Taxobox color khaki image domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokonta genus Ministeria subdivision ranks Species subdivision Ministeria vibrans Ministeria is a small single celled eukaryote which feeds on bacteria. Although it is an opisthokont , it seems not to fit in any of the established opisthokont lineages such as choanoflagellate s or animal s. ref citation pmid 12698292 year 2003 month May author Cavalier Smith, T Chao, Ee title Phylogeny of choanozoa, apusozoa, and other protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution volume 56 issue 5 pages 540 63 doi 10.1007 s00239 002 2424 z journal Journal of molecular evolution ref It might form a group with Capsaspora , another opisthokont of uncertain placement. ref name tabrizi citation author Shalchian Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al editor1 last Aramayo editor1 first Rodolfo title Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals journal PLoS ONE volume 3 issue 5 pages e2098 year 2008 pmid 18461162 pmc 2346548 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0002098 url http www.plosone.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0002098 ref References reflist Category Protista protist stub Eukaryota classification fr Ministeria ko ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Taxobox color khaki name Salpingoecidae domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokont a phylum Choanozoa classis Choanoflagellatea ordo Choanoflagellida familia Salpingoecidae Salpingoecidae is a Choanoflagellate family. ref name urlSalpingoecidae Cite web url http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 81529 title Salpingoecidae format work accessdate 2009 03 08 ref References Reflist Life Category Flagellates protist stub de Salpingoecidae ... more details
Taxobox fossil range fossil range Early Cambrian domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked regnum Opisthokont a regnum Animal ia subregnum Eumetazoa unranked superdivisio Bilateria br Protostomia superphylum Ecdysozoa unranked divisio Panarthropoda phylum Lobopodia genus Miraluolishania Miraluolishania is a lobopod known from Chengjiang County in China. It is remarkable for the possession of lensed pit eyes. ref name Schoenemann2008 cite doi 10.1111 j.1502 3931.2008.00138.x ref References reflist Category Prehistoric arthropods paleo stub it Miraluolishania haikouensis ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis domain Eukaryota phylum Apusozoa ordo Apusomonadida ordo authority Karpov & Mylnikov, 1989 subdivision ranks subdivision Apusomonadida is a grouping of Apusozoa . It is sister to the opisthokont s. ref name pmid20537943 cite journal author Thomas Cavalier Smith & Ema E. Chao year 2010 title Phylogeny and evolution of Apusomonadida Protozoa Apusozoa new genera and species journal Protist journal Protist volume 161 issue 4 pages 549 576 pmid 20537943 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2010.04.002 ref It includes the genera Apusomonas , Manchomonas , Thecomonas , Podomonas and Multimonas . References Wikispecies reflist Eukaryota Category Apusozoa protist stub ko pt Apusomonadida ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Rabdiophrys color taxobox color fungi domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokont a ordo Nucleariid a familia Pompholyxophryidae genus Rabdiophrys genus authority Rainer, 1968 Rabdiophrys is a genus of nucleariid . It has 19 species, including the species Rabdiophrys anulifera . ref cite web url http www.nies.go.jp chiiki1 protoz morpho heliozoa rabdioph.htm title Rabdiophrys Rainer, 1968 work The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta author Xu Kaiqin publisher National Institute for Environmental Studies date September 20, 2010 accessdate June 20, 2011 ref References reflist Eukaryota classification Category Nucleariids protist stub ko ... more details
italic title Taxobox color taxobox color fungi name Nucleariids domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokont s ordo Nucleariida genus Micronuclearia Micronuclearia is a Nucleariid genus. ref name urlMicronuclearia cite web url http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 238745 title Micronuclearia format work accessdate 2009 03 08 ref It includes the species Micronuclearia podoventralis . ref name pmid18723395 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T, Chao EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S title Planomonadida ord. nov. Apusozoa ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov journal Protist volume 159 issue 4 pages 535 62 year 2008 month October pmid 18723395 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2008.06.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 08 00042 4 ref References Reflist Life protist stub Category Nucleariids ko ... more details
