Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA ribonucleic acid . Together with protein s, nucleic acids make up the most important macromolecule ... Miescher and the early years of nucleicacid research volume 122 issue 6 pages 565 81 issn 0340 6717 ... nucleicacid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymer s, ref cite ... peptide nucleicacid s. Molecular composition and size ref name Stryer Nucleic acids can vary in size ... molecules known. Well studied biological nucleicacid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides ... acid structures with Triple stranded DNA three or G quadruplex four strands can form. Nucleic acids ... found in the two nucleicacid types are different adenine , cytosine , and guanine are found ... isbn 0 7167 6766 X oclc doi accessdate ref In nucleicacid nomenclature conventional nomenclature , the carbons ... nucleic acids Directionality molecular biology directionality , and the ends of nucleicacid ... repeated and quite uniform Nucleicacid double helix double helical three dimensional structure ... for deoxyribose nucleicacid journal Nature volume 171 issue 4356 pages 737 8 year 1953 month ... Nucleicacid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example ... reactions. ref name Alberts Nucleicacid sequences main Nucleicacid sequence One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the Nucleicacid sequence sequence of nucleotides . Nucleotide ... acids Deoxyribonucleic acid main DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleicacid that contains ... acid analogs main Nucleicacid analogues nucleicacid analogues Artificial nucleicacid analogs have been designed and synthesized by chemists, and include peptide nucleicacid , morpholino and locked nucleicacid , as well as GNA nucleicacid glycol nucleicacid and TNA nucleicacid threose nucleic ... List of nucleicacid simulation software Nucleicacid simulations Molecular biology Nucleicacid ... more details
journal doi 10.1093 nar gkg595 title Mfold web server for nucleicacid folding and hybridization prediction ...Image Mao 4armjunction schematic.png thumb 250px Nucleicacid design can be used to create nucleicacid complexes with complicated Nucleicacid secondary structure secondary structures such as this four ... acid design is the process of generating a set of nucleicacid base sequences that will associate into a desired conformation. Nucleicacid design is central to the fields of DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing . ref name Dirks04 It is necessary because there are many possible Nucleicacid sequence sequences of nucleicacid strands that will fold into a given Nucleicacid secondary structure secondary ... be avoided. In addition, there are many Nucleicacid tertiary structure tertiary structure considerations ... name Sherman06 Nucleicacid design has similar goals to protein design in both, the sequence of monomers ... alternate structures. However, nucleicacid design has the advantage of being a much computationally ... require Protein tertiary structure tertiary structure information whereas nucleicacid design can operate largely on the level of Nucleicacid secondary structure secondary structure . However, nucleic ... name Brenneman02 Nucleicacid design can be considered the inverse of nucleicacid structure prediction ... concepts Image DNA chemical structure.svg thumb 250px Chemical structure of DNA. Nucleicacid double ..., where the Nucleobase bases are matched into only A T or G C pairs. The Nucleicacid structure ... Computer Science volume 287 pages 39 ref Nucleicacid design is the process by which, given a desired target structure or functionality, sequences are generated for nucleicacid strands which will self assemble into that target structure. Nucleicacid design encompasses all levels of DNA structure nucleicacid structure Nucleicacid primary structure Primary structure &mdash the raw sequence of nucleobase s of each of the component nucleicacid strands Nucleicacid secondary structure Secondary ... more details
for protein methods Protein methods Nucleicacid methods are the techniques used to study nucleicacid s DNA and RNA . Purification Guanidinium thiocyanate phenol chloroform extraction Phenol chloroform extraction minicolumn purification RNA extraction Quantification Abundance in weight Quantification of nucleic acids spectroscopic quantification Absolute abundance in number Real time polymerase chain reaction Q PCR high throughput relative abundance DNA microarray high throughput absolute abundance serial analysis of gene expression SAGE Size Gel electrophoresis Synthesis De novo Oligonucleotide synthesis Amplification Polymerase chain reaction PCR Kinetics Dual polarization interferometry ref cite doi 10.1016 j.bios.2004.12.024 ref QCM D ref cite journal last Dixon first Matthew C. title Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring Enabling Real Time Characterization of Biological Materials and Their Interactions journal Journal of Biomolecular Techniques year 2008 month July volume 19 issue 3 pages 151 158 pmid 19137101 pmc 2563918 ref Other List of nucleicacid simulation software Nucleicacid simulations DNA sequencing Bisulfite sequencing Expression cloning Southern blot Northern blot Sucrose gradient centrifugation Radioactivity in biological research Lab on a chip Nuclear run on Nuclear run on assay Fluorescent in situ hybridization several Bioinformatics methods, such as List of RNA structure prediction software RNA structure prediction See also CSH Protocols Current Protocols References reflist External links http www.genome.ou.edu protocol book protocol index.html PROTOCOLS FOR RECOMBINANT DNA ISOLATION, CLONING, and SEQUENCING Molecular Biology Category Molecular biology ca M todes dels cids nucleics zh ... more details
