National Laboratory The NationalSynchrotronLightSource NSLS at Brookhaven National Laboratory BNL in Upton, New York is a national user research facility funded by the U.S. Department of Energy DOE . The NSLS, is considered a second generation synchrotron , and was built beginning in 1978 ... source in the vacuum ultra violet region until the advent of 3rd generation sources. ref name NSLS VUV X ray ring The X ray ring at the NationalSynchrotronLightSource was one of the first storage rings designed as a dedicated source of synchrotron radiation . ref name NSLS X ray ring cite web ... facilities Category Brookhaven National Laboratory de NationalSynchrotronLightSource ... publisher Bnl.gov accessdate March 17, 2010 ref User statistics The NationalSynchrotronLight ... , and are the source of synchrotron radiation. To get a single and fixed wavelength at the end ... intense focused light spanning the electromagnetic spectrum from the infrared through x rays. The properties of this light and the specially designed experimental stations, called beamline s, allow ... for every synchrotron storage ring. It is common to refer to storage rings by the number of straight sections and bend sections. The bend sections, produced more light than the straight sections due ... by adding Wiggler synchrotron wigglers and undulator s in the straight sections of the storage ring, ref name NSLS History this resulted in very bright light also being produced by these sections. In fact these insertion devices, Wiggler synchrotron wigglers and undulator s, produce the brightest light. Beamline s that are downstream from these insertion devices receive the brightest light. VUV ring Image Beamline at Brookhaven National Laboratory.jpg thumb 200px A beamline for synchrotronlight at Brookhaven. The VUV Ring at the NationalSynchrotronLightSource was one of the first of the 2nd generation light sources to operate in the world. It was initially designed in 1976 and commissioned ... more details
nsls2 NSLS II Website references The NationalSynchrotronLightSource II , or NSLS II, is currently being constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory and will cost 912,000,000USD. ref name ... 2010 ref The NSLS II will replace the current NationalSynchrotronLightSource NSLS . Construction ... NationalSynchrotronLightSource NSLS . ref name NSLS II The future NSLS Project The NSLS ... II Source Properties and Floor Layout url http www.bnl.gov nsls2 docs PDF SourceProperties.pdf publisher ... National Laboratory http www.lightsources.org Lightsources.org coord 40 51 55.3818 N 72 52 19.7142 W type landmark display title name NSLS II Category Synchrotron radiation facilities Category Brookhaven National Laboratory ... more details
as a synchrotronlightsource was Tantalus, at the Synchrotron Radiation Center , first operational ... 2 hi science nature 7324564.stm Imaging ancient insects with synchrotronlightsource BBC http www.iop.org publications iop 2011 page 47511.html Synchrotronlight at IOP DEFAULTSORT SynchrotronLightSource Category Synchrotron radiation Category Synchrotron related techniques Category Particle ... to the beam which are needed to convert the high energy electron energy into light or some other form of EM radiation. The major applications of synchrotronlight are in condensed matter physics ... techniques and usage Synchrotronlight is an ideal tool for many types of research and also ... of synchrotronlight that allow for these practical uses are High energy X rays , short ... experiments. One method of making a compact lightsource is to utilise the energy shift from Compton ... see for example the Compact LightSource CLS ref cite web url http www.eurekalert.org pub releases 2006 03 lti msp030106.php title Miniature synchrotron produces first light publisher ...Refimprove date June 2008 Remove suggested merge tag, now accomplished Mergeto Synchrotron radiation Talk Synchrotron radiation Merging Synchrotron radiation with Synchrotronlight date May 2008 This article is mostly concerned with the laboratory production and applications of synchrotron radiation . For details of physics of emission and properties, see synchrotron radiation . Image Synchrotron radiation.jpg thumb right 250px Synchrotron radiation emerging from a beam port. The blue colour comes from oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the air, ionized by the X rays A synchrotronlightsource is a source of electromagnetic radiation produced by a synchrotron , ref Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation ... sci archive SRTurns50.html Synchrotron Radiation Turns the Big Five O ref which is artificially ... components such as bending magnet s and insertion device s undulator s or wiggler synchrotron ... more details