multiple issues cleanup May 2011 context May 2011 disputed May 2011 Taxobox name Eccrinales domain Eukarya Taxobox norank entry taxon Opisthokonta Taxobox norank entry taxon Choanozoa or Holozoa classis Mesomycetozoea ordo Eccrinales Eccrinales are an order of protists, previously thought to be Zycomyceta zycomycete fungi belonging to the class Trichomycetes , but now considered to be members of the opisthokont protist group Mesomycetozoea . ref name Cafaro cite journal author M. Cafaro year 2005 title Eccrinales Trichomycetes are not fungi, but a clade of protists at the early divergence of animals and fungi journal Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution volume 35 issue 1 pages 21 24 doi 10.1016 j.ympev.2004.12.019 pmid 15737579 ref Taxonomy Order Eccrinales Family Eccrinaceae Family Palavasciaceae Family Parataeniellaceae References reflist Category Mesomycetozoea protist stub nl Eccrinales ... more details
Taxobox domain Eukarya phylum Choanozoa classis Mesomycetozoea subclassis Ichthyosporea ordo Ichthyophonida familia Amoebidiidae familia authority Lichtenstein Amoebidiidae is a family biology family or protist s, previously thought to be zygomycete fungi belonging to the class Trichomycetes , but now considered to be members of the opisthokont protist group Mesomycetozoea . ref name Reeves cite journal author Will Karlisle Reeves year 2003 title Emendation of the family name Amoebidiaceae Choanozoa, Mesomycetozoa, Ichthyosporea journal Comparative Parasitology volume 70 issue 1 pages 78 79 doi 10.1654 1525 2647 2003 070 0078 EOTFNA 2.0.CO 2 ref The family was originally called Amoebidiaceae , ref name Reeves and considered the sole family of the fungal order Amoebidiales . It contains the genera Amoebidium and Paramoebidium . References reflist Category Mesomycetozoea protist stub nl Amoebidiales ... more details
Taxobox color khaki image image width 150px domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokonta classis Filasterea genus Capsaspora genus authority Hertel, Bayne & Loke, 2002 ref name Hertel subdivision ranks Species subdivision Capsaspora owczarzaki Hertel, Bayne & Loke, 2002 ref name Hertel Capsaspora is a single celled eukaryote which is a symbiont in the haemolymph of the tropical freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata . ref name Hertel citation doi 10.1016 S0020 7519 02 00066 8 title The symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki, nov. Gen. Nov. Sp., isolated from three strains of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is related to members of the Mesomycetozoea year 2002 author Hertel L. A., Bayne C. J. & Loke E. S. journal International Journal for Parasitology volume 32 pages 1183 pmid 12117501 issue 9 ref Taxonomy Although it is an opisthokont , it seems not to fit in any of the established opisthokont lineages such as nucleariid s or Mesomycetozoea . It is part of its own group, possibly together with Ministeria . ref name tabrizi citation author Shalchian Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al editor1 last Aramayo editor1 first Rodolfo title Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals journal PLoS ONE volume 3 issue 5 pages e2098 year 2008 pmid 18461162 pmc 2346548 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0002098 url http www.plosone.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0002098 ref This group is related to animal s and choanoflagellate s. ref citation doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2006.00118.x year 2006 month Sep author Ruiz Trillo, I Lane, Ce Archibald, Jm Roger, Aj title Insights into the evolutionary origin and genome architecture of the unicellular opisthokonts Capsaspora owczarzaki and Sphaeroforma arctica. volume 53 issue 5 pages 379 84 pmid 16968456 journal The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology ref Species How animals, metazoa ns originated from their single celled ancestors may still remain a major question in biology. The research team from University of Barcelo ... more details
