The book The Mechanism of Mind details the underpinning model of mind that leads to the many thinking skills developed by Edward de Bono , including lateral thinking . The Model The model detailed in the book, and referred to again in many of Edward de Bono s other books, is one of Neurones networked together by many stronger and weaker connections and activating as a result of input stimulus or stimulation from other neurones that are themselves active. Neurones that are active together form stronger connections and are more likely to activate together in the future. The model is a Self organizing system . It is not intended that the model be a detailed analysis of how human brains are structured but the broadest possible abstraction that can provide meaningful understanding of the nature of thinking. Nor is it intended to build a cohesive theory but to provide the reader with a collection of concepts that will illuminate further thinking about thinking. More detailed models and theories specifically about the brain can be found under the topic of Cognitive Science and connectionism . Behaviour of the Model The characteristic behaviour of the system is shown to create and reinforce patterns. The current set of patterns in the system determine how new experiences are integrated. Attention tends to flow along well worn paths and patterns have large catchment areas. Novel experiences are often lost as attention flows down old paths that are in some way similar to the new experience. Sometimes starting at a different point in an established pattern can lead to a jump out of that pattern to a new one. These behaviours are analogs to human thinking behaviours such as circular thinking, prejudice, polarisation, insight and humour. Consequences The mind as modeled has some severe limitations. From The Mechanism of Mind page 182 blockquote Cquote The limitations of the special memory surface can take one of three forms Inability to carry out certain functions. Actual error. ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Tuberomammillary nucleus Latin Nucleus tuberomamillaris boxwidth GraySubject GrayPage Image Width Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType BrainInfoNumber MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Tuberomammillary nucleus NeuroLexID birnlex 1271 Dorlands DorlandsID The tuberomammillary nucleus neuroanatomy nucleus is a subnucleus of the Posterior anatomy posterior third of the hypothalamus . It consists of, largely, histaminergic neurons i.e., neurones releasing histamine and is involved with the control of arousal , sleep and circadian rhythm . Axons of the tuberomammillary nucleus neuroanatomy nucleus project primarily to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus. The projections to the cerebral cortex directly increase cortical activation and arousal, and projections to acetylcholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and dorsal pons do so indirectly, by increasing the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. References see, for example Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 4th Ed., p977. Category Cerebrum Category Neuroanatomy Neuroscience stub ... more details
John Douglas Jack Pettigrew born 1943 is Emeritus Professor of Physiology and Director of the Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre at the University of Queensland in Australia . Professor Pettigrew s research interest is in comparative neuroscience . He has studied a variety of different birds and mammals with modern neural tracing techniques to unravel principles of brain organization. He was the chief proponent of the Flying primates theory , which was based on the similarity between the brains of megabats and primates . Special emphasis is placed on the visual, auditory and somatosensory systems. ref name jack http profiles.bacs.uq.edu.au Jack.Pettigrew.html Emeritus Prof Jack Pettigrew ref Professor Pettigrew was the first person to clarify the neurobiological basis of stereopsis when he described neurones sensitive to binocular disparity . His recent studies indicate a role for non visual pathways in the phenomenon of developmental plasticity during the postnatal critical period . He discovered that owls have independently evolved a system of binocular neurones like those found in mammals. Recent work uses binocular rivalry as an assay for interhemispheric switching, whose rhythm is altered in bipolar disorder . ref name jack His scientific work was recognized by several honours and awards, including becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society of London Fellow of the Royal Society FRS and Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science FAAS . References reflist External links Portal Australia http www.uq.edu.au news index.html?article 1315 Researchers unmask the living brain http www.abc.net.au science news stories s818193.htm Mystery of the Min Min lights explained http www.abc.net.au 7.30 stories s69879.htm New theory on manic depression Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Pettigrew, Jack ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1943 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Pettigrew, Jack Category Australian academics Cate ... more details
