is used variously. A nationallanguage may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country . Nationallanguage may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spoken ..., suggests that there are four quite distinctive meanings for nationallanguage in a polity ref Brann, C.M.B. 1994. The NationalLanguage Question Concepts and Terminology. Logos University of Namibia ... . Official versus national languages Nationallanguage and official language are best understood ... , but their language may be considered a nationallanguage. Some languages may be recognized popularly ... of national languages that are not official languages include Cherokee language Cherokee , and Navajo ... of communications within the nation, the ROC decided to designate a nationallanguage. The Beijing ... language and given the name in Chinese language Chinese Pinyin Gu y , lit. nationallanguage, commonly ... from other Chinese spoken variants into the nationallanguage, in addition to those existing in the Beijing ... mainland China , continued the effort and renamed the nationallanguage, largely based on the Beijing ... date February 2009 Finland has two national languages namely the Finnish language and the Swedish ... Hindi is mentioned as an official language in the constitution of India . But Hindi is not the National ... india Theres no nationallanguage in India Gujarat High Court articleshow 5496231.cms title Hindi is not a NationalLanguage related ref India specifies Hindi and English language English as official ... nationallanguage. ref http www.servat.unibe.ch icl le00000 .html Constitution of Lebanon ... language is recognised as official as well together with English. Maltese is recognised as national ... language in Namibia , there are also 20 National languages , which are each spoken by more or less .... Among Namibia s national languages are German language German , Afrikaans , Oshiwambo , Herero language ... three majority , or national, languages. These are the big three, Hausa language Hausa , Igbo ... more details
Infobox Korean name img caption hangul hanja rr Gungnip gugeowon mr Kungnip kug w n The National Institute of the Korean Language is the List of language regulators language regulator of the Korean language . It was created on January 23, 1991 by Presidential Decree No. 13163 November 14, 1990 . It is based in Seoul , South Korea. External links http www.korean.go.kr eng index.jsp Official website Category Language regulators Korean Category Korean languageNational institute o Korea stub ko ja no Gungnip gugeowon ... more details
The National Council for the Maltese Language lang mt Il Kunsill Nazzjonali tal Ilsien Malti was founded in April 2005 with the enactment of the Maltese Language Act Att dwar l Ilsien Malti Chap. 470 in the Malta Maltese Parliament. Its work is to regulate new words coming into Maltese and promote the standard Maltese language in education and other new sectors. The Council consists of five committees which are Media, Education, Language Research, Translations and Terminology and the Development of Maltese in the Information and Technology Sector. The Council s aim is the language planning and promotion of the Maltese language, and thus to improve it by modernising its structures. The National Council for the Maltese Language is a member of the EFNIL European Federation of National Institutions for Language in the European Union EU . External links http www.kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt Official Website Category Language regulators Category Languages of Malta Category Organisations based in Malta Malta stub ar eo Nacia Konsilio por la Malta Lingvo he pl Narodowa Rada J zyka Malta skiego ... more details
Infobox Museum name National Museum of Language image map type Maryland map caption Location in Maryland latitude 38.976793 longitude 76.93863 established 2008 location 7100 Baltimore Avenue br College Park, Maryland United States type Museum visitors president Amelia C. Murdoch vice president Jack D. Jones secretary Alan J. Turnbull treasurer James E. McFadden publictransit File WMATA Metro Logo.svg 20px color box WMATA color Green College Park Washington Metro College Park website http www.languagemuseum.org National Museum of Language The National Museum of Language , located in College Park, Maryland , is a cultural institution established in 2008 to examine the history, impact, and art of language ... college park patch http collegepark.patch.com articles the national museum of language college parks historic secret ref History Linguists at the NSA put on an exhibition in 1971 called Language, Its Infinite Variety , however the idea of a language museum does not gain hold until 1985, when the linguists ... External links http www.languagemuseum.org National Museum of Language http www.facebook.com group.php?gid 11874854661 Facebook National Museum of Language http aclweb.org nmlwiki index.php?title Main Page Wiki National Museum of Language http www.librarything.com profile languagemuseum LibraryThing National Museum of Language http www.visitprincegeorges.com attractions historic.htm Prince George ... name jaars http www.jaars.org whoweare newsroom pressreleases jaars museum alphabet contributes national museum language opening maryland ref and remains one of only a handful of institutions designed for this purpose. ref name nclrc http www.nclrc.org about teaching language museum.html ref The museum ... officially on May 3rd, 2008, with an exhibition entitled Writing Language Passing It On . ref name gazette.net ref The NationalLanguage Museum hosts a lecture series in partnership with the University of Maryland, College Park s Center for Advanced Study of Language . ref name diamondback http www.diamondbackonline.com ... more details