italic title Taxobox color taxobox color fungi name Nuclearia domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokont a ordo Nucleariid a familia Nucleariidae genus Nuclearia genus authority Cienkowsky, 1865 Nuclearia is a nucleariid genus. ref name urlNuclearia cite web url http www.uniprot.org taxonomy 154967 title Nuclearia publisher UniProt accessdate March 8, 2009 ref ref cite web url http starcentral.mbl.edu microscope portal.php?pagetitle assetfactsheet&imageid 9800 title micro scope date March, 2006 accessdate March 23, 2009 ref Species include Nuclearia delicatula ref cite journal author Linda A. Amaral Zettler, Thomas A. Nerad, Charles J. O Kelly & Mitchell L. Sogin year 2001 title The nucleariid amoebae more protists at the animal fungal boundary journal Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology volume 48 issue 3 pages 293 297 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2001.tb00317.x pmid 11411837 ref Nuclearia moebiusi Nuclearia pattersoni small Dykov , Veverkov , Fiala, Mach kov & Peckov , 2003 small ref cite journal author I. Dykov , M. Veverkov , I. Fiala, B. Mach kov & H. Peckov year 2003 title Nuclearia pattersoni sp. n. Filosea , a new species of amphizoic amoeba isolated from gills of roach Rutilus rutilus , and its rickettsial endosymbiont journal Folia Parasitologica volume 50 pages 161 170 pmid 14535340 ref Nuclearia simplex Nuclearia thermophila ref cite journal author Masaki Yoshida, Takeshi Nakayama & Isao Inouye year 2009 title Nuclearia thermophila sp. nov. Nucleariidae , a new nucleariid species isolated from Yunoko Lake in Nikko Japan journal European Journal of Protistology volume 45 issue 2 pages 147 155 doi 10.1016 j.ejop.2008.09.004 pmid 19157810 ref clear References Reflist 2 Life Category Nucleariids protist stub ko pt Nuclearia ... more details
Taxobox color khaki image domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokonta classis Corallochytrea genus Corallochytrium subdivision ranks Species subdivision Corallochytrium confervae br Corallochytrium limacisporum br Corallochytrium is a single celled eukaryote which was found in coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep islands of the Arabian sea. ref citation title Occurrence of the thraustochytrid, Corallochytrium limacisporum gen. et sp. nov. in the coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea author Raghu Kumar, S journal Botanica Marina BOT. MAR. volume 30 issue 1 pages 83 89 year 1987 url http md1.csa.com partners viewrecord.php?requester gs&collection ENV&recid 1541980&q Corallochytrium&uid 1110951&setcookie yes ref Although it is an opisthokont , its closest relatives in that group are not clear. For example, it is not clear whether it is more closely related to animals or fungi. ref citation doi 10.1016 j.protis.2006.05.003 year 2006 month Oct author Sumathi, Jc Raghukumar, S Kasbekar, Dp Raghukumar, C title Molecular evidence of fungal signatures in the marine protist Corallochytrium limacisporum and its implications in the evolution of animals and fungi. volume 157 issue 4 pages 363 76 pmid 16899404 journal Protist ref Description This organism produces rough, pink, raised colonies on BK medium. The vegetative cells are unicellular. Reproduction is by binary divisions The amoeboid spores are limax shaped. References reflist Category Protista protist stub es Corallochytrea ... more details
Taxobox color khaki domain Eukarya Taxobox norank entry taxon Opisthokont a Taxobox norank entry taxon Choanozoa or Holozoa classis Mesomycetozoea ordo Dermocystida familia Rhinosporideaceae genus Sphaerothecum species S. destruens binomial Sphaerothecum destruens binomial authority Arkush et al. , 2003 Sphaerothecum destruens the rosette agent is a parasite of fish. ref name pmid8876236 cite journal author M. A. Ragan, C. L. Goggin, R. J. Cawthorn, L. Cerenius, A. V. Jamieson, S. M. Plourde, T. G. Rand, K. S derh ll & R. R. Gutell title A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal fungal divergence journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 93 issue 21 pages 11907 11912 year 1996 month October pmid 8876236 pmc 38157 doi 10.1073 pnas.93.21.11907 ref ref name pmid14733435 cite journal author Kristen D. Arkush, Leonel Mendoza, Mark A. Adkison & Ronald P. Hedrick title Observations on the life stages of Sphaerothecum destruens n. g., n. sp., a mesomycetozoean fish pathogen formerly referred to as the rosette agent journal Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology volume 50 issue 6 pages 430 438 year 2003 pmid 14733435 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2003.tb00269.x ref It was first discovered in the United States in association with invasive species including topmouth gudgeon but was found to be the causative agent of a disease in the UK affecting salmonid species such as Atlantic salmon and brown trout . It is thought to pose more of a risk in Europe than in the USA as native species there are more susceptible to the parasite. The disease causes high rates of morbidity and death mortality in a number of different salmonid species and can also infect other UK freshwater fish such as bream , carp and Rutilus roach . ref cite news url http www.sciencedaily.com releases 2009 06 090617155011.htm title Deadly parasite could endanger salmon and trout populations in U.K. publisher Science Daily date June 20, 2009 ref The genus Sphaerothecum is closely related to the genera ... more details