HTB is an initialism with several meanings Heisterbacher Talbahn , a former narrow gauge railway in Germany Hellertalbahn , a German railway company Hierarchical Token Bucket , a network packet queuing method in Linux High tension B , another name for UTE C 18 510 , an electrical standard of the Union technique de l lectricit et de la communication UTE High threshold burst s, a feature of thalamocortical neurones believed to underlie the electric oscillations during sleep Holy Trinity Brompton Church , an Anglican church in London Hometown Buffet , a family buffet dining chain in the USA Horse the Band , an experimental metalcore band from California, United States Hokkaido Takushoku Bank , a bank in Japan Hokkaido Television Broadcasting , a broadcasting company in Japan Household Troops Band of the Salvation Army HTB physics H sub TB sup physics , the symbol for heat loss due to thermal bridging in the analysis of the energy performance of buildings in the UK and the Republic of Ireland , the Cyrillic letters for the Russian television network NTV Russia NTV Huis ten Bosch theme park , a theme park in Japan modelled on a Dutch village The IATA airport code for the civil airport of Basse Terre , Guadeloupe Hard to Borrow, used in financial markets to note that a particular stock has few shares available to borrow for shorting disambig de HTB fr HTB it HTB ja HTB ... more details
Context date October 2009 Slow After Hyperpolarisation sAHP refers to a prolonged period of hyperpolarisation in a neuron or cardiomyocyte following an action potential or other depolarising spike. In neural circuitry, a train of action potentials may be required to induce a sAHP this is unlike fast AHPs which require no more than a single action potential. sAHPs are due to an extended potassium flux via calcium activated potassium channels I sub KCa sub ref P. Sah, Ca 2 activated K currents in neurones types, physiological roles and modulation. Trends Neurosci. 19 1996 150 154 ref ref P. Sah, Channels underlying neuronal calcium activated potassium currents. Prog. Neurobiol. 66 2002 345 353 ref . The resulting hyperpolarisation lasts for several seconds in a sAHP and effectively inhibits neural activity for this period. Fast and Medium AHPs have shorter periods. See also Calcium activated potassium channel Calcium activated Potassium Channel References Reflist Category Neuroscience Category Biophysics ... more details
Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitors eCBRI , similar to cannabinoid reuptake inhibitors CBRI , are substances which limit or completely stop the reabsorption of endocannabinoid neurotransmitters into their corresponding pre synaptic neuron es. Etymology There are several parts to the phrase endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor. Firstly, a reuptake inhibitor is a substance that prevents its respective neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed into the pre sypnatic neurones, which makes them continually recycle themselves, thus creating a large increase in neurotransmission. Next, a cannabinoid is simply a class of closely related substances such as Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol . Endo is a prefix used to describe a cannabinoid that is naturally found within an animal. In retrospect, an endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor is a substance that when ingested by an animal prevents its natural cannabinoids from being reabsorbed into the neurones they come from. Pharmacology The inhibition of endocannabinoid reuptake raises the amount of those neurotransmitters available in the synaptic cleft and therefore increases neurotransmission . Following the increase of neurotransmission in the endocannabinoid system is the stimulation of its functions which, in humans, include suppression of pain perception analgesia , increased appetite , mood elevation and inhibition of short term memory . Use in medicine Other than toxicity research and recreational use, eCBRIs could have some potential in fighting tumors and possibly cancer . A study done in 2004 on rats with thyroid tumors showed that reuptake inhibition of the endocannabinoid system using VDM 11 and AA 5 HT reduced the ultimate size of the tumors in the treated rats. These findings suggest that the use of cannabinoids and or eCBR inhibitors could be used to effectively treat tumors and or cancer, which only adds to the controversy around cannabinoids and the cannabis plant as medicine. As one might expect, combining a cannab ... more details