coord 53 20 35 N 02 38 26 W region GB type landmark source dewiki display title The Synchrotron Radiation Source SRS at the Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire , England was the first second generation ref citation url http www.srs.ac.uk srs news extras news extra5.htm title 11.5 million for World Leading Project at Daresbury Laboratory accessdate 2007 10 13 publisher Synchrotron Radiation Source ref synchrotron radiation source to produce X rays. The research facility provided synchrotron radiation to a large number at one point 38 experimental stations ref citation url http www.srs.ac.uk srs stations.htm title STATIONS accessdate 2007 10 13 publisher Synchrotron Radiation Source ref and had an operating cost of approximately 20 million per annum. ref citation url http www.srs.ac.uk srs facts facts and figures.htm title SRS Facts and Figures accessdate 2007 10 13 publisher Synchrotron Radiation Source ref SRS had been operated by the Science and Technology Facilities Council . The SRS was closed in August 2008 after 28 years of operation, and is presently being decommissioned, with no major plans for the re use of the existing building. ref citation url http www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk news technology s 1061124 switched offlens that gave us ipod title Switched off...lens that gave ... world first bids farewell accessdate 2009 01 10 publisher Synchrotron Radiation Source ref History Following the closure of the NINA accelerator NINA synchrotron, construction of the facility ... 2007 10 13 publisher Synchrotron Radiation Source ref In 1986 the storage was upgraded with additional ... CERN ref See also Diamond LightSource References Reflist External links http www.srs.ac.uk Synchrotron Radiation Source Major Scientific Research Facilities based in the United Kingdom Category Synchrotron radiation facilities ... to produce synchrotron radiation principally from its dipole magnets, but the initial design foresaw ... more details
List of world SynchrotronLightSource Facilities ref dedicated synchrotron facilities ... News 5th February 2007 See also Synchrotron Radiation Source SRS European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ESRF Synchrotron References Reflist External links http www.diamond.ac.uk Diamond LightSource ...Image DiamondLogo.png right thumb 300px Diamond LightSource Logo Deleted image removed Image DiamondSynchrotron.jpg right thumb 300px Aerial view of The Diamond Synchrotron Diamond LightSource is the UK s nationalsynchrotron science facility http maps.google.co.uk maps?f q&hl en&q OX11 0DE&ie UTF8 .... Its purpose is to produce synchrotronlight intense beams of light whose special characteristics are useful ... Her Majesty The Queen Officially Opens Diamond LightSource ref . The facility is operated by Diamond LightSource Ltd, ref http www.diamond.ac.uk Home About Company.html Diamond LightSource Ltd ref ... Diamond Podcast 09.02.mp3 Diamond LightSource Podcast Feb 2009 ref As the electrons pass through specially ... bright beam of electro magnetic radiation. This is the synchrotronlight used for experiments ... in the centre of the ring. These beamlines are the experimental stations where the synchrotronlight ... from that the fact that the light from the synchrotron is both hard referring to the hard X ray ... s largest dedicated synchrotronsource. Films, Animations and Podcasts http www.diamond.ac.uk ... radiation facilities Category Wellcome Trust de Diamond LightSource fr Diamond LightSource ... Home Media LatestNews 02 12 10.html Diamond and Rolls Royce shine light on world s biggest synchrotron stage ref to conservation of archeological artfacts for example Henry VIII s flagship ... solutions for old warship Diamond Lights Source ref ref http nakeddiscovery.com downloads ... the cost of the synchrotron building, the accelerators inside it, the first seven experimental stations ... and the synchrotron hall. Significant construction achievements to note i The project was completed ... more details
results are published in open literature . The Advanced LightSource s current director is Roger Falcone . History When the Advanced LightSource was first proposed in the early 1980s by former ... of a synchrotron optimized for soft x rays and ultraviolet light. According to former ALS director ... million dollars for the construction of the Advanced LightSource. ref cite news first Shong last ... coord 37.8757 N 122.2485 W type landmark display title Category Synchrotron radiation facilities simple Advanced LightSource ... battle ref http newscenter.lbl.gov feature stories 2004 01 09 shining the light on a decade ... more details