Taxobox color khaki name Filozoa domain Eukaryota Taxobox norank entry taxon Opisthokonta Taxobox norank entry taxon Choanozoa or Holozoa Taxobox norank entry taxon Filozoa subdivision ranks Kingdom and classes subdivision Filasterea Choanoflagellatea Metazoa The Filozoa are a monophyletic grouping within the Opisthokonta . They include animal s along with their nearest unicellular relatives those organisms which are more closely related to animals than to fungi or Mesomycetozoa . ref name pmid18461162 cite journal author Shalchian Tabrizi K., Minge M.A., Espelund M., et al. editor1 last Aramayo editor1 first Rodolfo title Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals journal PLoS ONE volume 3 issue 5 pages e2098 year 2008 pmid 18461162 pmc 2346548 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0002098 url http dx.plos.org 10.1371 journal.pone.0002098 ref Three groups are currently assigned to the clade Filozoa Class biology Class Filasterea &ndash recently erected to house the genera Ministeria and Capsaspora Class biology Class Choanoflagellatea &ndash collared flagellate s Kingdom biology Kingdom Animalia or Metazoa &ndash animals Cladogram Clade style font size 100 line height 100 label1 Opisthokonta 1 clade label2 Holozoa 1 Clade 1 Fungi 2 Nucleariid a 2 Clade label2 Filozoa 1 Mesomycetozoa 2 Clade 1 Filasterea 2 Clade 1 Choanoflagellatea 2 Animal ia Characteristics The ancestral opisthokont cell is assumed to have possessed slender filose thread like projections or tentacles . In some opisthokonts Mesomycetozoa and Corallochytrium these were lost. They are retained in Filozoa, where they are simple and non tapering, with a rigid core of actin bundles contrasting with the flexible, tapering and branched filopodia of nucleariids and the branched rhizoid s and hypha e of fungi . In choanoflagellates and in the most primitive animals, namely sponge s, they aggregate into a filter feeding collar around the cilium or flagellum this is thought to be an inheritance ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox color fungi domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokont s unranked Nucletmycea genus Fonticula Fonticula is a cellular slime mold which forms a fruiting body in a volcano shape. ref citation journal Science date 31 July 1981 volume 213 issue 4507 pages 561 563 doi 10.1126 science.213.4507.561 title Role of Golgi Apparatus in Sorogenesis by the Cellular Slime Mold Fonticula alba author Mary C. Deasey and Lindsay S. Olive ref As long ago as 1979 it has been known to not have a close relationship with either the Dictyosteliida or the Acrasidae , the two well established groups of cellular slime molds. ref citation title Fonticula alba A New Cellular Slime Mold Acrasiomycetes author Ann C. Worley, Kenneth B. Raper and Marianne Hohl journal Mycologia volume 71 issue 4 date Jul. Aug., 1979 pages 746 760 jstor 3759186 doi 10.2307 3759186 ref A 2009 paper finds it to be related to Nuclearia , which in turn is related to fungi . ref citation title Phylogeny of the Forgotten Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta author Matthew W. Brown, Frederick W. Spiegel and Jeffrey D. Silberman journal Molecular Biology and Evolution year 2009 volume 26 issue 12 pages 2699 2709 doi 10.1093 molbev msp185 pmid 19692665 ref Fonticula , Nuclearia , and Fungi have been united into the Nucletmycea , which is sister to the Holozoa . References reflist Eukaryota classification Category Nucleariids Category Slime molds protist stub ko ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox color animalia name Choanozoa image image width 150px domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Opisthokonta phylum Choanozoa subdivision ranks Classes and unplaced genera subdivision Choanoflagellatea Filasterea Mesomycetozoea Corallochytrium Choanozoa Greek language Greek polytonic choanos funnel polytonic z on animal is the name of a phylum of protist s that belongs to the line of opisthokont s. Most appear closer to the animals than to the fungi, and they are of great interest to biologists studying animal origins. The nucleariid s seem to be a sister group to the fungi , and as such tend to be excluded from the Choanozoa. ref name tabrizi Choanozoa have