The National Security Language Initiative is a program introduced by United States United States President President George W. Bush on January 5, 2006 at the U.S. University President s Summit to develop the foreign language skills of American students , especially in critical need foreign languages such as Arabic , Chinese language Chinese , Russian language Russian , Hindi language Hindi , and Persian language Persian . The initiative was given 114 million in fiscal year 2007 and 26.6 million in 2008 to expand programs from kindergarten level to universities . ref http www.state.gov r pa prs ps 2006 58733.htm ref ref http exchanges.state.gov NSLI ref Scope of the program The initiative is coordinated by the State Department , United States Department of Education Education Department , Defense Department and the Director of National Intelligence . ref http www.ed.gov about inits ed competitiveness nsli about.html ref The National Security Language Initiative has three broad goals expand the number of Americans mastering critical need languages and start at a younger age, increase the number of advanced level speakers of foreign languages, increase the number of foreign language teachers and the resources for them. ref http www.state.gov r pa prs ps 2006 58733.htm ref Criticisms Several college leaders have expressed concern about how large of a role the Pentagon is playing in the initiative and, after the program was announced, the lack of details. ref http www.insidehighered.com news 2006 01 06 foreign ref References reflist Category Language education Category Education finance in the United States Category United States national security policy ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The NationalLanguage Service promotes and facilitates communication across languages in South Africa . In keeping with the language requirements of the Constitution of South Africa Constitution , the NLS manages the linguistic diversity of South African society and is responsible for harnessing all the languages of the people by putting into practical effect policy measures aimed at promoting the use of these languages, including those languages which have historically been neglected. The NLS core business is to meet the language requirements of the Constitution by facilitating, promoting and providing a translation and editing service in all the official languages and by managing language diversity through language planning and terminology projects. The NLS functions as the Government s professional language support system by translating official documents in all the official languages. Its terminology service assists with the development and modernisation of the technical vocabularies of the official languages. The language planning functions include advising the Government on the development of language policy and implementation strategies. Category Languages of South Africa Category Government of South Africa Category Organisations based in South Africa SouthAfrica stub af Nasionale Taaldiens de NationalLanguage Service es NationalLanguage Services xh Iinkonzo Zeelwimi Zesizwe zu Uphiko Lwezilimi Kuzwelonke nl Nationale taaldienst ru st Tshebeletso ya Setjhaba ya Puo tn Tirelo ya Dipuo tsa Boset haba ss Luphiko lwemSebenti wetiLwimi taVelonkhe ve Tshumelo ya Nyambo dza Lushaka ts Mintirho ya swa Ririmi ya Rixaka ... more details
The NationalLanguage Service Corps NLSC is a nonprofit civilian organization administererd by the Federal government of the United States U.S. federal government . The mission of the NLSC is to recruit a readily available pool of individuals who have expertise in languages that are important to the security and welfare of the nation. The NLSC provides certification to qualified individuals as part of its enrollment process. Its members must be US citizens who are at least 18 years old. NLSC members voluntarily join and renew their membership in an organization that both considers and adopts the best ... relief to international crises to immediate national need wherever language skills are necessary ..., is a major component of the Department of Defense DoD plan to address future surge requirements and the National Security Language Initiative NSLI . The objective of the latter is to build national ..., Virginia . See also National Security Language Initiative External links http www.nlscorps.org Official website Category United States national security policy ... of NLSC members associated with each language. The NLSC conducts assessments and certifies the language ... the requesting agency s language requirements and the operational details for the deployment of NLSC members in support of the requirements. Duty assignments of NLSC members are based upon language skills ... 487 , Section 613, authorized the Director of National Intelligence to conduct a three year pilot .... Public Law 109 364 also known as the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act of 2007 transferred the Pilot administration to the Secretary of Defense through the National Security Education Program National Security Education Program NSEP , for a period of five years. The NLSC would identify and warehouse foreign language expertise that is critical to DoD that can be made available when needed from the rich and diverse US population of heritage speakers and other language capable individuals ... more details
, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their native language. ref The date has been a national holiday ever since. In the main square of Chi in u a concert is organized featuring the performances of various national entertainers. Normally the stage is not dismantled since Independence ... en article limba noastra Limba Noastra end of August Language Day ref See also Popular ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The nationallanguage debate in Fiji concerns the status of the country s three official languages English language English , Fijian language Fijian , and Hindustani language Hindustani the name used in the Constitution of Fiji constitution for Fiji Hindi . From British Empire colonial times , the sole official language was English, but the 1997 Constitution of Fiji ... also endorsed the call for Fijian to be made a nationallanguage and a compulsory school subject, provided that the same status be give to Hindi language Hindi a position echoed by Krishna Vilas of the National ... Fijian as the nationallanguage. To achieve national unity, multi cultural and multi racial harmony, we should have one common language which must be taught at all schools, he told the House ... citizen. DEFAULTSORT NationalLanguage Debate In Fiji Category Fijian culture ... calls came from Misiwini Qereqeretabua , the Director of the Institute of Fijian Language and Culture ... both said that recognition of the Fijian language is essential to the nation s basic identity, as a unifying ... supported making Hindi language Hindi available in all schools, but considered that Fijian should get priority. If the Indians in the country lost their language, there is a whole continent of people in India who would still have the language, she said. In the whole world only 330,000 people ... the Fijian language is very important to preserve. A investigation by the Rewa, Fiji Rewa Local government ... children in the first and second grades of nine Rewa schools could not speak their own language ... their own language. His parents generation had emphasized prioritizing English on the assumption ... the language was made compulsory at all levels of primary education, it would be lost to the next ..., said on 29 June 2005 that language was the window by which people could appreciate and absorb ... of the Fijian language, it needed to be given special attention on its own merit. House of Representatives ... more details
Infobox Company company name NationalLanguage Authority company logo Image muqtadra.jpg company type ... homepage http www.nla.gov.pk dissolved footnotes The NationalLanguage Authority Muqtadra Qaumi Zaban lang ur or Urdu Language Authority ref Zia 1999 ref is an autonomous regulatory institution established in 1979 to support the advancement and promotion of Urdu which is the nationallanguage of Pakistan . Initially it was aimed at creating a synergy between Government of Pakistan national and Subdivisions of Pakistan provincial governments and institutions for using Urdu and Persian language Persian . However, with time, it expanded its horizons to include standardisation and Linguistics .... Notes reflist See also National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language Urdu literature Urdu keyboard ... key people area served Standardisation and promotion of Perso Urdu language industry products services ... s for maximizing use of the language in all walks of life. In this respect, large amounts of legal and scientific documents are Translation translated from English language English and other language s for publication into Urdu. These efforts have resulted in greater awareness of the language s potential ... of Urdu language in grammical Persian language Persian through publication s and other reading ... among various academic , research and education al institutions for use of Urdu language and native ... Urdu as an official and business language as a Medium of instruction and as a medium of expression ... more distant from Hindustani language Hindustani . ref Muqtadra 2002 ref Organisation The organisational ... to carry out research in developing the suitable hardware and software for the use of language ... scale projects such as Identity document Pakistan Computerised National Identity Cards by NADRA and a number of E Governance initiatives by the national government. In July 2000, UZT 1.01 was standardised ... ref Based on this version, Urdu language support was incorporated into the Versions 3.1 and 4.0 of Unicode ... more details
The nihongo National Institute for Japanese Language Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenky jo NIJLA is an independent administrative institution in Japan, established for the purpose of studying, surveying, promoting, and making recommendations for the proper usage of the Japanese language . ref name nijla1 NIJLA, http www.kokken.go.jp en overview mission web page English ref The institute is currently located in Tachikawa, Tokyo Tachikawa City in Tokyo , Japan . See also List of Independent Administrative Institutions Japan References reflist External links NIJLA, http www.kokken.go.jp en web page English NIJLA, http www.kokken.go.jp web page Japanese coord 35.71084 N 139.40993 E source placeopedia display title center center Category Government of Japan Category Research institutes in Japan Japan gov stub ja ... more details
