Cleanup date November 2010 reason Openshell seems to be not a common term In the context of atomic orbitals , an openshell is a valence shell which is not completely filled with electrons or that has not given all of its valence electrons through chemical bond s with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. Atoms generally reach a noble gas configuration in a molecule. The noble gases Helium He , Neon Ne , Argon Ar , Krypton Kr , Xenon Xe , Radon Rn are not reactive and have configurations 1s sup 2 sup He , 1s sup 2 sup 2s sup 2 sup 2p sup 6 sup Ne , 1s sup 2 sup 2s sup 2 sup 2p sup 6 sup 3s sup 2 sup 3p sup 6 sup Ar , etc. For molecules it signifies that there are unpaired electron s. In molecular orbital theory, this leads to molecular orbitals that are singly occupied. In computational chemistry implementations of molecular orbital theory, openshell molecules have to be handled by either the restricted Openshell Hartree Fock method or the unrestricted Hartree Fock method. Likewise a closed shell or closed shell configuration is obtained with a completely filled valence shell. This configuration is very stable. ref http www.newi.ac.uk buckleyc periodic.htm Periodic table ref In another meaning a closed shell configuration corresponds to state with all molecular orbital s doubly occupied or empty a diradical singlet state . ref http www.semichem.com ampacmanual ci.html Configuration Interaction ref Openshell molecules are more difficult to study computationally ref http iopenshell.usc.edu iOpenShell Center for computational studies of openshell and electronically excited species ref See also Periodic table electron configurations Octet rule Valence shell Free radical References Reflist Category Atomic physics Category Chemical bonding Category Quantum chemistry Category Theoretical chemistry Category Computational chemistry ar pt N vel aberto ... more details
Restricted openshell Hartree&ndash Fock ROHF is a variant of Hartree&ndash Fock theory for openshell molecules. It uses doubly occupied molecular orbitals as far as possible and then singly occupied orbitals for the unpaired electrons. This is the simple picture for openshell molecules but it is difficult to implement. The foundations of the ROHF method were first formulated by Roothaan in a celebrated paper ref cite journal last Roothaan first C. C. J. year 1960 title Self consistent field theory for open shells of electronic systems journal Rev. Mod. Phys. volume 32 issue 2 pages 179 185 doi 10.1103 RevModPhys.32.179 bibcode 1960RvMP...32..179R ref and then extended by various authors, see e.g. ref cite book isbn 978 0387085357 year 1978 first1 R. last1 Carb first2 J. M. last2 Riera volume 5 publisher Springer title A general SCF theory Lecture notes in Chemistry ref ref cite book first R. last McWeeny title Methods of Molecular Quantum Mechanics edition 2nd year 1992 publisher Academic Press isbn 978 0470011874 ref ref cite book editor first K. D. editor last Sen first B. N. last Plakhutin title Reviews of Modern Quantum Chemistry publisher Word Scientific pages 16 42 volume 1 year 2002 isbn 978 981 02 4889 5 ref for in depth discussions. As with restricted Hartree&ndash Fock theory for closed shell molecules, it leads to Roothaan equations written in the form of a generalized eigenvalue problem math mathbf F mathbf C mathbf S mathbf C mathbf epsilon math Where F is the so called Fock matrix which is a function of C , C is a matrix of coefficients, S is the overlap matrix of the basis functions, and math epsilon math is the diagonal, by convention matrix of orbital energies. Unlike restricted Hartree&ndash Fock theory for closed shell molecules, the form of the Fock ... doi 10.1063 1.471951 title On the energy invariance of openshell perturbation theory with respect ... theory specifies the choice of orbitals. References references DEFAULTSORT Restricted OpenShell ... more details
wiktionarypar shellShell may refer to TOCright Nature Seashell , a hard outer layer of a marine animal, found on beaches Exoskeleton , an external covering of some animals Mollusc shell Gastropod shell Turtle shell Eggshell Business Royal Dutch Shell , a multinational oil and gas company Shell Oil Company , the U.S. based subsidiary Shell Canada Shell Nigeria Shell corporation , a company which serves as a vehicle for business transactions Entertainment Shell theater , a curved surface for reflecting sound The Shells , a musical group Shells Angel Shells Angel , a TV episode Places Shell, Ecuador Shell, California , United States Shell, Wyoming , United States People Art Shell born 1946 , American football player and coach Donald Shell born 1924 , American computer scientist Karl Shell born 1938 , American economist Other uses Shell computing , a type of user interface Shell machinery , each half of a two piece