Nucleicacid structure refers to the Biomolecular structure structure of nucleicacid s such as DNA and RNA It is often divided into four different levels Nucleicacid primary structure Primary structure &mdash the raw sequence of nucleobase s of each of the component DNA strands Nucleicacid secondary structure Secondary structure &mdash the set of interactions between bases, i.e., which parts of which strands are bound to each other Nucleicacid tertiary structure Tertiary structure &mdash the locations of the atoms in three dimensional space, taking into consideration geometrical and steric constraints and Nucleicacid quaternary structure Quaternary structure &mdash the higher level organization of DNA in chromatin, or to the interactions between separate RNA units in the ribosome or spliceosome . See also Nucleicacid double helix Nucleicacid structure determination experimental Nucleicacid structure prediction computational DNA nanotechnology Nucleicacid design Nucleicacid thermodynamics Crosslinking of DNA DNA supercoil molecular biology stub Biomolecular structure Category DNA Category RNA ca Estructura de l ADN es Estructura del cido nucleico tr DNA n n yap s zh DNA ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Nucleicacid metabolism is the process by which nucleotides are synthesized and degraded. Nucleicacid synthesis is an anabolism anabolic mechanism generally involving chemical reaction of phosphate , pentose sugar , and a nitrogenous base . Destruction of nucleicacid is a catabolism catabolic procedure generally involving enzyme reactions. DNA and RNA are the main nucleic acids References Mohamed, M. Optometry Professor. Smith, K. Optometrist. Sohn, S. Biomedical Science Professor of U of W. biochem stub Category Nucleic acids ... more details
that passes through the sample. The more light absorbed by the sample, the higher the nucleicacid ... Conversion Factors for Nucleic Acids class wikitable NucleicAcid Concentration g ml for 1 A sub 260 sub unit dsDNA 50 ssDNA 37 ssRNA 40 Cuvette nucleicacid quantitation The optical density of samples ... to a sample concentration of 45 g ml. Cuvetteless low volume nucleicacid quantitation Multiple ... array CGH , qPCR imply quantitative and qualitative nucleicacid analysis with minimal sample volumes ... purity It is common for nucleicacid samples to be contaminated with other molecules i.e. proteins ... affect the 260 280 ratio in a nucleicacid solution. ref name molecular cloning ref cite journal author Glasel J. year 1995 title Validity of nucleicacid purities monitored by 260nm 280nm ... has high sensitivity for nucleicacid contamination in protein border 1 protein nucleicacid 260 ... in nucleic acids border 1 nucleicacid protein 260 280 ratio 100 0 2.00 95 5 1.99 90 10 1.98 ... , which is commonly used in nucleicacid purification, can significantly throw off quantification estimates. Phenol absorbs with a peak at 270nm and a A sub 260 280 sub of 1.2. Nucleicacid preparations ... range. The value in a pure nucleicacid sample should be zero. Citation needed date January 2010 ... . See also Nucleicacid methods http RNA integrity.gene quantification.info RNA quality control Guanidinium ... NucleicAcid Purity pdf document http openwetware.org wiki Quantitating nucleic acids double stranded ...In molecular biology , quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleicacid s often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance. There are several methods to establish the concentration of a solution of nucleic acids, including spectrophotometric quantification and UV fluorescence in presence of a DNA dye. Spectrophotometric analysis Nucleic acids Absorption ... more details
of Locked NucleicAcid Nucleotides into DNA Duplexes author Kaur, H. coauthors Arora, A. Wengel ... lna technology Locked NucleicAcid Technology ref li br Applications of the LNA technology br Some ... Vester B, Wengel J title LNA locked nucleicacid high affinity targeting of complementary RNA and DNA ... cite journal author Ng PS, Bergstrom DE title Alternative nucleicacid analogues for programmable assembly hybridization of LNA to PNA journal Nano Lett. volume 5 issue 1 pages 107 11 year 2005 ... 2005 5 i01 abs nl048246f.html Nucleic acids DEFAULTSORT Locked NucleicAcid Category Nucleic acids ... organization. This significantly increases the hybridization properties melting temperature of oligonucleotide ... cite journal title LNA Locked Nucleic Acids Synthesis of the adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5 methylcytosine, thymine and uracil bicyclonucleoside monomers, oligomerisation, and unprecedented nucleicacid recognition author Alexei A. Koshkin coauthors Sanjay K. Singh, Poul Nielsen, Vivek K. Rajwanshi ... the sensitivity and specificity of expression in DNA microarray s, Fluorescence in situ hybridization ... discrimination journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 34 issue 8 doi 10.1093 nar gkl175 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org ... expression profiling on arrays enhanced with locked nucleic acids issue 4 journal Nat. Methods volume ... li Splice variant detection li li Comparative genome hybridization GCH ref name exiqon custom http www.exiqon.com ... more details