Infobox Company company name National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language br lang ur company logo company type Autonomous Regulatory Body genre foundation April 1, 1996 this parameter modifies Founded founder location city Delhi location country India location this parameter modifies Headquarters origins key people Kapil Sibal , M. Hamidullah Bhat area served Standardisation and promotion of Urdu language industry products services revenue operating income net income num employees parent divisions subsid owner company slogan homepage http www.urducouncil.nic.in dissolved footnotes The National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language lang ur , Qaum kaunsala bar far a ai urd zab n NCPUL is an autonomous regulatory body in the Government of India . It is the main authority of Urdu language and education in India, being one of two authorities responsible for the regulation of Urdu, the other being the NationalLanguage Authority of Pakistan. Functions and Objectives of the NCPUL To make available knowledge of scientific and technological development and ideas evolved in the modern context in Urdu. Promotion of the Urdu language. Provide diplomas in Urdu . Increase IT literacy in Urdu . Provide Publications in Urdu See Also DD Urdu Urdu Speakers and geographic distribution Geographic Distribution of Urdu Languages of India Dakhni Urdu in Aurangabad Sources references After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia REFB for instructions on how to add citations. http www.antya.com detail National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language 28NCPUL 29 19619 http urdu info.blogspot.com 2010 12 national council for promotion of urdu.html http mictcc.com ncpul.htm http www.i4donline.net issue feb04 initiative full.htm noinclude Category Urdu noinclude ... more details
The National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film is one of the annual awards given by the National Board of Review . Note This list is incomplete. TOCDecades30 Winners 1930s class wikitable width 95 cellpadding 5 width 100 Year width 500 Winner width 200 Country width 200 Director s style text align center 1934 Man of Aran style text align center 1936 Carnival in Flanders film Carnival in Flanders style text align center 1937 The Eternal Mask style text align center 1938 Grand style text align center 1939 Port of Shadows 1940s class wikitable width 95 cellpadding 5 width 100 Year width 500 Winner width 200 Country width 200 Director s style text align center 1950 The Baker s Wife style text align center 1951 Pepe le Moko 1950s class wikitable width 95 cellpadding 5 width 100 Year width 500 Winner width 200 Country width 200 Director s style text align center 1950 The Titan style text align center 1951 Rashomon film Rashomon Japan Akira Kurosawa style text align center 1952 The Sound Barrier UK David Lean style text align center 1953 A Queen is Crowned UK style text align center 1954 Romeo and Juliet UK Italy Renato Castellani style text align center 1955 The Prisoner style text align center 1956 The Silent World France Cousteau & Louis Malle style text align center 1957 Ordet The Word Ordet Denmark Dreyer style text align center 1958 Pather Panchali India Styajit Ray style text align center 1959 Wild Strawberries film Wild Strawberries Smultronst llet Sweden Ingmar Bergman 1960s class wikitable width 95 cellpadding 5 width 100 Year width 500 Winner width 200 Country width 200 Director s style text align center 1960 The World of Apu The World of Apu Apur Sansar India Satyajit Ray style text align center 1961 The Bridge The Bridge Die Br cke West Germany Bernhard ... Film awards for Best Foreign Language Film de National Board of Review Award Bester fremdsprachiger Film it National Board of Review Award al miglior film straniero vi Gi i NBRMP cho phim ngo i ng hay ... more details
The National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Foreign Language Film is one of the annual awards given by the National Society of Film Critics . Winners 1990s class wikitable width 95 cellpadding 5 width 100 Year width 200 English title width 200 Original title width 200 Country width 200 Director style text align center 1999 Autumn Tale Conte d automne France Eric Rohmer 2000s class wikitable width 95 cellpadding 5 width 100 Year width 200 English title width 200 Original title width 200 Country width 200 Director style text align center 2000 colspan 4 Not awarded because the year s best film is a foreign language film Yi Yi A One and a Two style text align center 2001 In the Mood for Love Fa yeung nin wa France Hong Kong Kar Wai Wong style text align center 2002 And Your Mother Too Y tu mam tambi n Mexico Alfonso Cuar n style text align center 2003 To Be and to Have tre et avoir France Nicolas Philibert style text align center 2004 colspan 2 Moolaad Burkina Faso Cameroon France Ousmane Semb ne style text align center 2005 Head On Gegen die Wand Germany Turkey Fatih Akin style text align center 2006 colspan 4 Not awarded because the year s best film is a foreign language film Pan s Labyrinth style text align center 2007 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days 4 luni, 3 saptamani si 2 zile Romania Cristian Mungiu style text align center 2008 colspan 4 Not awarded because the year s best film is a foreign language film Waltz with Bashir style text align center 2009 Summer Hours l Heure d t France Olivier Assayas 2010s class wikitable width 95 cellpadding 5 width 100 Year width 200 English title width 200 Original title width 200 Country width 200 Director style text align center 2010 colspan 2 Carlos TV miniseries Carlos France , Germany Olivier Assayas NSFC Awards Chron Category Film awards for Best Foreign Language Film ... more details