, Les Neurones moteurs, Paris 112 pages ISBN 978 2 918398 00 4 In this first book, Abadie Rosier ... originally published as La construction psychologique du sujet , November 2009, Les Neurones ... , September 2010, Les Neurones moteurs, Paris 300 pages ISBN 978 2 918398 02 8 . Building down ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Synaptic pharmacology is the study of drugs that act on the synapse s. It deals with the composition, uses, and effects of drugs that may enhance receptor or diminish blocker activity at the synapse, which is the junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. A partial list of pharmacological agents that act at synapses follows. border 0 cellpadding 0 cellspacing 0 valign top class wikitable style text align center border 1 cellpadding 2 Synaptic pharmacology Channel, Receptor, or Phenomenon Antagonist or Blocker adenosine DCPGX, ZM241385 , anoxinine AMPA R NBQX AMPA R desensitization cyclothiazide CTZ cannabinoid AM251 AM 251 GABA sub A sub bicuculline ref name Ueno97 cite journal author Ueno S, Bracamontes J, Zorumski C, Weiss DS, Steinbach JH title Bicuculline and gabazine are allosteric inhibitors of channel opening of the GABAA receptor journal J. Neurosci. volume 17 issue 2 pages 625 34 date 15 January 1997 pmid 8987785 url http www.jneurosci.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8987785 ref , gabazine ref name Ueno97 GABA sub B sub CGP 54626 glycine strychnine kainate R .. metabotropic GluR, broad MCPG ref cite journal author Frenguelli BG, Potier B, Slater NT, Alford S, Collingridge GL title Metabotropic glutamate receptors and calcium signalling in dendrites of hippocampal CA1 neurones journal Neuropharmacology volume 32 issue 11 pages 1229 37 year 1993 month November pmid 7906405 doi 10.1016 0028 3908 93 90017 W ref , pertussis toxin , NEM muscarinic AChR atropine , Scopolamine nicotinic AChR bungarotoxin , curare , DhBe NMDA R APV NMDAR antagonist APV References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Synaptic Pharmacology Category Pharmacology Category Neurobiology ... more details
unreferenced date September 2008 Biceps reflex is a reflex test that examines the function of the C5 reflex arc and the C6 reflex arc. ref name Weiner2010 cite book author William J. Weiner title Neurology for the Non Neurologist url http books.google.com books?id eQa9c3 roD8C&pg PA499 accessdate 4 July 2011 date 30 July 2010 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9781605472393 pages 499 ref The test is performed by using a tendon hammer to quickly depress the Biceps brachii muscle biceps brachii tendon ref name Orient2009 cite book author Jane M. Orient title Sapira s Art and Science of Bedside Diagnosis url http books.google.com books?id 5RX1SyN7znoC&pg PA570 accessdate 4 July 2011 year 2009 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9781605474113 pages 570 ref as it passes through the cubital fossa . Specifically, the test activates the stretch receptors inside the biceps brachii muscle which communicates mainly with the C5 spinal nerve and partially with the C6 spinal nerve to induce a reflex contraction of the biceps muscle and jerk of the forearm . A strong contraction indicates a brisk reflex, and a weak or absent reflex is known as diminished . Brisk or absent reflexes are used as clues to the location of neurological disease. Typically brisk reflexes are found in lesions of upper motor neurones, and absent or reduced reflexes are found in lower motor neurone lesions. A change to the biceps reflex indicates pathology at the level of musculocutaneous nerve , segment C5 6 or at some point above it in the spinal cord or brain. References reflist Category Reflexes med stub Reflex nl Bicepspeesreflex ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini GraySubject 187 GrayPage 787 Image Gray696.png Caption The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red sensory in blue. Trigeminal nerve nuclei are at V . Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 550 MeshName Trigeminal nuclei MeshNumber A08.186.211.132.931 NeuroLex Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve NeuroLexID birnlex 1010 DorlandsPre n 11 DorlandsSuf 12581865 The mesencephalic nucleus is involved with proprioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles. Unlike many nuclei within the CNS, the mesencephalic nucleus contains no chemical synapse s but are electrically coupled. ref name pmid5545184 cite journal author Baker R, Llin s R title Electrotonic coupling between neurones in the rat mesencephalic nucleus journal J. Physiol. Lond. volume 212 issue 1 pages 45 63 year 1971 pmid 5545184 doi pmc 1395705 ref Instead, neurons of this nucleus are pseudounipolar cells receiving proprioceptive information from the human mandible mandible , and sending projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus to mediate monosynaptic jaw jerk reflex es. It is also the only structure in the CNS to contain the cell bodies of a primary afferent, which are usually contained within ganglia like the trigeminal ganglion . See also Trigeminocerebellar fibers References reflist External links http thalamus.wustl.edu course brstem.html Washington University Mesencephalon Cranial nerves Category Cranial nerves ja zh ... more details