in RNA . Nucleicacidhybridization File DNA orbit animated static thumb.png thumb 150px Two Complementarity molecular biology complementary regions of nucleicacid molcules will bind and from a Double ...The secondary structure of a nucleicacid molecule refers to the basepair ing interactions within a single ... in a nucleicacid molecule. ref cite journal last Dirks first Robert M. authorlink coauthors Lin, Milo Winfree, Erik & Pierce, Niles A. year 2004 month title Paradigms for computational nucleicacid design journal Nucleic Acids Research volume 32 issue 4 pages 1392 1403 doi 10.1093 nar gkh291 ... context, secondary structure is a vital consideration in the Nucleicacid design rational design of nucleicacid structures for DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing , since the pattern of basepairing ... and functional nucleicacid tertiary structure tertiary structures . Importantly, pairing is the mechanism ... 1.66 C C or G G align right 1.97 A C or G T align right 2.04 G C align right 2.70 Main Nucleicacid thermodynamics Hybridization is the process of Complementarity molecular biology complementary base ... the strands of the double helix are broken, separating the two nucleicacid strands. These bonds are weak ... at certain points in the nucleicacid. ref name Breslauer1986 cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.83.11.3746 ... of sequence reading enzymes such as DNA polymerase . Secondary structure motifs Nucleicacid secondary ... acid double helix The double helix is an important Nucleicacid tertiary structure tertiary structure ... attempting to determine the secondary structure of RNA molecules. Approaches include both Nucleicacid structure determination experimental and Nucleicacid structure prediction computational methods ..., they are generally not present in biological DNA. Secondary structure prediction Main Nucleicacid ... DEFAULTSORT NucleicAcid Secondary Structure Category DNA Category Biophysics Category Molecular ... of the DNA double helix . Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34 2 564 574 doi 10.1093 nar gkj454 PMID 16449200 ... more details
NucleicAcid Analogues for Programmable Assembly Hybridization of LNA to PNA journal Nano Lett. volume ...Image PNA en.svg right Peptide nucleicacid PNA is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA invented by Peter E. Nielsen Univ. Copenhagen , Michael Egholm Univ. Copenhagen , Rolf H. Berg Ris National Lab , and Ole Buchardt Univ. Copenhagen in 1991. ref cite journal doi 10.1126 science.1962210 author Nielsen PE, Egholm M, Berg RH, Buchardt O title Sequence selective recognition of DNA by strand displacement with a thymine substituted polyamide journal Science volume 254 issue 5037 pages 1497 500 year 1991 month December pmid 1962210 url http www.sciencemag.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 1962210 ref DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas PNA s backbone is composed of repeating N 2 aminoethyl glycine units linked by peptide bond s. PNA is not known to occur naturally. The various purine and pyrimidine bases are linked to the backbone ... binding is stronger than PNA DNA binding. Synthetic peptide nucleicacid oligomers have been used ... PE, Buchardt Ole, Egholm M, and Nord n B title DNA like Double Helix formed by Peptide NucleicAcid ... Glycol nucleicacid Threose nucleicacid References Reflist Further reading cite web author Peter ... molecule cite journal author Shabih Shakeel, et al. title Peptide NucleicAcid PNA A Review journal ... NucleicAcid journal Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. volume 1 issue 2 pages 89 104 year 1999 url http www.horizonpress.com cimb v v1 09.pdf format PDF Nucleic acids DEFAULTSORT Peptide NucleicAcid Category Nucleic acids Category Origin of life ca cid peptonucleic de Peptid Nukleins ure es cido peptidonucleico ... cgi content abstract 97 8 3868 title Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been ... science.323.5911.198 ref The name is somewhat of a misnomer as PNA is not an acid. Applications Alteration ... title The peptide nucleic acids PNAs a new generation of probes for genetic and cytogenetic analyses ... more details
Nucleicacid thermodynamics is the study of the thermodynamics of nucleicacid molecules, or how temperature affects nucleicacid structure . For multiple copies of DNA molecules, the melting temperature T sub m sub is defined as the temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the Nucleicacid ... often used to describe the reformation Denaturation biochemistry Nucleicacid denaturation renaturation ... in nucleicacid thermodynamics is to determine the thermodynamic parameters for forming double stranded nucleicacid AB from single stranded nucleic acids A and B. AB A B The equilibrium constant ..., and T is the kelvin temperature of the reaction. This gives, for the nucleicacid system, math Delta ... stranded nucleicacid has dissociated. If no additional nucleic acids are present, then A , B , and AB will be equal, and equal to half the initial concentration of double stranded nucleicacid, AB sub initial sub . This gives an expression for the melting point of a nucleicacid duplex of math ... terms are similarly defined. In general, the free energy of forming a nucleicacid duplex is math Delta ... composition of that molecule. Concepts HybridizationHybridization is the process of establishing a non covalent , sequence specific interaction between two or more complementary strands of nucleicacid s into a single hybrid biology hybrid , which in the case of two strands is referred to as a Nucleicacid double helix duplex . Oligonucleotide s, DNA , or RNA will bind to their complement under ... the hydrogen bond s between nucleic bases, after which the two strands separate. In the absence of external negative factors, the processes of hybridization and melting may be repeated in succession indefinitely, which lays the ground for polymerase chain reaction . Most commonly, the pairs of nucleic ..., also called DNA melting, is the process by which double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid unwinds ... DNA hybridization . ref cite journal title The Phylogeny of the Hominoid Primates, as Indicated by DNA ... more details