been described as possessing a posterior cilium . ref cite pmid 19340985 ref Cladogram Clade style font size 100 line height 100 label1 Eukaryote Eukarya 1 clade label1 Bikont a label2 Unikont a 1 Clade 1 Plantae 2 Chromalveolata 2 Clade label2 Opisthokont a 1 Amoebozoa 2 Clade 1 Clade 1 Choanozoa 2 Animalia 2 Clade 1 Clade 1 Nucleariid a 2 Fungi The great kingdoms and their close relatives. ref Phylogeny based on Eichinger, L. Pachebat, J.A. Gl ckner, G. Rajandream, M.A. Sucgang, R. Berriman, M. Song, J. Olsen, R. Szafranski, K. Xu, Q. Others, 2005 . The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum . Nature 435 7038 43 57. Digital object identifier doi http www.nature.com nature journal v435 n7038 abs nature03481.html 10.1038 nature03481 . Steenkamp, E.T. Wright, J. Baldauf, S.L. 2006 . The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi . Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 1 93 106. Digital object identifier doi http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 23 1 93 10.1093 molbev msj011 . Cavalier Smith, T. 2003 . http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B7GW3 4DPMCR2 3V& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d&view c& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 9043c722009e57490085ee998e31e360 Protist phylogeny and the high level classificati ... more details
Taxobox domain Eukarya regnum Excavata genus Andalucia subdivision ranks Species subdivision Andalucia incarcerata A. incarcerata Andalucia godoyi A. godoyi Andalucia is a genus of jakobid s. ref name lara2006 citation doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2005.00081.x pmid 16579813 title Andalucia n. Gen. the Deepest Branch Within Jakobids Jakobida Excavata , Based on Morphological and Molecular Study of a New Flagellate from Soil year 2006 last1 Lara first1 Enrique last2 Chatzinotas first2 Antonis last3 Simpson first3 Alastair G. B. journal The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology volume 53 issue 2 pages 112 ref Classification The morphology of Andalucia broadly resembles that of other jakobid s. Molecular data has not always been conclusive, but recent phylogenomic analyses indicate that Andalucia is a sister group to the other jakobids, in other words more closely related to them than to the Heterolobosea or Euglenozoa the other two groups in the Discoba . ref name hampl2009 citation author Hampl V, Hug L, Leigh JW, et al title Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic supergroups journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 106 issue 10 pages 3859 64 year 2009 month March pmid 19237557 doi 10.1073 pnas.0807880106 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 19237557 pmc 2656170 bibcode 2009PNAS..106.3859H ref The tubulin gene of Andalucia more closely resembles that of opisthokont s and diplomonad s than its closer relatives, the apparent result of horizontal gene transfer . ref name simpson2009 citation doi 10.1016 j.ympev.2007.11.035 url http doc.rero.ch lm.php?url 1000,43,4,20100324085225 AN Simpson Alastair G. B. Lateral transfer of the gene for a widely 20100324.pdf pmid 18226931 title Lateral transfer of the gene for a widely used marker, tubulin, indicated by a multi protein study of the phylogenetic position of Andalucia Excavata year 2008 last1 Simpson first1 Alastair G.B. last2 Perley first2 Thomas A ... more details
Taxobox name Panarthropoda image 31 Velvet Worm.JPG image width 250px image caption Velvet worm domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked regnum Opisthokont a regnum Animal ia subregnum Eumetazoa unranked superdivisio Bilateria br Protostomia superphylum Ecdysozoa unranked classis Panarthropoda unranked classis authority Nielsen, 1997 subdivision ranks Phylum biology Phyla subdivision Arthropoda br Onychophora br Tardigrada br Lobopodia Extinction Panarthropoda is a taxon combining the phylum biology phyla Arthropoda , Tardigrada , and Onychophora . ref name pmid18192181 cite journal author Telford MJ, Bourlat SJ, Economou A, Papillon D, Rota Stabelli O title The evolution of the Ecdysozoa journal Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. volume 363 issue 1496 pages 1529 37 year 2008 month April pmid 18192181 pmc 2614232 doi 10.1098 rstb.2007.2243 url http rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18192181 ref Dunn et al. in 2008 suggested that the tardigrades could be grouped along with the nematode s, leaving Onychophora as the sister group to the arthropods. ref name nature phylo cite journal last Dunn et al. title Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life journal Nature volume 452 pages 745 