plain bearing Shell projectile , an explosive device Electron shell Racing shell , a watercraft Shell account , a user account on a remote server Shotgun shell , a type of ammunition Shell element, a component of the thin shell structure construction method A ring like List of algebraic structures algebraic structure See also Shell sort , a sorting algorithm On shell and off shell , a concept in quantum field theory lookfrom intitle disambig cs Shell de Shell el es Shell eo elo eu Shell fa fr Shell hr Ljuska io Shelo it Shell he hu Shell egy rtelm s t lap nl Shell ja pl Muszla ujednoznacznienie pt Shell desambigua o ro Shell ru simple Shell sr sv Skal zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox musical artist name The Shell image The Shell.jpg caption The Shell in 2008, from left to right Michael Fromenwiler, Sacha Leuenberger, Christoph Schorro, Patrice Lambeau image size 250 landscape yes background group or band origin St. Gallen , Switzerland . genre Alternative rock , Indie rock . years active 1996 present website http www.theshell.de current members Michael Fromenwiler br Sacha Leunberger br Christoph Schorro br Patrice Lambeau past members Roger Cadalbert br Raphael Cernelc br Christian Riesen The Shell is an alternative rock band from St. Gallen , Switzerland . They currently comprise of Patrice Lambeau vocals, rhythm guitar , Michael Frommenwiler bass , Sacha Leuenberger lead guitar and Christoph Schorro drums . The band was formed by childhood friends Lambeau and Fromenwiler in 1996 and have since gone on to enjoy success in their native Switzerland and throughout Europe. ref http www.myspace.com theshellworld MySpace.com The Shell berlin, santiago di gallo Indie Alternative Rock www.myspace.com theshellworld Bot generated title ref History Early years 1996 2004 Lambeau and Fromenwiler formed The Shell in spring 1996. After an unsuccessful search for band members in St. Gallen they moved to San Francisco in 1998 where they played a series of live shows with a local drummer. Upon returning to Switzerland they joined with drummer Roger Cadalbert and guitarist Raphael Cernelc before moving to London in 2000 where for six months they played a series of shows and worked on new material. br In February 2001 the band recorded their first ... Festival, St. Gallen Open Air and a support act with grunge band Bush band Bush . Powered By The People 2004 2006 After winning a national contest for new bands in Zurich The Shell signed to Universal ... enjoyed rotation on Swiss music TV. By the end of 2004 The Shell had received a best newcomer award ... Label Management DEFAULTSORT Shell Category Swiss alternative rock groups Category Swiss ... more details
for the POSIX shell standard. A newer version, ksh93, has been open source since 2000 and is used on some ...Refimprove date January 2008 Infobox software name Bourne shell logo File screenshot File caption collapsible ... size language status genre Unix shell license CDDL dubious License date March 2011 website The Bourne shell , or sh , was the default Unix shell of Version 7 Unix Unix Version 7 and most Unix like systems continue to have bin sh which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell even when more modern shells are used by most users. Developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Laboratories , it was a replacement for the Thompson shell , whose executable file had ... book that presented the shell as a programming language in a tutorial form. Origins The shell was designed as a replacement for the original Thompson shell . Among the primary goals were ref http www.computerworld.com.au article 279011 z programming languages bourne shell sh The A Z of Programming Languages Bourne shell, or sh March 2009, Computerworld ref To allow shell script s to be used as filters .... No limits on string lengths when interpreting shell scripts. Rationalize and generalize string quoting ... at startup and provided a way for shell scripts to pass context to sub scripts Process computing ... Features of the Bourne shell include Scripts can be invoked as commands by using their filename ... shell also was the first to feature the convention of using file descriptor code 2> code for error ... from data. Over the years, the Bourne shell was enhanced at AT&T. The various variants are thus ..., SystemIII, SVR2, SVR3, SVR4 . As the shell was never versioned, the only way to identify it was testing its features. Stephen Bourne carried into this shell some aspects of the ALGOL 68C compiler ... u code clauses in the common Unix Bourne shell syntax. Moreover although the v7 shell is written in C ... www.ioccc.org ref Criticism The Bourne shell has been criticized ref http www.kitebird.com csh ... more details