Low threshold spikes LTS refer to action potential s generated from a membrane potential negative to that for sodium spike threshold firing level . gallery Deleted image removed File Low threshold spikes.png Low threshold spikes gallery Events It occurs when the neuron is maintained 150ms in a hyperpolarised state 70mV state which deinactivates T type calcium channel . Upon receiving excitatory stimulation glutamate , this causes a small depolarisation, allowing the T type Ca channel to open for a period 100ms and this influx of Ca depolarises the neuron. This results in a Ca spike with a characteristic triangular shaped depolarisation which is important for the influx of Na ions to further depolarise the neuron resulting in a number between 2 8 of action potentials, with interval between each AP less than 5ms. The T type Ca channels close after 100ms from opening and must remain closed for at least another 100ms before another set of LTS can occur. The functional significance of having multiple APs is so that these can add together in the next neuron to allow temporal summation and a higher probability that it will activate the next neuron in the circuit Origin These LTSs were originally observed in inferior olive neurons ref Llinas and Yarom 1981 ref and then in thalamic neurons. ref Llinas and Jahnsen 1982 ref Notes references References Llinas, R. and Yarom, Y. 1981 Properties and distribution of ionic conductances generating electroresponsiveness of mammalian inferior olivary neurones in vitro . J. Physiol. London 315 569 584. Llinas, R. and Jahnsen, H. 1982 Electrophysiology of mammalian thalamic neurons in vitro . Nature 297 406 408, 1982. neuroscience stub Category neuroscience ... more details
Refimprove date October 2010 Infobox film name Une vie qui commence image Une vie qui commence.jpg director Michel Monty producer Pierre Even and Jos e Vall e writer Michel Monty starring Julie LeBreton br Raymond Cloutier br Rita Lafontaine br Fran ois Papineau br Charles Antoine Perreault music cinematography studio Cirrus Communications distributor Alliance Vivafilm released Film date 2010 11 21 Paris Semaine du Qu bec 2011 1 21 Canada runtime country Film Canada language French Une vie qui commence also known in its English version as A Life Begins is a 2010 Canada Canadian French language drama film set in the sixties directed and written by Michel Monty , his debut long feature. Plot Following the death of his doctor father Fran ois Papineau from an overdose of prescription drugs, 12 year old tienne Charles Antoine Perreault starts down the same path in an obsessive attempt to both replace and honor his memory. ref http www.montrealgazette.com entertainment movie guide Review commence 4144285 story.html Montreal Gazette Brendan Kelly Review of the film ref Cast Charles Antoine Perreault tienne Langevin the son Fran ois Papineau Jacques Langevin father Julie LeBreton Louise Langevin mother Raymond Cloutier Guy Langevin grandfather Rita Lafontaine grandmother Juliette Vernes Monty Marie ve Mathis Brisson Martin liane Pr fontaine Patricia tienne Soucy Lord Michel Meilleur Yves Sauv Michel Monty References Reflist External links IMDb title 1466567 Une vie qui commence http www.journalmetro.com culture article 354747 les annees 1960 sans nostalgie Cent milliards de neurones offre les ann es 1960 sans nostalgie fr icon DEFAULTSORT Vie Qui Commence Category Canadian films Category French language films Category Directorial debut films Canada film stub fr Une vie qui commence ... more details
on Achatina fulica neurones journal European Journal of Pharmacology volume 182 issue 1 pages 49 ... title Sensitivities of Achatina giant neurones to putative amino acid neurotransmitters journal Comparative ... more details
Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls DNIC refers to an endogenous pain modulatory pathway which has often been described as pain inhibits pain . ref name LeBars1979 Le Bars D, Dickenson AH, Besson JM June 1979 . Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls DNIC . I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat . Pain 6 3 283 304. PMID 460935. ref It occurs when response from a painful stimulus is inhibited by another, often spatially distant, noxious stimulus. Mechanism Noxious stimuli activate the endings of nociceptor nociceptive C fiber C and A delta fiber A delta nerve fibers, which carry the signal to neurons in the posterior horn of spinal cord dorsal horn of spinal cord. DNIC refers to the mechanism by which dorsal horn wide dynamic range neuron s responsive to stimulation from one location of the body may be inhibited by noxious stimuli such as heat, high pressure or electric stimulation applied to another, remote location in the body. ref name LeBars1979 The inhibition is thought to originate in the brain, and is thought to affect both wide dynamic range and nociception specific neurons in the dorsal horn ref name LeBars2002 Le Bars D October 2002 . The whole body receptive field of dorsal horn multireceptive neurones . Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 40 1 3 29 44. PMID 12589904 ref Studies investigating gender differences in DNIC have shown mixed results with the effect dependent upon experimental methodology and measurement method. ref name PopescuA Popescu A, LeResche L, Truelove EL, Drangsholt MT August 2010 . Gender differences in pain modulation by diffuse noxious inhibitory controls a systematic review . Pain 150 2 309 18. doi 10.1016 j.pain.2010.05.013. PMID 20557999. ref Measurement Method Threshold of pain Pressure pain threshold PPT and pain tolerance PTol parameters are widely used as a measure of DNIC. Equipment such as metal pressure Dolorimeter Other dolorimeters algometer with a rubber top is used to apply pressure to a person s finger ... more details
was a separate condition, with degeneration of the lower motor neurones the most important lesion, whereas ... that PMA is just ALS MND in an earlier stage of progression, because although the upper motor neurones ... more details
For the electrical cell see Simple cell electricity Image gabor filter.png thumb Right Gabor filter type receptive field typical for a simple cell. Blue regions indicate inhibition, red faciliation A simple cell in the visual cortex primary visual cortex is a cell that responds primarily to oriented edges and gratings bars of particular orientations . These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel in the late 1950s ref D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel Receptive Fields of Single Neurones in the Cat s Striate Cortex J. Physiol. pp. 574 591 148 1959 ref . Hubel and Wiesel named these cells simple, as opposed to complex cell , because they shared the following properties ref name Hubel1962 D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the Cat s Visual Cortex J. Physiol. 160 pp. 106 154 1962 ref They have distinct excitatory and inhibitory regions. These regions follow the summation property. These regions have mutual antagonism excitatory and inhibitory regions balance themselves out in diffuse lighting. It is possible to predict responses of moving stimuli given the map of excitatory and inhibitory regions. Some other researchers such as Peter Bishop and Peter Schiller used different definitions for simple and complex cells ref Brain and Visual Perception The Story of 25 Year Collaboration D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel Oxford 2005 ref . Such cells are tuned to different frequencies and orientations, even with different phase relationships, possibly for extracting disparity depth information and to attribute depth to detected lines and edges Citation needed date August 2009 . This may result in a 3D wire frame representation as used in computer graphics. The fact that input from the left and right eyes is very close in the so called cortical hypercolumns is an indication that depth processing occurs at a very early stage, aiding recognition of 3D objects. Using the mathematical Gabor model with sine and cos ... more details
atrophy. Every muscle group in the body requires both upper and lower motor neurones to function ... are toxic to nerve cells. Pathophysiology Skeletal muscle s are innervated by a group of neurones lower motor neurones located in the ventral horns of the spinal cord which project out the ventral ... or upper motor neurones that project from the motor cortex of the brain. On macroscopic pathology, there is a degeneration ..., neurones may show spongiosis , the presence of astrocytes , and a number of inclusions including ... of motor neurones that are pathologically distinct from ALS MND and have a different clinical course ... more details