On Language was a regular column in the weekly New York Times Magazine on the English language discussing popular etymology , new or unusual usages, and other language related topics. The inaugural column was published on February 18, 1979 and it was a regular popular feature. Many of the columns were collected in books. Columnist and journalist William Safire was one of the most frequent contributors from the inception of the column until Safire s death in 2009. He wrote the inaugural On Language column in 1979. ref http www.nytimes.com 2009 10 11 magazine 11FOB onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Maven, Nevermore about Safire s legacy ref starting it with the greeting How do you do. This is a new column about language. In more than 30 years, he contributed more than 1300 installments to the column. Safire was succeeded by Ben Zimmer , who wrote the column until its final edition on February 25, 2011. ref http www.nytimes.com 2011 02 27 magazine 27fob onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Future Tense ref About the cancellation of the column, the incoming editor of New York Times Magazine Hugo Lindgren explained this and other changes to the magazine It is mine now. I m in charge. We re going to be doing some significant redesign work, and have a newish magazine by the end of January. The big thing is, I want to create a kind of new identity for the front of the book section. That doesn t mean that everything s being tossed out. We re looking at everything and evaluating what sort of fits. ref http nymag.com daily intel 2010 11 new times magazine editor hugo.html New York Magazine New Times Magazine Editor Hugo Lindgren on His Plans Big Subjects, More T, and the End of The Way We Live Now ref References Reflist External links http topics.nytimes.com topics features magazine columns on language index.html A collection of On Language columns published in The New York Times DEFAULTSORT On Language Category English language Category The New York ... more details
About the properties of language in general other uses Language disambiguation File Cuneiform script2.jpg thumb 250px Cuneiform is one of the first known forms of written language , but spoken language is believed to predate writing by tens of thousands of years at least. Language may refer either to the specifically ... instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any ... today are the most salient examples, but natural language s can also be based on visual rather than auditive stimuli, for example in sign language s and written language . Code s and other kinds of constructed language artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for programming language computer programming can also be called languages. A language in this sense is a system ... lingua , language, tongue. This metaphoric relation between language and the tongue exists in many ... title language encyclopedia The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language edition ..., language refers to the cognitive faculty that enables humans to learn and use systems of complex communication. The human language faculty is thought to be fundamentally different from and of much higher complexity than those of other species. Human language is highly complex in that it is based on a set ... utterances from a finite number of elements. Language is thought to have originated when early ... is thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume. Language is neurolinguistics processed ... s area Wernicke s area s. Humans language acquisition acquire language through social interaction .... The use of language has become deeply entrenched in human culture and, apart from being used to communicate ... language can also be used to describe the set of rules that makes this possible, or the set of utterances ... sequences of words. Languages language change evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution ... of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The languages that are most ... more details
Infobox Language name Are states Papua New Guinea region Milne Bay Province , tip of Cape Vogel speakers 1,230 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western fam5 Papuan Tip languages Papuan Tip fam6 Kilivila Nuclear Papuan Tip fam7 Are Taupota languages Are Taupota fam8 Are languages Are iso2 map iso3 mwc The Are language is an Austronesian languages Austronesian language of the eastern Papua New Guinea n mainland spoken by about 1,230 people. External links ethnologue code mwc Category Nuclear Papuan Tip languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea PapuaNewGuinea stub au lang stub fr Are langue hr Are jezik is Are ... more details
Infobox Language name Then states CHN region Pingtang County , southern Guizhou speakers 15,000 1999 familycolor Kradai fam1 Tai Kadai languages Tai Kadai fam2 Kam Sui languages Kam Sui iso3 tct The Then language zh also spelled T en and Ten is a Kam Sui language spoken in Pingtang County , southern Guizhou . References Reflist Bo, Wenze. 1997. Yanghuang yu yan jiu A Study of Yanghuang Then . Beijing Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she. External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 719 Then word list from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database tk lang stub Category Languages of China Category Tai Kadai languages Category Tonal languages fr T en ... more details