Infobox Software name Almquist shell logo screenshot caption developer latest release version latest release date programming language C programming language C operating system Cross platform platform Cross platform language English, multilingual gettext status Active genre Unix shell source model Open source license website URL http www.in ulm.de mascheck various ash The Almquist shell also known as A Shell , ash and sh was originally Kenneth Almquist s clone of the SVR4 variant of the Bourne shell it is a fast, small, POSIX compatible Unix shell designed to replace the Bourne shell in later BSD distributions. Originally it did not feature line editing Clarify date March 2010 or command history ... shell tt bin sh tt on FreeBSD , NetBSD , DragonFly BSD and Minix . ash is also fairly popular ... in this area. Debian s version of ash is known as Debian Almquist shell Debian Almquist Shell dash . Some Linux distribution s also use Debian Almquist shell a derivative of ash as the default shell, although Bash Unix shell Bash Bourne Again Shell is more popular. Debian and Ubuntu operating system Ubuntu Symbolic link symlink tt bin sh tt to the dash shell for faster Shell script script execution, but keeps Bash as the default login shell. The following is extracted from the ash package information from Slackware blockquote ash Kenneth Almquist s ash shell blockquote A lightweight 92K Bourne compatible shell. Great for machines with low memory, but does not provide all the extras of shells like Bash Unix shell bash , tcsh , and zsh . Runs most shell scripts compatible with the Bourne shell. Note that under Linux, most scripts seem to use at least some bash specific syntax. The Slackware setup scripts are a notable exception, since ash is the shell used on the install disks. NetBSD ...&f false title Beginning Portable Shell Scripting From Novice to Professional author Peter Seebach publisher ... shell ja Almquist Shell ru Almquist shell ... more details
Shell Lake can refer to Shell Lake, Saskatchewan Shell Lake, Wisconsin Shell Lake Township, Minnesota Shell Lake murders Shell Lake Municipal Airport Shell Lake No. 495, Saskatchewan Inuvik Shell Lake Water Aerodrome Shell Lake National Wildlife Refuge disambig de Shell Lake ... more details
smart phones . Extensible Firmware Interface The EFI shell EFI SHELL an open source Extensible ...refimprove date June 2010 A shell is a piece of software that provides an Interface computer science ... for HTML Layout engine rendering engines . The name shell originates from shells being an outer ... user interface GUI . In either category the primary purpose of the shell is to invoke or launch ... s, a shell is a piece of software that is an empty expert system without the knowledge base for any ..., ISBN 0131479571, 9780131479579, page 135 ref History The first Unix shell , Ken Thompson s sh , ref name v6hist http v6shell.org history ref was modeled after the Multics shell, ref http www.multicians.org ... an operating system shell or in a purpose built programmer. Text command line interface CLI shells Unix shells Main Unix shell Notable historic or popular Unix shell s include Bourne shell sh Almquist shell ash Debian Almquist shell dash Bash Unix shell Bourne Again shell bash Korn shell ksh Z shell zsh C shell csh TENEX C shell tcsh Hamilton C shell EMACS shell eshell Es shell es esh Unix Easy Shell friendly interactive shell fish rc shell rc shell for Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Unix scsh Scheme Shell Stand alone Shell sash BeanShell Rhino JavaScript engine Rhino Shell Rhino Remote shell rsh a remote shell available on many systems, can also mean Restricted shell on some systems tclsh command line and Wish Unix shell wish GUI , the shells provided with implementations of the Tcl and Tcl Tk programming languages some implementations may include the version number in the name of the shell, such as tclsh83 or tcl83sh. psh a Perl based general purpose shell available in some cases. smrsh restricted shell for use with the Unix sendmail programme. sqsh a shell available with some SQL implementations ... type. Windows Services For Unix in most versions provides a Korn and C shell as well as Perl ... OS 2 and VMS dn date September 2011 , as well as the main VMS shell, DCL dn date September 2011 being ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In physics , particularly in quantum field theory , configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called on shell , and those that do not are called off shell . For instance, in classical mechanics in the action physics action formulation, extremal solutions to the variational principle are on shell and the Euler Lagrange equation s are on shell equations i.e., they do not hold off shell . Noether s theorem is also another on shell theorem. Mass shell The term comes from the phrase mass shell , which is a synonym for mass hyperboloid , meaning the hyperboloid in energy momentum space describing the solutions to the equation math E 2 vec p , 2 c 2 m 2 c 4 math describing combinations of energy E and momentum p allowed by classical special relativity for a particle of mass m where math c math is the speed of light . The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four momentum , in Einstein notation and units where c 1, as math p mu p mu m 2 math or simply as math p 2 m 2 math . Virtual particles corresponding to internal propagator s in a Feynman diagram are in general allowed to be off shell, but the amplitude for the process will diminish depending on how far off shell they are the propagator typically has mathematical singularity singularities on the mass shell. When speaking of the propagator, negative values for E that satisfy the equation are thought of as being on shell, though the classical theory does not allow negative values for the energy of a particle. This is because the propagator incorporates into one expression the cases in which the particle carries energy in one direction, and in which its antiparticle carries energy in the other direction negative and positive on shell E then simply represent opposing flows of positive energy. DEFAULTSORT On Shell And Off Shell Category Quantum field theory fa ko it Soluzione on shell ed off shell ... more details
by increments added to the open edge of the shell, and by a gradual thickening throughout the animal ...Image Abra alba 2.jpg thumb Two whole shells, one closed and one open, of the marine bivalve Abra alba ... Zealand A bivalve shell is part of the body, the exoskeleton or shell, of a Bivalvia bivalve mollusk . In life, the shell of this class of mollusks is composed of two parts, two Valve mollusc valves ... for muscle attachment, but also for protection from predators and from mechanical damage. The shell ... for commercial sale the international shell trade , occasionally to the detriment of the local ecology. Shell anatomy, structure and composition Image Valve InternalView.png thumb left Diagram of the internal shell structure of the left valve of bivalve resembling a Veneridae venerid Image Valve ... SpondylusPliocene.jpg thumb left Paired Valve mollusc valves of a fossil Spondylus shell a thorny ... The bivalve shell is composed of two calcareous valves. The Mantle mollusc mantle , a thin Biological membrane membrane surrounding the body, secretes the shell valves, ligament and Hinge tooth hinge ... itself is attached to the shell by numerous small mantle retractor muscles, which are arranged in a narrow line along the length of the interior of the shell. The position of this line is often quite clearly visible on the inside of each valve of a bivalve shell, as a shiny line, the pallial line ... allow the bivalve to close the shell tightly. In some bivalves the mantle edges fuse to form siphon ... usually have long siphons, and when the bivalve needs to close its shell, these siphons retract into a pocket ... is clearly indicated on the interior of the shell surface as a pallial sinus , an indentation in the pallial line. The valves of the shell are made of either calcite as with, e.g. oysters or both calcite ... which have this layer in the form of nacre or mother of pearl . The outermost layer of the shell ... or brownish skin on the outside of the shell. ref http paleo.cortland.edu tutorial Bivalves bivalvia.htm ... more details
Shell River may refer to Rivers Shell River Manitoba Shell River Minnesota Shell River Saskatchewan Musselshell River , Montana, also known as Shell River Places Shell River, Manitoba Shell River Township, Minnesota geodis de Shell River ... more details
Infobox software name Thompson shell logo File screenshot File caption collapsible author Ken Thompson ... platform size language status genre license Unix shell website The Thompson shell was the first Unix shell , introduced in the first version of Unix in 1971, and was written by Ken Thompson computer ... line interface and led to the development of the later Unix shells. History The name shell for a command line interpreter and the concept of making the shell a user program outside of the operating ... of the Thompson shell was a compact syntax for input output redirection. In Multics, redirecting ... for input or the > symbol for output, and the shell would redirect I O for the duration of the command ... exactly the same result as command1 command2 The Thompson shell syntax for redirection with < ... and replacements The shell s design was intentionally minimalistic even the if and goto statements ... shell was inadequate for most serious programming tasks. At this time, the developers of the Programmer s Workbench UNIX distribution, most notably John Mashey , began modifying the Thompson shell ... shell or the Mashey shell, included more advanced flow control mechanisms and introduced shell variables, but remained limited by the necessity to remain compatible with the Thompson shell. Finally, the Thompson shell was replaced as the main Unix shell by the Bourne shell in Unix Version 7 and the C shell in Berkeley Software Distribution PDP 11 beginnings 2BSD , both released in 1979. Since virtually all modern Unix and Unix like systems are descended from V7 and 2BSD, the Thompson shell is generally no longer used. It is, however, available as open source as part of several Ancient UNIX Systems ... 