A cortical minicolumn is a cortical column vertical column through the Cerebral cortex cortical layers of the brain, comprising perhaps 80&ndash 120 neuron s, except in the primate striate cortex primary visual cortex V1 , where there are typically more than twice the number. There are about 2 10 sup 8 sup minicolumns in humans. ref Towards cortex sized artificial neural systems, Christopher Johansson and Anders Lansner, Neural Networks , Vol. 20 1, pp48 61, Elsevier, January 2007 ref From calculations, the diameter of a minicolumn is about 28 40 m Citation needed date December 2010 . Many sources support the existence of minicolumns, especially Vernon Mountcastle Mountcastle , ref The columnar organization of the neocortex, Vernon B. Mountcastle, Brain , Vol. 20 4, pp701 722, Oxford University Press, April 1997 ref with strong evidence reviewed by Buxhoeveden and Casanova ref The minicolumn hypothesis in neuroscience, Daniel P. Buxhoeveden and Manuel F. Casanova, Brain , Vol. 125 5, pp935 951, Oxford University Press, May 2002. ref who conclude ... the minicolumn must be considered a strong model for cortical organization and nowiki the minicolumn is nowiki the most basic and consistent template by which the neocortex organizes its neurones, pathways, and intrinsic circuits . See also http williamcalvin.com 1990s 1995Handbook.htm Calvin s Handbook on cortical columns. Size The minicolumn measures of the order of 40 50 m in transverse diameter Mountcastle 1997, Buxhoeveden 2000, 2001 35 60 m Schlaug, 1995, Buxhoeveden 1996, 2000, 2001 50 m with 80 m spacing Buldyrev, 2000 , or 30 m with 50 m Buxhoeveden, 2000 . Larger sizes may not be of human minicolumns, for example Macaque monkey V1 minicolumns are 31 m diameter, with 142 pyramidal cells Peters, 1994 1270 columns per mm sup 2 sup . Similarly, the cat V1 has much bigger minicolumns, 56 m Peters 1991, 1993 . The size can also be calculated from area consideratio ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 416403788 IUPAC name N benzyl 5 methylisoxazole 3 carbohydrazide image Isocarboxazid structure.svg width 200px Clinical data tradename Marplan Drugs.com drugs.com CDI isocarboxazid MedlinePlus a605036 pregnancy category C United States USA legal status Rx only routes of administration Oral Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability ? metabolism Liver elimination half life ? excretion Urine Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 59 63 2 ATC prefix N06 ATC suffix AF01 PubChem 3759 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB01247 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 3628 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 34237V843T KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D02580 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 1201168 Chemical data C 12 H 13 N 3 O 2 molecular weight 231.25 smiles O C NNCc1ccccc1 c2noc c2 C InChI 1 C12H13N3O2 c1 9 7 11 15 17 9 12 16 14 13 8 10 5 3 2 4 6 10 h2 7,13H,8H2,1H3, H,14,16 InChIKey XKFPYPQQHFEXRZ UHFFFAOYAI StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C12H13N3O2 c1 9 7 11 15 17 9 12 16 14 13 8 10 5 3 2 4 6 10 h2 7,13H,8H2,1H3, H,14,16 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey XKFPYPQQHFEXRZ UHFFFAOYSA N Isocarboxazid Enerzer , Marplan , Marplon is an irreversible inhibition irreversible and functional selectivity nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor MAOI of the hydrazine chemical class used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic . ref name pmid2870717 cite journal author Fagervall I, Ross SB title Inhibition of monoamine oxidase in monoaminergic neurones in the rat brain by irreversible inhibitors journal Biochemical pharmacology volume 35 issue 8 pages 1381 7 year 1986 month April pmid 2870717 doi 10.1016 0006 2952 86 90285 6 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii 0006 2952 86 90285 6 ref It is one of the few hydrazine MAOIs still in clinical use, along with phenelzine . Isocarboxazid is used to com ... more details
The startle response is a brainstem reflex that serves to protect the back of the neck whole body startle , or the eye eyeblink , and also facilitates escape from sudden stimuli. It is found across the lifespan and in many species. An individual s emotional state may lead to a variety of different responses. The startle response is distinctively different from the Moro reflex which is a specific response to a loss of support and is said the change around 3 6 months. ref cite web url http www.mendeley.com research emotion attention and the startle reflex 1 page 1 title Peter J. Lang,Margaret M. Bradley, Bruce M Cuthbert. Emotion,attention, and the startle reflex 1990 publisher Mendeley.com date accessdate 2011 10 01 ref ref cite web url http psychology.about.com od mindex g mororeflex.htm title Kendra Cherry What is the Moro Reflex publisher Psychology.about.com date 2011 03 21 accessdate 2011 10 01 ref Acoustic Startle Reflex Image Acoustic startle reflex.JPG thumb Acoustic startle reflex test for mice The pathway for this Stimulus physiology response was largely elucidated in rats in the 1980s. ref cite journal pmid 7086484 year 1982 month Jun author Davis, M Gendelman, Ds Tischler, Md Gendelman, Pm title A primary acoustic startle circuit lesion and stimulation studies volume 2 issue 6 pages 791 805 issn 0270 6474 journal Journal of Neuroscience url http www.jneurosci.