Threose nucleicacid TNA is a polymer similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone . TNA is not known to occur naturally they are oligonucleotide synthesis synthesized chemically . DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas TNA s backbone is composed of repeating threose units linked by phosphodiester bond s. The threose molecule is easier to assemble than ribose making it a possible precursor to RNA. DNA TNA hybrid chains have been made in the laboratory using DNA polymerase. TNA can hybridize with RNA and DNA in a sequence specific manner this capability and chemical simplicity suggests that TNA could have preceded RNA as genetic material. See also Oligonucleotide synthesis Abiogenesis Glycol nucleicacid Peptide nucleicacid External links http www.newscientist.com article mg17924052.500.html Was simple TNA the first nucleicacid on Earth to carry a genetic code? , New Scientist http www.sciencemag.org cgi content summary 290 5495 1306 ORIGIN OF LIFE A Simpler NucleicAcid , Leslie Orgel References cite journal title A Simpler NucleicAcid last Orgel first Leslie journal Science journal Science year 2000 month November pages 1306 1307 volume 290 issue 5495 doi 10.1126 science.290.5495.1306 pmid 11185405 cite journal title Modified nucleic acids on display last Watt first Gregory journal Nature Chemical Biology year 2005 month February url http www.nature.com nchembio journal vaop nprelaunch full nchembio005.html doi 10.1038 nchembio005 cite journal title Chemical etiology of nucleicacid structure the alpha threofuranosyl 3 2 oligonucleotide system. last Schoning first K coauthors Scholz P Guntha S Wu X Krishnamurthy R Eschenmoser A journal Science journal Science year 2000 month November pmid 11082060 doi 10.1126 science.290.5495.1347 volume 290 pages 1347 51 issue 5495 Nucleic acids Category Nucleic acids Category Polymers genetics stub ca cid treonucleic fr Acide nucl ique thr ose gl cido treonucleico ... more details
ref Wojciechowski et al. Fluorescence and hybridization properties of peptide nucleicacid containing .... Nucleicacid analogues are compounds structurally similar Analog chemistry analog to naturally occurring RNA and DNA , used in medicine and in molecular biology research. Nucleicacid s are chains ..., and phosphate sugar backbone analogues such as peptide nucleicacid PNA , which affect the properties ... self complementary peptide nucleicacid PNA oligomer showing a duplex triplex network. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Feb 9 127 5 1424 30. ref Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleicacid PNA , Morpholino and locked nucleicacid LNA , as well as GNA nucleicacid glycol nucleicacid GNA and TNA nucleicacid threose nucleicacid TNA . Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA ... analogues Nucleicacid analogues are used in molecular biology for several purposes As a tool to detect ... common RNA analogues are 2 O methyl substituted RNA, locked nucleicacid Locked nucleicacid LNA , morpholino .... Antisense & NucleicAcid Drug Development 1997 7 187 195. ref ref Summerton J. Morpholino Antisense ... 1999 1489 141 158. ref , and peptide nucleicacid Peptide nucleicacid PNA . Although these oligonucleotides ... complex to be the first nucleicacid, so before the RNA world hypothesis RNA world several simpler nucleic acids that differ in the backbone, such as TNA nucleicacid TNA and GNA nucleicacid GNA and Peptide nucleicacid PNA , have been offered as candidates for the first nucleic acids. Base analogues ... of nucleicacid structure, dynamics and interactions. Curr. Org. Chem. 2002 6 775 93. ref ref Wilson .... Chem. 2006 4 4265 74. ref ref Wilhelmsson Fluorescent nucleicacid base analogues. Q. Rev. Biophys .... ref B rjesson et al. Nucleicacid base analog FRET pair facilitating detailed structural measurements in nucleicacid containing systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009 131 4288 93. ref Together with tC sup O sup as a FRET donor this constitutes the first nucleicacid base analogue FRET pair ever developed ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Numbered cytidine.png thumb Numbered ribose carbons on cytidine . Molecular biologist s use several shorthand terms when referring to nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA , collectively referred to as nucleic acid nomenclature . The most common is the representation of the base pair s as letters&mdash an adenine nucleotide is abbreviated as A , guanine as G , cytosine as C , thymine as T , and in RNA, uracil as U . Additionally, the positions of the carbon s in the ribose sugar that forms the backbone of the nucleic acid chain are numbered, and are used to indicate the direction of nucleic acids 5 3 versus 3 5 , see directionality molecular biology directionality . Expanded letter code In addition to the conventional GATC symbols, there is an expanded letter code to indicate a position within a sequence that may be flexible when defining sequences. class wikitable border 1 Letter Nucleotide s included A A T T G G C C R G or A Y T or C M A or C K G or T S G or C W A or T H A or C or T B G or T or C V G or C or A D G or T or A N G or T or A or C For example, if the sequences known to bind protein X are known to be AAAAAAGAAA, AAAAAACAAA, AAAAAATAAA, and AAAAAAAAAA, this can be expressed as AAAAAANAAA. Triple Helix Base Pairing Watson and Crick base pairs are indicated by a or a or a . example A T, or poly rC 2poly rC . Hoogsteen triple helix base pairs are indicated by a or a example C G G , or T A T, or C G G, or T A A . See also DNA replication Nucleotide BranchesofChemistry Natural sciences footer DEFAULTSORT Nucleic Acid Nomenclature Category DNA replication Category Nucleic acids Category Nucleotides Interlanguage links de Nukleins ure Nomenklatur ... more details