1st 1 sh Manual page for the Thompson shell in Unix 1st Edition . http cm.bell labs.com cm cs who dmr hist.html The Evolution of the Unix Time Sharing System describes the early development of the shell http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne index.html origins Origins of the Bourne shell manual pages ... more details
Shell Point can refer to Shell Point, Sinaloa Shell Point, Florida Shell Point, South Carolina geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages vo Shell Point ... more details
The remote shell rsh is a command line computer program that can execute Command line interface shell command s as another User computing user , and on another computer across a computer network . The remote system to which rsh connects runs the rshd Daemon computer software daemon . The rshd daemon typically uses the Well known ports well known Transmission Control Protocol TCP port number 514. History Rsh originated as part of the Berkeley Software Distribution BSD Unix operating system , along with rcp Unix rcp , as part of the rlogin package on 4.2BSD in 1983. rsh has since been ported to other operating systems. The tt rsh tt command has the same name as another common UNIX utility, the restricted shell , which first appeared in PWB UNIX in System V System V Release 4 , the restricted shell is often located at tt usr bin rsh tt . Limitations As described in the rlogin article, the rsh protocol computing protocol is not computer security secure for network use, because it sends cryptography unencrypted information over the network, among other reasons. Some implementations also authentication authenticate by sending unencrypted password s over the network. rsh has largely been replaced with the secure shell ssh program on untrusted networks like the Internet . Example As an example of rsh use, the following executes the command mkdir testdir as user remoteuser on the computer host.example.com running a UNIX like system rsh l remoteuser host.example.com mkdir testdir After ... System . References http unixhelp.ed.ac.uk CGI man cgi?rsh rsh remote shell rsh man page . man 1 rsh Darwin remote shell man 1 rsh Solaris remote shell http www.securityfocus.com infocus 1490 Back ... clients http www.kontrolpack.com KontrolPack A cross platform remote shell command executor http sourceforge.net projects rshd Free open source rsh daemon for Windows Category Internet protocols Category Unix network related software de Remote Shell es Rsh fr Rsh ja pl Rsh remote shell ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2007 Image Lamprologus ocellatus orange 2034.jpg thumb right 200px A shell dwelling Lamprologus ocellatus . The terms shell dwellers or shelldwellers , shell breeding , or ostracophil ... and shelter. The terms have no taxonomic basis, although most shell dwelling cichlids are from ..., Voyageur Press, ISBN 1 56465 146 0 ref Many shell dwelling cichlids are popular with fishkeepings and are frequently kept in Aquarium aquaria . ref name Loiselle Shell origins In Lake Tanganyika ... habitat Cichlid Press, USA. ref Shell dwelling cichlids Around 24 species of lamprologine ... shell breeding cichlids and will spawn in other caves or crevices. ref name Loiselle Types of shell dwellers There are several groups the shell dwellers can be placed into Colonial shell dwellers ... and many of the most aggressive of the shell dwelling species, which share a similar body shape ... considered Neolamprologus species. These are larger shell dwellers and some may prefer mud dwelling ... one definite shell dweller, Telmatochromis sp temporalis shell, and many species that will shell dwell ... kungweensis . The Malawi shell dwellers, which may comprise several species but as yet only ... Shell dwellers are found throughout Lake Tanganyika , along the coasts of Zambia , Democratic Republic of Congo , Burundi and Tanzania . Diet Shell dwellers are carnivores that promarily feed on zooplankton ... of the fish, are present in shell dwellers, though small. Armed with those and the usual teeth along with the typical dissolving qualities of water shell dwellers can eat a variety of foods ... thumb right 280px A shell dwelling male Lamprologus stappersi displays his dominance. Reproduction As with other cichlids they protect their young, and the distinctive shell dwelling provides them with a defensible nursery. Generally roe eggs are laid by the female within the shell and fertilized as she lays them or immediately after by the male. The female will protect the shell ... more details