Canadian LightSource architectural scale model Image Canadian Light Source.jpg thumb right 200px Canadian LightSource Building Image Canadian LightSource Entrance.jpg thumb right 200px Canadian LightSource Entrance Image CLS UofS.jpg thumb right 200px Canadian LightSource rear view of building The Canadian LightSource CLS is a third generation 2.9 GeV synchrotron located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan ... Canadian LightSource Website http www.cbc.ca news background synchrotron CLS Synchrotron FAQ CBC http ...No footnotes date April 2009 Infobox Laboratory name Canadian LightSource motto image Image CanadianLightSource ... , Saskatchewan SK budget type Research staff 130 campus operating agency Canadian LightSource ... devices. The synchrotronlight from any of the dipole magnets in the lattice is also available ... of 4 to 12 hours. Isotope Linac In 2011 the Canadian LightSource received 12 Million Canadian in funding ... LightSource 2005 http www.usask.ca research communications videos.php University of Saskatchewan Research Communications Videos includes several about the Canadian LightSource coord 52 08 12.5 N 106 ... LightSource ... field on the grounds of the University of Saskatchewan . The CLS, which is the only synchrotron .... Overview A synchrotron is the most common high energy particle accelerator , consisting of a toroidal ... the ring. Since the particles vary in speed while they are accelerated, typical synchrotron installations ... around the ring causes them to lose energy through a process known as synchrotron radiation . The energy is lost in the form of photon s, light, across the electromagnetic spectrum including infrared , ultraviolet and X rays . The light is separated into interesting frequencies to produce very bright almost monochromatic light, and shone down beamline s to endstations small laboratories ... through the University of Western Ontario operated several beamlines at the similar Synchrotron ... more details
Image Panorama sls.jpg thumb 600px Panorama of the SLS The Swiss LightSource is a synchrotron located at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland for producing electromagnetic radiation of high brightness . Planning started in 1991, project was approved in 1997, and first light from the storage ring was seen at December 15, 2000. The experimental program started in June 2001 and it is used for research in materials science, biology and chemistry. Main component of the SLS is the 2.4 GeV electron storage ring of 288 m circumference The ring is formed by 36 dipole magnet s of 1.4 tesla magnetic field, combined in 12 groups of three triple bend achromat, TBA for achromatic deflection of the electron beam. 12 straight sections between the TBAs of different lengths 3× 11.5 m, 3× 7 m, 6× 4 m accommodate the undulator magnets to generate ultraviolet and X ray light of extreme brightness ... electron beam profile and emittance at the Swiss LightSource journal Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A volume ... nm rad. ref cite conference last Bö ge first M. title First operation of the Swiss LightSource booktitle Proc EPAC 2002, Paris, France, 2002 pages 39 url http accelconf.web.cern.ch AccelConf ... a constant thermal load from synchrotron radiation. A fast orbit feedback system controlling ... monitors measuring the location of the synchrotron radiation itself perform the final adjustment ... bibcode 2008NIMPA.592..141C ref SLS has a booster synchrotron optimized for top up operation .... ref cite journal last Joho first W. coauthors Muñ oz, M. Streun, A. title The SLS booster synchrotron ... 4 mJ , short pulse 50 fs fwhm laser pulse with the electron beam in a wiggler synchrotron wiggler ... synchrotron wiggler and creating dispersion translates this energy modulation into a horizontal ... Ingold G. et al. title Sub picosecond X ray source FEMTO at SLS booktitle Proc EPAC 2006, Edinburgth ... Synchrotron radiation facilities ... more details
right 1968 NationalSynchrotronLightSource Brookhaven National Laboratory , USA align right 2.8 ... radiation produced by cyclic particle accelerators see synchrotronlightsource . Image Sch ma de ..., have been developed, such as the Synchrotronlightsource Compact synchrotronlight sources Compact LightSource . List of installations class wikitable sortable Synchrotron Location & Country Energy ... 1 align right align right 1953 align right Advanced LightSource Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ... Canadian LightSource http www.synchrotron.org.au Australian Synchrotron http www.diamond.ac.uk ... here. Another early large synchrotron is the Cosmotron built at Brookhaven National Laboratory ... of those 3rd generation synchrotronlight sources are the European Synchrotron Radiation ... Centre for SynchrotronLight for Experimental Science Applications in the Middle East SESAME ... Gradient Synchrotron AGS Brookhaven National Laboratory , USA align right 33 align right 800 align right 1960 align right Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory ... 