File Molbio Header.svg thumb Image illustrates DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The first two are nucleicacid s. A Nucleicacid inhibitor is a type of antibacterial that acts by inhibiting the production of nucleicacid s. There are two major classes DNA inhibitors and RNA inhibitors. ref http www.ccsf.edu Departments Biology ctoebe antibiotics.htm ref The Antifungal medication antifungal flucytosine acts in a similar manner. DNA inhibitors DNA inhibitors such as the quinolones , acting upon DNA gyrase as a topoisomerase inhibitor s ref name SC Another group of DNA inhibitors, including nitrofurantoin and metronidazole , act upon anaerobic bacteria. ref cite pmid 25874 ref These act by generating metabolites that are incorporated into DNA strands, which then are more prone to breakage. ref Cite book last1 P. Denyer first1 Stephen last2 Hodges first2 Norman A. last3 P. Gorman first3 Sean title Hugo and Russell s pharmaceutical microbiology year 2004 publisher Blackwell Science location Oxford isbn 0 632 06467 6 pages 215 ref These drugs are selectively toxic to anaerobic organisms, but can affect human cells. RNA inhibitors RNA inhibitors such as rifampin , acting upon RNA dependent RNA polymerase ref name SC http pathmicro.med.sc.edu mayer antibiot.htm ref Antifolates DNA, RNA, and protein Antifolate s act primarily as inhibitors of both RNA and DNA, and are often grouped with nucleicacid inhibitors in textbooks. However, they also act indirectly as protein synthesis inhibitor s because tetrahydrofolate is also involved in the synthesis of amino acids serine and methionine , so they are sometimes considered as their own category, antimetabolite s. ref http www.life.umd.edu classroom bsci424 Chemotherapy AntibioticMechanisms.htm ref However, the term antimetabolite , when used literally, can apply to many different classes of drugs. References reflist Major drug groups Nucleicacid inhibitors Category Antibiotics antibiotic stub ar sr Inhibitori nukleinskih ... more details
The quaternary structure of a nucleicacid refers to the interactions between separate nucleicacid molecules, or Protein DNA interaction between nucleicacid molecules and proteins . The concept is analogous to protein quaternary structure , but as the analogy is not perfect, the term is used to refer to a number of different concepts in nucleic acids and is less commonly encountered. Quaternary structure can refer to the higher level organization of DNA in chromatin , ref cite journal doi 10.1002 bip.1977.360160308 title Probing DNA quaternary ordering with circular dichroism spectroscopy Studies of equine sperm chromosomal fibers year 1977 last1 Sipski first1 M. Leonide last2 Wagner first2 Thomas E. journal Biopolymers volume 16 pages 573 82 pmid 843604 issue 3 ref including its interactions with histone s. It may also refer to the interactions between separate RNA units in the ribosome ref cite journal doi 10.1146 annurev.bi.53.070184.001003 title Structure of Ribosomal RNA year 1984 last1 Noller first1 H F journal Annual Review of Biochemistry volume 53 pages 119 62 pmid 6206780 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.081082398 pmc 33135 pmid 11296253 title RNA tertiary interactions in the large ribosomal subunit The A minor motif first5 TA last5 Steitz first4 PB last4 Moore first3 N last3 Ban first2 JA year 2001 last2 Ippolito last1 Nissen first1 P. journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 98 issue 9 pages 4899 903 ref or spliceosome . The term has also been used to describe the hierarchical assembly of artificial nucleicacid building blocks used in DNA nanotechnology . ref cite book last Chworos first Arkadiusz title Foldamers Structure, Properties, and Applications year 2007 publisher Wiley VCH Verl. location Weinheim isbn 978 3527315635 pages 298&ndash 299 coauthors Jaeger, Luc editor Hecht, Stefan and Huc, Ivan chapter Nucleicacid foldamers ... Nucleic acids ... more details
acid folding and hybridization prediction url journal Nucleic Acids Research volume 31 issue 13 ...About the computational prediction of nucleicacid structure experimental methods Nucleicacid structure determination Nucleicacid structure prediction is a computational method to determine Nucleicacid structure nucleicacid secondary and tertiary structure from its sequence. Secondary structure can be predicted from a single or from several nucleicacid sequences. Tertiary structure can be predicted ... . The problem of predicting nucleicacid secondary structure is dependent mainly on base pair ing ... to a known class of nucleicacid molecules, such as transfer RNA or microRNA , is observed. Many ... for hydrogen bond ing in the nucleicacid backbone. The Nucleicacid thermodynamics energy parameters are also different for the two nucleic acids. Single sequence structure prediction A common ... given just the nucleicacid sequence. However, in the case of RNA much of the final structure ... also RNA RNA structure Non coding RNA List of RNA structure prediction software List of nucleicacid ..., T. 1991 Inferring consensus structure from nucleicacid sequences. Comput. Appl. Biosci, . 