Reflist External links A well known free and open source Workplace Shell extension package named http ...Image OS 2 W4.png right thumb The OS 2 Warp 4 desktop The Workplace Shell WPS is a object oriented desktop shell produced by IBM s Boca Raton development lab for OS 2 2.0. It is based on Common User Access and made a radical shift away from the Program Manager type interface that earlier versions of OS 2 shared with Windows 3.1x Windows 3.x or the application oriented WIMP computing WIMP interface of the Apple Macintosh . The Workplace Shell was also used in OS 2 Warp 3 and Warp 4, and is still the user interface of the revamped successor to OS 2 called eComStation of Serenity Inc. Although mostly written in C programming language C , under the covers the Workplace Shell is implemented as an object oriented class library, basing on the System Object Model SOM . The WPS classes are glued together with an interface definition language IDL . SOM and its IDL was developed by IBM in their Austin, Texas lab. The classes can easily be manipulated by sending simple settings strings like KEYWORD VALUE to them both via a C and a Rexx API . When implementing a new WPS class, it is derived from an existing class from within the WPS class hierarchy. For modifying, extending or removing certain functionality ... class implemented by it is registered with the Workplace Shell and an instance of this class is created, it can be acted on by the user or other programs as every other Workplace Shell object. A part ... Workplace Shell Toolkit eases common programming tasks when creating WPS classes, as well ... Workplace Shell for Windows is a freeware clone of the WPS made for Windows unofficially by IBM employees. http ftp.gaby.de pub win3x wpsfw151.zip Download Workplace Shell for Windows http www.os2ezine.com ... forums thread.jspa?threadID 180049 Download Workplace Shell for Windows 2.0 Source Code Category OS 2 Workplace Shell de Workplace Shell nl Workplace Shell ja ... more details
as notches in the margin of the shell and are subsequently abandoned, often remaining open ...File Arianta arbustorum Braunau 1968.jpg thumb Four views of a shell of Arianta arbustorum Apertural ... . File Czescimuszli shells.jpg thumb The shell of a large land snail probably Helix pomatia with parts ... suture br 6 Whorl mollusc whorl br 7 Apex mollusc apex The gastropod shell is a mollusc shellshell ... shell is an external skeleton or exoskeleton , which serves not only for muscle attachment, but also ... and in intertidal marine snails, the shell is also an essential protection against the sun, and against ... and left handed individuals. The gastropod shell has several layers, and is typically made of calcium carbonate precipitated out into an organic matrix known as conchiolin . The shell is secreted by a part of the molluscan body known as the Mantle mollusc mantle . Not all gastropods have a shell, but the majority do. In almost every case the shell consists of one piece, and is typically spiral ly ... shaped shells as adults. The study of mollusc shell s, including gastropod shells, is called conchology ... species of sea snail on the left is the normally sinistral left handed shell of Neptunea angulata , on the right is the normally dextral right handed shell of Neptunea despecta Because coiled shells ... shell collector s. If a coiled gastropod shell is held with the spire pointing upwards and the aperture more or less facing the observer, a dextral shell will have the aperture on the right hand side, and a sinistral shell will have the aperture on the left hand side. This chirality of gastropods is often ... of the shell Main mantle mollusc mollusc shell nacre Morphology File Zonitoides nitidus drawing en.svg left thumb 650px Morphology of typical spirally coiled shell. The shell of Zonitoides nitidus , a land ... Lateral view showing the profile of the shell br Lower image Basal view showing umbilicus in the centre. File Zonitoides nitidus shell.jpg thumb Photo of the shell of Zonitoides nitidus with an apical ... more details