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 7086484 format Free full text ref In summary the basic pathway follows the auditory pathway from the ear up to the Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus LLN from where it then activates a motor centre in the reticular formation. This centre sends descending projections to lower motor neurones of the limbs. In slightly more detail this corresponds to Ear cochlea Cranial Nerve VIII auditory Cochlear Nucleus ventral inferior LLN Caudal pontine reticular nucleus PnC . The whole process has a less than 10ms latency. There is no involvement of the superior colliculus superior r ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 443877867 IUPAC name N isopropylisonicotinohydrazide image Iproniazid.svg width 150 Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international iproniazid pregnancy category ? legal status ? routes of administration ? Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability ? metabolism ? elimination half life ? excretion ? Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CAS number 54 92 2 ATC prefix N06 ATC suffix AF05 PubChem 3748 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB04818 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 3617 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII D892HFI3XA KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D02579 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 92401 Chemical data C 9 H 13 N 3 O 1 molecular weight 179.219 smiles O C NNC C C c1ccncc1 InChI 1 C9H13N3O c1 7 2 11 12 9 13 8 3 5 10 6 4 8 h3 7,11H,1 2H3, H,12,13 InChIKey NYMGNSNKLVNMIA UHFFFAOYAH StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C9H13N3O c1 7 2 11 12 9 13 8 3 5 10 6 4 8 h3 7,11H,1 2H3, H,12,13 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey NYMGNSNKLVNMIA UHFFFAOYSA N Iproniazid Euphozid , Iprazid , Ipronid , Ipronin , Marsilid , Rivivol is a hydrazine drug used as an antidepressant . ref name bookDrug discovery cite book author Robert A. Maxwell, Shohreh B. Eckhardt title Drug discovery publisher Humana Press year 1990 page 455 pages 143 154 isbn 0896031802, 9780896031807 ref It acts as an irreversible inhibition irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor MAOI . ref name pmid2870717 cite journal author Fagervall I, Ross SB title Inhibition of monoamine oxidase in monoaminergic neurones in the rat brain by irreversible inhibitors journal Biochemical pharmacology volume 35 issue 8 pages 1381 7 year 1986 month April pmid 2870717 doi 10.1016 0006 2952 86 90285 6 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii 0006 2952 86 90285 6 ref Though it has been widely discontinued in most of the world, it is still used in France . History Iproniazid was ... more details
Julie Le Breton is a French Canadian actress born in Quebec. She predominantly appears in French spoken television series and films. Biography She is best known internationally for her appearance in The Rocket film The Rocket , a French Canadian biopic about legendary ice hockey player Maurice Richard Maurice The Rocket Richard . In this Charles Binam interpretation, she plays Lucille Richard, the wife of the main character starring Roy Dupuis . For her appearance, she got a nomination for the Jutra Award and won the Genie Award for best leading actress. She started her career with a leading role in the national television series Watatatow , and often acts in local television drama. Movies Le bonheur des autres 2010 films 2010 Starbuck 2011 film Starbuck 2010 films 2010 Valerie Everywhere film Everywhere 2010 films 2010 Isabelle L anniversaire 2010 films 2010 Sandrine Une vie qui commence 2010 films 2010 Louise, formerly Cent Milliards de Neurones Cadavres 2009 film Cadavres 2009 films 2009 Ang le Le 7e round 2006 films 2006 St phanie Dubreuil Embarrasse moi 2006 films 2006 Marie Le G nie du crime 2006 films 2006 Maurice Richard film Maurice Richard 2005 films 2005 Lucille Richard Maman Last Call 2005 films 2005 Fanny Lemay La Peau blanche 2004 films 2004 Isabel Lefran ois Dans l il du chat 2004 films 2004 Pauline D formation personnelle 2003 films 2003 Marie H l ne Qu bec Montr al 2002 films 2002 Julie Au hasard l amour 2001 films 2001 Charlotte Television Mauvais karma 2010 Kim Wright Toute la v rit 2010 V ronique Les hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin 2009 Isabelle episode Une Derni re Fois Nos t s 2006 2008 Evelyne Desrochers Fran ois en s rie 2006 Marie H l ne Minuit, le soir 2005 vang line Brigitte Apparences trompeuses 2004 Fille info acad mie Les Bougon c est aussi a la vie 2004 the girl Les Aventures tumultueuses de Jack Carter 2003 M lanie Ciao Bella 2003 Catherine Hommes en quarantaine 2003 Val rie Lepage Macaroni tout garni 1998 Snoro voix Watatatow ... more details
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