7 ... D Modeling unusual nucleicacid structures. In Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acids. Edited by Leontes ... acid structures. In Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acids. Edited by Leontes N, SantaLucia JJ. Washington ... 2003 title A statistical sampling algorithm for RNA secondary structure prediction url journal Nucleic ... journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 31 issue 13 pages 3423 8 pmid 12824339 pmc 169020 ref ref name Leontis06 .... ref ref name Major03 Major F Building three dimensional ribonucleic acid structures. Comput Sci Eng ..., W. 2004 ILM a web server for predicting RNA secondary structures with pseudoknots. Nucleic Acids ... RNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 32 Web Server issue , W142 145. ref ref name Touzet07 Touzet, H., 2007 ... RNA sequences using thermodynamics and auxiliary information. Nucleic Acids Res. Jan 10 9 1 133 48 ... more details
Multiple issues orphan January 2011 A Spectrophotometer for NucleicAcid Measurement is used in molecular biology . Analysis of nucleicacid s is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. To date, there are two main approaches used by scientists to quantitate DNA or RNA. These are Spectrophotometry spectrophotometric analysis and Fluorescent tag fluorescence tagging . Spectrophotometric analysis One of the more commonly used practices to quantitate DNA or RNA is the use of spectrophotometric analysis using a spectrophotometer like the AQ 07. ref http ampliquant.com index.php aq 07 ref Spectrophotometric analysis is based on the principles that nucleic acids absorb ultraviolet light in a specific pattern. In the case of DNA and RNA, a sample that is exposed to ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260 nanometre s nm will absorb that ultraviolet light. The resulting effect is that less light will strike the photodetector and this will produce a higher optical density OD Calculations The Optical Density ref IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology. Online edition absorbance . ref is generated from equation ... units to nucleicacid concentration conversion factors are used to convert OD to concentration of unknown nucleicacid samples A260 dsDNA 50 g ml A260 ssDNA 37 g ml A260 ssRNA 40 ..., like the AQ 07 NucleicAcid Meter, allow selection of the nucleicacid type and path length ... of Beer s law . A260 as quantity measure The A260 unit is used a quantity measure for nucleic acids. One A260 unit is the amount of nucleicacid contained in 1 mL and producing a OD of 1. The same ... analysis for nucleicacid quantitation is the ability to determine sample purity using ... used to assess the amount of protein contamination that is left from the nucleicacid isolation process ... AQ 07 webpage Category Spectroscopy DEFAULTSORT Spectrophotometer For NucleicAcid Measurements ... more details
Glycol nucleicacid GNA is a polymer similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone . GNA is not known to occur naturally they are oligonucleotide synthesis synthesized chemically . The 2,3 dihydroxypropylnucleoside analogues were first prepared by Ueda et al. 1971 . Soon thereafter it was shown that phosphate linked oligomers of the analogues do in fact exhibit hypochromicity in the presence of RNA and DNA in solution Seita et al. 1972 . The preparation of the polymers was later described by Cook et al. 1995, 1999 and Acevedo and Andrews 1996 . The GNA GNA self pairing described by Zhang and Meggers is however novel, and the specificity of interaction well demonstrated. DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas GNA s backbone is composed of repeating glycerol units linked by phosphodiester bond s. The glycerol molecule has just three carbon atoms and still shows Watson Crick base pairing. Interestingly, the Watson Crick base pairing is much more stable in GNA than its natural counterparts DNA and RNA as it requires a high temperature to melt a duplex of GNA. It is possibly the simplest of the nucleic acids, so making it a hypothetical precursor to RNA. See also Oligonucleotide synthesis Abiogenesis Threose nucleicacid Peptide nucleicacid Locked nucleicacid References cite journal author Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric title A simple glycol nucleicacid journal J Am Chem Soc volume 127 issue 12 pages 4174 5 year 2005 url http pubs.acs.org doi pdf 10.1021 ja042564z?cookieSet 1 pmid 15783191 doi 10.1021 ja042564z Seita, Tooru Yamauchi, Kiyoshi Kinoshita, Masayoshi Imoto, Minoru. Condensation polymerization of nucleotide analogues. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1972 , 154 255 261. Ueda, Nasuo Kawabata, Toshio Takemoto, Kiichi. Synthesis of N 2,3 dihydroxypropyl derivatives of nucleic bases. Journal of Heterocyclic ... Simpler than DNA Chemical and engineering news Nucleic acids Category Nucleic acids genetics ... more details
A nucleicacid test , often called a NAT test, or nucleicacid amplification test NAAT is a biochemistry biochemical technique used to detect a virus or a Bacteria bacterium . These tests were developed to shorten the window period , a time between when a patient has been infected and when they show up as positive by ELISA antibody tests . The term includes any test that directly detects the genetic material of the infecting organism or virus. There are multiple methods that fall in this group, including Methods based on the Polymerase chain reaction . These tests use a primer to rapidly make copies of the genetic material. A reverse transcriptase PCR RT PCR is used for HIV and other RNA viruses. Transcription mediated amplification uses a slightly different molecular method than PCR but has the same basic principle. Branched DNA quantiplex bDNA tests use a molecule that links to the specific genetic material. Ligase chain reaction Category Medical diagnosis Med diagnostic stub de Nuclein Acid Amplification Test Technology ... more details