The Florentine language was the language spoken in the Italy Italian city of Florence . It became the nationallanguage of the Kingdom of Italy 1861 1946 Kingdom of Italy when it was established in 1861 . It is a form of Tuscan dialect . References cite web url http linguistics.byu.edu classes ling450ch reports Italian2.html title A Brief History of the Italian Language author Cory Crawford accessdate 2007 01 15 Romance languages ie lang stub Category Italian language Category Florence ... more details
and Cyprus , is a regional language of Kosovo . See also Minority languageNationallanguage ...Refimprove date February 2010 A regional language is a language spoken in an area of a nation state , whether ... of the State s population and different from the official language s of that State Influence of number of speakers There are many cases when a regional language can claim greater numbers of speakers than certain languages which happen to be official language s of sovereign states. For example, Catalan language Catalan a regional language of Spain and France , albeit official in Andorra has more speakers than Finnish language Finnish or Danish language Danish . In China, Wu Chinese Wu , spoken ... speakers than French language French , and Yue Chinese Cantonese , a regional language of Guangdong ..., parts of Malaysia , outnumbers Italian language Italian in number of speakers. Subgroups and dialects ... languages In some cases, a regional language may be closely related to the state s main language or official language . For example Walloon language Walloon , a regional language of France and Belgium , belongs to the same family of O l languages as French language French . Limburgish , a regional language in Germany , the Netherlands and Belgium, has around one million speakers and is closely related to Luxembourgish , Rhinelandic and Ripuarian language Ripuarian . Low Saxon languages Low Saxon also referred to as Low German , an officially recognized regional language in Germany and the Netherlands ... language German . Scots language Scots , a regional language of Scotland and Ireland , belongs to the same family of West Germanic languages as English language English . Kashubian language Kashubian , an official regional language of Poland . Silesian language Silesian , a regional language of Poland and Czech Republic . Silesian with Czech and Polish is a Slavic languages Slavic language . There exists also Germanic version Lower Silesian language . Prekmurian dialect Prekmurian , considered ... more details
ban on its use , with a view to promoting a national identity based on the majority language. An example of recent promotion of a minority language are Welsh language Welsh or Leonese language Leonese by the Leonese City Council, an example of official discouragement of a minority language is Breton language Breton . Language politics also sometimes relates to dialect , where speakers of a particular dialect are perceived as speaking a more culturally advanced or correct form of the language. Politicians ...Unreferenced date June 2008 Language politics Language politics is a term used to describe political ... consequences of the way a language is spoken and what words are used. It means language can express some authority. Examples include Recognition or not of a language as an official language . Generally ... to be in an official language only. In countries where there are more than one main language, there are often ... another, and this is often referred to as language politics. An example of a country with this type of language politics is Belgium . In countries where there is one main language, immigrants seeking full citizenship may be expected to have a degree of fluency in that languagelanguage politics then being ... politics . At various times minority language s have either been promoted or banned in schools, as politicians have either sought to promote a minority language with a view to strengthening the cultural ... when in the public eye to be seen as a man woman of the people . To promote national identity, what are strictly dialects of the same language may be promoted as separate languages to promote a sense of national identity examples include Danish language Danish and Norwegian language Norwegian , and Serbian language Serbian and Croatian language Croatian the latter two also use different scripts for what is linguistically the same language Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic for Serbian and Latin alphabet roman script for Croatian . Whether or not something is a language can also involve language politics ... more details
language education in the United States. Heritage languages in America preserving a national resource ...refimprove date November 2010 Following a widely accepted definition by Valdes 2000 , a heritage language is a language that is acquired by individuals raised in homes where the dominant language of the region ... language is typically acquired before a dominant language but is not completely acquired because of the individual s switch to that dominant language. This incompletely acquired version of a home language, then, is what is known as a heritage language. Polinsky, M. & Kagan, O., 2007 By an early age, heritage speakers will be to some degree bilingual in the dominant language and the heritage language ..., the key point, under this definition of heritage language, is that the learning trajectories of heritage speakers particularly those speakers who eventually make a formal study of a heritage language differ markedly from the trajectories of second language learners with little or no previous