749 url http www.nature.com nature journal v452 n7188 abs nature06614.html doi 10.1038 nature06614 year 2008 pmid 18322464 first1 CW last2 Hejnol first2 A last3 Matus first3 DQ last4 Pang first4 K last5 Browne first5 WE last6 Smith first6 SA last7 Seaver first7 E last8 Rouse first8 GW last9 Obst first9 M issue 7188 ref Originally, they were considered to be closely related to the annelid s, grouped together as the Articulata Hypothesis Articulata , but newer studies place them among a group called the Ecdysozoa . Common characteristics of the Panarthropoda include the presence of legs and claw s, a ventral nervous system , and a segment biology segmented body . The term Lobopoda is sometimes used to describe onychophorans and t ... more details
File Metazoan Phylogenetic Tree.png thumb 400px right Maximum Likelihood Phylogenetic Tree of Metazoan Relationships The Urmetazoan is the hypothetical last common ancestor of all animal s. It was undoubtedly Citation needed date May 2011 marine, but beyond this its form is difficult to determine five different hypotheses have been put forward, and discriminating between them is difficult because the relationships of animal phyla are not completely resolved. Animals are considered by biologists to have Evolution evolved from a flagellate d eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellate s, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokont s, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungus fungi and a few small parasitic protist s. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella. Placula hypothesis Expand section date February 2009 Under the placula hypothesis, the last common ancestor of animals was a somewhat amorphous blob, lacking any form of symmetry or axis. The centre of this blob became raised slightly from the sediment, to create a cavity which assisted feeding on the sea floor below. As this cavity developed, it became deeper and deeper, until the organisms resembled a thimble, with an inside and outside. ref name plos2009 cite doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.1000020 ref Some sponges and cnidaria have this kind of body form. The development of the bilaterian body plan follows from this hypothesis the urbilaterian would develop its symmetry as one end of the placula became adapted for moving forwards, which would result in a left right symmetry. ref name plos2009 Planula hypothesis Expand section date February 2009 This idea suggests that metazoa are derived from a planula that is, the tadpole like larva of certai ... more details
Taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis name Unikonts domain Eukaryote Eukaryota Taxobox norank entry taxon Unikonta subdivision ranks Supergroups subdivision Opisthokonta br Amoebozoa Unikonts are members of the Unikonta, a taxonomic group proposed by Thomas Cavalier Smith . ref name pmid11931142 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T title The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 52 issue Pt 2 pages 297 354 year 2002 month March pmid 11931142 doi url http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11931142 ref ref cite journal authorlink Thomas Cavalier Smith first Thomas last Cavalier Smith title Protist phylogeny and the high level classification of Protozoa journal European Journal of Protistology year 2003 volume 39 issue 4 pages 338 348 doi 10.1078 0932 4739 00002 ref It includes amoebozoa , opisthokont s, ref name pmid19004754 cite journal author A Minge M, Silberman JD, Orr RJ, et al. title Evolutionary position of breviate amoebae and the primary eukaryote divergence journal Proc. Biol. Sci. volume 276 issue 1657 pages 597 604 year 2008 month November pmid 19004754 doi 10.1098 rspb.2008.1358 url pmc 2660946 ref ref name pmid16829542 cite journal author Burki F, Pawlowski J title Monophyly of Rhizaria and multigene phylogeny of unicellular bikonts journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 23 issue 10 pages 1922 30 year 2006 month October pmid 16829542 doi 10.1093 molbev msl055 url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 16829542 ref and Apusozoa . ref name pmid20884290 cite journal author Gl cksman E, Snell EA, Berney C, Chao EE, Bass D, Cavalier Smith T title The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas Mantamonadida ord. n. Apusozoa journal Protist volume 162 issue 2 pages 207 221 year 2010 month September pmid 20884290 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2010.06.004 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 10 00057 X ref Clade The group inc ... more details
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