File NATC scheme.png thumb The schematic presentation how the nucleicacid templated chemistry works within cells File NATC reaction.png thumb Schematic presentation of chemical reaction within cells to combine two precursors into an active drug Nucleicacid templated chemistry NATC , or DNA templated chemistry , is principally a new tool to Chemical synthesis synthesize chemical compounds. The main advantage of the NAT chemistry NATC is performing of the chemical reaction as an intramolecular reaction. The two oligonucleotide s or their analogues are linked via chemical groups to Precursor chemistry precursors of chemical compounds. The oligonucleotides recognize specific nucleicacid s and are hybridized Steric effects sterically close to each other. Afterwards the chemical active groups interact with each other to combine the precursors into a completely new chemical compound. NATC is usually used to perform the synthesis of complex compounds without need to protect chemically active groups during the synthesis. In 1999 Pavel Sergeev suggested to use NATC to synthesize biologically active compounds within living organisms. ref Sergeev, Pavel, Patent application, WO200061775, filling date 08 April 1999 http www.wipo.int pctdb en wo.jsp?wo 2000061775 Synthesis of biologically active compounds in cells PCT IB1999 000616. ref The main idea is to use NATC to synthesize specific biologically active compounds within human cells. The precursors are distributed in the whole human body ... Franzini RM Kool ET title Efficient nucleicacid detection by templated reductive quencher release ... ME, Liu DR title DNA templated polymerization of side chain functionalized peptide nucleicacid aldehydes ... AP, Kool ET. title New, Stronger Nucleophiles for NucleicAcid Templated Chemistry Synthesis and Application ... of peptide nucleicacid encoded oligosaccharides that mimick the carbohydrate epitope of HIV ... of mRNA in live cells using nucleicacid templated reduction of azidorhodamine probes. journal ... more details
nucleotide s, usually representing a single amino acid . The sequence or primary structure of a nucleicacid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleicacid and the chemical bond s that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA , are unbranched polymers, this specification ... is written as a succession of letters representing a real or hypothetical nucleicacid molecule ... make up the backbone of the nucleicacid strand, and attached to the sugar is one of a set of nucleobase s. The nucleobases are important in base pair ing of strands to form higher level Nucleicacid secondary structure secondary and Nucleicacid tertiary structure tertiary structure such as the famed Nucleicacid double helix double helix . The possible letters are A , C , G , and T , representing ... Specified Bases in NucleicAcid Sequences , NC IUB, 1984. ref A adenine C cytosine G guanine T thymine ... after the nucleicacid chain has been formed. In DNA, the most common modified base is 5 methylcytidine ... code , by which the information contained in nucleicacid s are Translation genetics translated into amino acid sequences in protein s. See Genetic code Central dogma of molecular biology In biological systems, nucleic acids contain information which is used by a living Cell biology cell to construct specific protein s. The sequence of nucleobase s on a nucleicacid strand is Translation genetics translated by cell machinery into a sequence of amino acid s making up a protein strand. Each ..., patterns, correlations in DNA and protein texts Biomolecular structure DEFAULTSORT NucleicAcid .... Nucleic acids also have a secondary structure and tertiary structure . Primary structure is sometimes ... Main Nucleotide Nucleic acids consist of a chain of linked units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide ... the antisense strand, will have the complementary sequence to the sense strand. Notation Main Nucleicacid notation While A, T, C, and G represent a particular nucleotide at a position, there are also ... more details
The nucleicacid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry IUPAC in 1970. ref name iupac1 cite doi 10.1021 bi00822a023 ref This universally accepted notation uses the Roman characters G, C, A, and T, to represent the four nucleotides commonly found in deoxyribonucleic acids DNA . Given the rapidly expanding role for genetic sequencing, synthesis, and analysis in biology, researchers have been compelled to develop alternate notations to further support the analysis and manipulation of genetic data. These notations generally exploit size, shape, symmetry to accomplish these objectives. IUPAC notation class wikitable style margin left 25px margin top 0px float right Symbol ref name iupac Description colspan 4 Bases represented A adenosine A C cytidine C G guanosine G T thymidine T U uridine U W w eak A T S s trong C G M a m ino A C ... Bases in NucleicAcid Sequences accessdate 2008 02 04 ref representation for a position on a DNA sequence that can be have multiple possible alternatives. These should not be confused with nucleicacid analogues non canonical bases because each particular sequence