structures, allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal supports, giving an open ... lead to buildup of condensation on the inside of the shell. Shingling or sealants are common .... Historic concrete shells The oldest known concrete shell, the Pantheon, Rome Pantheon in Rome ... feat of engineering. Modern concrete shell construction Modern thin concrete shells, which began ... ribs or additional reinforcing structures, relying wholly on the shell structure itself. Shells may be cast in place, or pre cast off site and moved into place and assembled. The strongest form of shell is the monolithic shell, which is cast as a single unit. The most common monolithic form is the dome ... provide additional support. See also Thin shell structure Pier Luigi Nervi Eduardo Torroja F lix ... shells.html Mark Ketchum s Concrete Shell page http www.arche.psu.edu thinshells Historic Preservation of Thin Shell Concrete Structures Includes case studies of the Seattle Kingdome and MIT ... Shells Concrete Thin Shell Architecture Advancing the architectural design and development of air formed ... in Princeton University Art Musuem commons category Concrete shell structures DEFAULTSORT Concrete Shell Category Concrete shell structures Category Concrete Category Construction Category Domes Concrete ... more details
Shell Island may refer to Shell Island Wales Shell Islets Tasmania geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages de Shell Island ... more details
Shell Building may refer to Shell Building San Francisco , California Shell Building St Louis , Missouri One Shell Square , New Orleans, Louisiana disambig ... more details
Infobox programming language name Korn shell logo paradigm imperative programming imperative , pipeline ..., SKsh, MKS Korn shell dialects influenced by Bourne shell , C shell influenced zsh , Bash Unix shell ... shell ksh is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn computer scientist David Korn Bell Labs ... xii url doi id isbn 0 13 516972 0 ref ksh is backwards compatible with the Bourne shell and includes many features of the C shell as well, such as a command history , which was inspired by the requests of Bell Labs users. Design The main advantage of ksh over the traditional Unix shell is in its ... strong backwards compatibility with the Bourne shell . The ksh93 version supports associative ... XEmacs code . ksh aims to respect the Shell Language Standard POSIX 1003.2 Shell and Utilities Language Committee . History Until 2000, Korn Shell remained AT&T s proprietary software . Since then it has been open source software , originally under a license particular to AT&T but, since the 93q release in early 2005, it has been licensed under the Common Public License . Korn Shell is available as part of the AT&T Software Technology AST Open Source Software Collection. As ksh was initially only available through a proprietary license from AT&T, a number of free and open source alternatives ... www.mirbsd.org mksh.htm mksh , the Free Software Foundation s Bourne Again Shell Bash Unix shell bash , and zsh . The functionality of the original Korn Shell known as ksh88 from the year of its introduction was used as a basis for the POSIX shell standard. Although the ksh93 version added many improvements ... author1 Bill Rosenblatt author2 Arnold Robbins title Learning the Korn Shell url http books.google.com ... ix edition 2 ref This version also provide shell level mappings for Motif widget toolkit Motif widgets ... Tk widget toolkit . mksh MirOS BSD MirBSD ksh Korn Shell is an actively developed, MirOS Licence ... mirbsd.org date accessdate 2011 06 21 ref and is a default shell of MirOS BSD , FreeWRT , MidnightBSD ... more details
Image irssi.png thumb 300px irssi IRC client running on a shell server A shell account is a user account on a remote server which gives access to a shell computing shell via a command line interface protocol such as telnet or Secure Shell ssh . ref name Young1999 citation last Young first Margaret Levine ... provides, you will probably be comfortable with a Shell account on a Linux or Unix computer managed ... computer you are logged into is connected to the Internet. You usually use a standard Unix shell, with roughly the same choices available on your own Linux system, although some shell accounts also provide ... good and bad. quote The other day, I started shopping, both for a Unix shell account, and for a SLIP ... of the Internet. ref Shell providers are often found to offer shell accounts at low cost or for free ... ref These shell accounts generally provide users with access to various software and services including ...?sid 04 07 14 159237 title Unix Shell Accounts? author Cliff date July 14, 2004 work publisher aks.slashdot.org .... Many of the vulnerabilities may be taken advantage of by someone with a regular shell account on the system. doi 10.1145 1255421.1255423 ref Some shell providers may also allow Tunneling protocol tunneling of traffic to bypass corporate Firewall computing firewalls . Shell accounts have been ... , one of the oldest and largest non profit public access UNIX systems on the Internet. Shell code Slirp , a free software application similar to The Internet Adapter Tunneling protocol Secure Shell ... end for internet access using shell