exposure to a target language. The definition of a heritage speaker in general and for specific languages ... are seen as heritage speakers of a single standard language taught for geographic, cultural or other ... definition of heritage language that emphasizes possible links between cultural heritage and linguistic heritage. A definition by Fishman 2001 81 stresses a particular family relevance of a language ... to a particular language through family interaction as language learners not speakers with a heritage motivation. Under these broader conceptions, a heritage language may be equivalent to a second language .... Heritage language speakers can usually be considered bilingual to some degree, and the heritage language is usually the person s first language . However, it is important to note differences in the ways that heritage learners use the heritage language and the dominant language. Heritage learners can be characterized by a fluent command of the dominant language and are comfortable using it in formal ... more details
orphan date September 2010 The Language nest is an language immersion immersion based approach to language revitalization which was originated as a part of the M ori language revival , where it was coined as K hanga reo . In a language nest, older speakers of the language take part in early childhood education with a view to improving intergenerational language transference. The approach has had considerable success in revitalizing the M ori language in New Zealand . It has since been replicated in Hawaii , where the Hawaiian language equivalent, the Punana Leo , has also been successful in producing first language speakers of Hawaiian. In August 2009, the Australian government pledged to pilot language nests as part of its National Indigenous Languages Policy ref cite web url http www.arts.gov.au indigenous languages policy title Indigenous Languages Policy ref . References References Category Language revival Category Linguistic purism Category Linguistic rights linguistics stub ru fi Kielipes fiu vro Keelepes ... more details
Image Languages College.png frame right Language Colleges were introduced in 1995 as part of the Specialist school Specialist Schools Programme in the United Kingdom . The system enables secondary school s to specialise in certain fields, in this case, modern foreign language s. Schools that successfully apply to the Specialist Schools Trust and become Language Colleges will receive extra funding for language teaching from this joint private sector and government scheme. Language Colleges also act as a local point of reference for other schools and businesses in the area, with an emphasis on promoting languages within the community. They are encouraged to develop links with schools and other institutions in foreign countries. There are currently 216 in the country. ref http www.standards.dfes.gov.uk specialistschools what are language The Standards Site Language Bot generated title ref Language Colleges are also part of the National Languages Strategy, which promotes the learning of foreign languages within the UK. References references External links http www.standards.dfes.gov.uk specialistschools what are language Department for Children, Schools and Families http www.schoolsnetwork.org.uk main.asp?page 13 Specialist Schools Trust Category Educational institutions established in 1995 Category Language education Category Language Colleges in England Category Specialist schools fa ... more details
University stared the federated operation of the Language Grid with the National Electronics and Computer ...COI date March 2011 Language Grid is a multilingual service platform on the Internet, developed by Language Grid Project, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology . It enables easy registration and sharing of language resources such as Online dictionary online dictionaries , bilingual corpora , and machine translation s. The development of the Language Grid was started in April ... The Language Grid is developed to increase the accessibility and usability of language resources. It takes the Service oriented service oriented approach by wrapping existing language resources as atomic ... The Language Grid consists of four service layers P2P Grid Layer, Atomic Service Layer, Composite Service Layer and Application System Layer ref Language Grid Service Layer http langrid.nict.go.jp en service layer.html ref . Software Language Grid related software includes the Service Grid ... ref , Language Services ref Language Services http servicegrid.net oss project en language service.html ref , and Language Grid Toolbox ref Language Grid Toolbox http servicegrid.net oss project en toolbox.html ref . The development of Language Grid related software is managed by the open source ... started single operation of the Language Grid in December 2007 for non profit purpose and research purpose, which is named as Language Grid Kyoto Operation Center ref Language Grid Kyoto Operation Center ... had joined the Kyoto Language Grid ref List of Users of Language Grid Kyoto Operation Center ... Language Grid ref List of Language Services in Kyoto Language Grid http langrid.org service manager language services ref . In January 2011, the second operation center for Language Grid was started by the National Electronics and Computer Technology Center of Thailand, which is called Language Grid Bangkok Operation Center ref Language Grid Bangkok Operation Center http text.hlt.nectec.or.th ... more details
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