will have in fact one of the regular ... for incompletely specified basis in nucleicacid sequences. Recommendations 1984. Proc. Natl ... and or visually distinct shapes to encode lengthy nucleicacid sequences. Several of these approaches .... Functional ambigraphic notations Additional functionality can be found in nucleicacid notations ... Rozak, D. A. 2006. The practical and pedagogical advantages of an ambigraphic nucleicacid notation. Nucleosides Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 25 807 813. ref An ambigraphic nucleicacid notation also ... and analysis of genetic data. The latest in a series of rationally designed nucleicacid notations ... cite doi 10.2144 000112727 ref As its name implies, AmbiScript is an ambigraphic nucleicacid ... . Under the commonly used IUPAC system, nucleic acids are represented by the first letters of their chemical ... more details
about the experimental determination of nucleicacid structure computational methods Nucleicacid structure prediction Structure probing of nucleicacid s is the process by which biochemical techniques are used to determine nucleicacid structure . ref cite book author Teunissen AWM title RNA Structure ... magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nucleic acids Nucleicacid NMR is the use of NMR spectroscopy to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of nucleicacid molecules, such as DNA or RNA ... furtig cite journal doi 10.1002 cbic.200300700 pmid 14523911 ref Nucleicacid NMR uses similar techniques as protein NMR, but has several differences. Nucleic acids have a smaller percentage of hydrogen atoms, which are the atoms usually observed in NMR, and because Nucleicacid double helix nucleicacid double helices are stiff and roughly linear, they do not fod back on themselves to give long ... nonstandard geometries such as Nucleicacid double helix Bending bent helices , non Watson ... s. NMR is also useful for probing the binding of nucleicacid molecules to other molecules ... generates hydroxyl radicals which then can react with the nucleicacid molecules. ref name hydrox ... used in conjunction with chemical probing of nucleicacid molecules that are thought to associate ... than the full nucleicacid depending upon where it is cleaved. In this case since the last ..., or if no protein associates with the nucleicacid it can be caused by the tertiary fold. ref ... NucleicAcid Structure Determination Category RNA Category Molecular biology techniques Category ... Nucleic Acids year 1996 publisher Oxford University Press location New York isbn 0195084675 coauthors ... ref The types of NMR usually done with nucleic acids are Proton NMR sup 1 sup H or proton NMR , Carbon ... in space. ref name wemmer cite book last Wemmer first David title Nucleic acids Structures, Properties ... they need to be generated. This can be done using H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub , ascorbic acid, and Fe ... more details
http pymol.sourceforge.net PyMOL . ref The tertiary structure of a nucleicacid is its precise ... structures. Double helix main Nucleicacid double helix The double helix is the dominant tertiary ... GG title Preferential binding of fd gene 5 protein to tetraplex nucleicacid structures journal J ... similar to coaxial stacking has been observed in Nucleicacid design rationally designed DNA structures ... in stabilizing these kinds of junctions in Nucleicacid design artificially designed structures used ... cite journal author Watson JD, Crick FH title Molecular structure of nucleic acids a structure for deoxyribose nucleicacid journal Nature volume 171 issue 4356 pages 737 738 year 1953 month April pmid ... would eventually be overcome largely because of two major advancements in nucleicacid research ... biology in the mid 1990s has caused a veritable explosion in the field of nucleicacid structural ... Biomolecular structure Category RNA ca Estructura terci ria de l acidnucleic ... 171737a0 url http www.nature.com nature dna50 watsoncrick.pdf title A Structure for Deoxyribose NucleicAcid journal Nature volume 171 pages 737 738 year 1953 format PDF issue 4356 bibcode 1953Natur.171 ... the presence of two extended helices that result from coaxial stacking of the amino acid acceptor ... the anticodon stem perpendicularly to the amino acid stem, leading to the functional L shaped tertiary ... editor others title Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology edition language publisher RSC Pub location ... and these steps can be stabilized by different types of cations. In the early stages, RNA forms Nucleicacid secondary structure secondary structure s stabilized through the binding of monovalent cations ... conformational adaptation journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 29 issue 19 pages 3910 8 year 2001 month ..., Penwick, JR, Zamir title Structure of a ribonucleic acid journal Science volume 147 issue 3664 pages ... more details
combined to make Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids A Structure for Deoxyribose NucleicAcid one ... model and theory Crystallography List of nucleicacid simulation software Nucleicacid modeling ... are long chains of amino acid subunits. In some way, the genetic molecule, DNA, had to contain instructions ... nucleic acids journal Nature date 1953 04 25 volume 171 issue 4356 pages 738 740 url http www.nature.com ... of biology Category Nucleic acids Category Academic journal articles Category Works originally published in Nature journal pl Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids th ... more details
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