signal demodulation for either Homodyne detection homodyne or Optical heterodyne detection heterodyne detection. It would ... in the complex field space. The optical hybrid would then deliver the four light signals to two pairs of balanced detectors. Why optical hybrids are needed Since the late 1990s, the transport capacities ... to OOK 2 developments in optical coherent detection and 3 progress in adaptive electrical ... efficiency against noise and transmission impairments. These advancements in optical signal technology are feasible solutions in present day optical networking. The path for an optical coherent ... optical phase locked loop . These advances coupled with recent introduction of six port optical hybrids make adopting and implementing an optical coherent detection scheme economically feasible. With such advances, optical network s can begin to realize the benefits already recognized in microwave ... through coherent detection. Optical coherent systems The commercial feasibility of a coherent system for optical signal transmission was first investigated in the late 1980s as a means to improve a receiver s sensitivity. At the time, because optical amplifiers were not yet fully developed, optical transmission systems were limited by the attenuation in optical fibers. A large number of transmission ... detection. In addition, in contrast to existing optical direct detection system technology, because optical coherent detection systems can also detect not only an optical signal s amplitude but phase ... because the implementation and benefits of an optical coherent system could not be realized by existing ... on coherent detection to a halt, as optical signals could get amplified along the optical transmission link, effectively extending the reach of the optical signal. The primary focus of the development of optical fiber transmission systems gradually shifted towards developing techniques ... more details
nr date March 2010 About the optical component the optoelectronic component Slotted optical switch In telecommunication , an optical switch is a switch that enables signals in optical fiber s or integrated optical circuit s IOCs to be selectively switched from one Telecommunication circuit circuit to another. The word is used on several levels. In commercial terms such as the telecom optical switch ..., independent of how the light itself is switched. Away from the world of telecom systems, an optical ... or signals within a given fiber . Hence a certain portion of the optical switch market is made up of photonic switches. These will contain within them an optical switch, which will, in a small number of cases, be a photonic switch. An optical switch may operate by mechanical means, such as physically shifting an optical fiber to drive one or more alternative fibers, or by electro optic effect s, magneto optic effect s, or other methods. Slow optical switches, such as those using moving fibers, may be used for alternate routing of an optical switch transmission telecommunications transmission path, such as routing around a Fault technology fault . Fast optical switches, such as those using electro ... are the semiconductor optical amplifiers , which are optoelectronic devices that can be used as optical switches and be integrated with discrete or integrated microelectronic circuits. A search on optical switch http patft.uspto.gov netahtml PTO search bool.html yielded some 8000 patents, roughly categorized as follows MEMS approaches involving arrays of micromirrors that can deflect an optical ... involving piezoelctric ceramics providing enhanced optical switching characteristics Inkjet methods ... to or to the normal power range when it is e.g., Patent 7,027,211 . See also Optical cross connect Optical buffer Optical transistor Optical mesh network External links http www.abc.net.au catalyst ... optic communications Switch, optical optics stub id Sakelar Optik he zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Context date October 2009 Optical films are several kinds of industrial and chemical thin film optics . They are mainly used for liquid crystal display panels. DEFAULTSORT Optical Film Category Liquid crystal displays Video tech stub ... more details
Mergeto diffraction limit date June 2009 Optical superresolution is a general term for optical techniques which operate beyond the normal diffraction limit . See also Super resolution Superoscillation Category Physical optics physics stub optics stub ... more details
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