accounts allowing TCP IP based applications such as Netscape to run over the shell account. The WELL , best known for its Internet forums, but also provides email, shell accounts, and web pages. References Reflist 2 External links No More Links PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS ... on this article s discussion page, or submit your link to the relevant category at the Open Directory ... Computers Internet Access Providers Unix Shell Providers Unix Shell Providers http www.egghelp.org ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 See also a Shell Grotto, Margate Shell Grotto in Margate . The Shell Grotto lang cy Groto Cregyn sometimes called the Shell Hermitage is a late 18th century stone built, slate roofed grotto decorated with shells and animal bones on the interior. It stands on a prominent ridge 700 ft above sea level, within the boundary Pontypool Park , Torfaen in South Wales . It is considered to be the best surviving grotto in Wales . It is an important local landmark commanding views south towards the Severn Estuary . A little further along the same ridge can be found the The Folly Tower Folly Tower . History It was built by the Hanbury family local ironmasters and original ... for interior shell decoration. There is no direct evidence that the shell interior was Molly s invention, but it is known that she was an avid collector of shells. The shell decoration within grottoes ... complete the magnificent shell interior was in complete disarray, due to the elements, the collapsed ... and from the Heritage Lottery Fund in Wales. Restoration of the shell interior commenced in 1996 and a specialist team of conservators St Blaise Ltd. did the restoration of the intricate plaster and shell ... record had been taken of the shell interior some years earlier and this was valuable in ensuring ... such as pearl oyster , conch and cowrie . The restoration of one of the finest shell grottoes in Wales ... this magnificent hilltop Grotto and enjoy the splendour of the shell interior and the panoramic ... can be difficult. The grotto is open May to September Saturdays, Sundays and Bank Holidays 14 00 17 00 References Pontypool Museum The Shell Grotto Pontypool Park . External links http www.torfaen.gov.uk ServiceDirectory Services ShellGrotto.aspx Information on Shell Grotto from Torfaen Borough County http www.insidethebirdhouse.co.uk Insidethebirdhouse Shell 20Grotto.html Photographs of the interior ... DEFAULTSORT Shell Grotto Category Buildings and structures in Torfaen Category Grottoes Category ... more details
Shell Centre, London, UK, June 2004.jpg thumb Shell Centre as seen from the London Eye . The tower ... downstream building can be glimpsed on the far left. Shell Centre , in London, United Kingdom is one of the two central offices of oil major Royal Dutch ShellShell the other is in The Hague . Shell ... Eye . Shell Centre was constructed in 1961, to a design by Sir Howard Robertson architect Howard ... The current Shell Centre comprises the tower building and three adjoining nine storey wings collectively ... Waterloo East . The Downstream Building was disposed of by Shell in the 1990s and is now a block of residential ... Shell Centre occupies part of the site cleared for the 1951 Festival of Britain . The areas ... Centre . Jubilee Gardens remained undeveloped prior to its laying out as an open space, largely because of a restrictive Covenant law covenant in favour of Shell that restricts any building on the part of the site directly between the Shell Tower and the River Thames. The naming of the Shell Centre ... point of Shell Centre s air conditioning system, which sucks in river water from just outside ... running lines in York Road via Chicheley Street. Architecture and design Image London shell centre plaque.JPG thumb left 171px A plaque in the lobby of Shell Centre The choice of Portland Stone ... Building includes two notable sculptures Torsion Fountain also known as The Shell Fountain by Franta Belsky is a tall bronze column of shell like forms, which once poured water into one another ... and skateboarding skateboarders . Functions and occupation of the buildings Parts of Shell s business which are run from Shell Centre include refining and marketing along with a number of functional support activities such as finance and human resources. Shell Centre is also the head office of Shell s United Kingdom business Shell UK Ltd. which was formerly located in Shell Mex House . In 2004, a planning ... building on the Podium site to the south, which is currently a paved open space. The sculptures would ... more details
The term shell theory may refer to In astronomy the shell theorem In continuum mechanics the plate theory theory of plates and shells disambig ... more details
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