1987 align right Cornell High Energy SynchrotronSource Cornell High Energy SynchrotronSource CHESS ... , USA align right 1000 align right 6300 align right 1983 align right 2011 Swiss LightSource ... Diamond LightSource Oxfordshire , UK align right 3 align right 561.6 align right 2006 align right ... right Canadian LightSource University of Saskatchewan , Canada align right 2.9 align right 171 align ... right KEK Tsukuba , Japan align right 12 align right 3016 align right align right NationalSynchrotron ... right 2008 align right SynchrotronLight Research Institute SLRI Nakhon Ratchasima , Thailand align ... SynchrotronLight Sources of the World http www.technologyreview.com Biotech 20149 A Miniature ... sys start.htm?UserActiveTemplate lnls 5F2007 5Fenglish&tpl home Brazilian SynchrotronLight Laboratory ... . http www.cells.es ALBA LightSource Category Particle accelerators ar ca Sincrotr ... more details
The NationalSynchrotron Radiation Research Center NSRRC is a 1.5 GeV third generation synchrotron , in the Hsinchu Science Park about 70 km from Taipei in Taiwan . There are twenty six operational beamlines http srrcbl.nsrrc.org.tw servlet .. 5Cbldoc 5CBlSummary.htm and four under construction the NSRRC also operate two beamlines at SPring 8 in Japan . They cover a wide range of functionality, from Infrared IR microscopy to X ray lithography . External links http www.nsrrc.org.tw NationalSynchrotron Radiation Research Center, Taiwan Category Synchrotron radiation facilities Taiwan org stub Physics org stub zh ... more details
The National Open Source Enterprise is a Federal government of the United States United States Government organization that was established by Assistant Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Open Source ADDNI OS , Eliot A. Jardines . Purposes According to the Director of National Intelligence publication entitled, National Open Source Enterprise which was released in April, 2006 Mission The mission of ADDNI OS is To enable all intelligence disciplines to provide timely, relevant and value added insight to consumers via the National Open Source Enterprise. Vision The vision of ADDNI OS is Open source s are routinely exploited in all intelligence disciplines, facilitated by innovative experts but with every officer open source capable. Supporting technology is interoperable, and the availability of information resources is maximized by strong public private relationships, information sharing best practices, and an agile requirements process. Values The values of ADDNI OS are Agility the ability to respond quickly and effectively to any challenge or opportunity. Gestalt the enterprise we build is greater than the sum of its parts. Excellence in all our actions and activities providing unparalleled support. Goals The ADDNI OS established five goals for the National Open Source Enterprise Source of First Resort. Open source is the source of first resort for all disciplines and the precursor ... upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia en b b4 NationalOpenSourceEnterprise.pdf National Open Source Entreprise ... of experts who champion the use of open sources, by universal training in open source exploitation, and by embedding ... Architecture. A single open source architecture provides optimum access to information acquired once and shared with all. Open Source Works. A robust Skunk Works like capability anticipates and capitalizes ... FinalReport.pdf 22National Open Source Enterprise 22&hl en&gl us&ct clnk&cd 4 Initial Assessment ... Open source intelligence ... more details
Category Synchrotron radiation facilities Category International research institutes Category Research institutes in Jordan science org stub nuclear stub particle stub de SESAME Synchrotron fr Synchrotronlight for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East fa ... children s television show , and the meaning S ynchrotron Light for E xperimental S cience A pplications ... Ahmed Khan, http dx.doi.org 10.1111 j.1949 3606.2002.tb00457.x The Middle East Synchrotron Facility ... more details
by Professor John Boldeman . The Synchrotron building is located in Clayton, Victoria Clayton near the Monash University Clayton Campus. The Australian Synchrotron is a Synchrotronlightsourcelightsource facility in contrast to a collider . It uses particle accelerators to produce a beam ... dipole magnet is a potential source of synchrotronlight and most straight sections can also host an insertion device , giving the possibility of 30 beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron. Two of the straight ... synchrotronlight . The light is directed down separate beamline s at the end of which may be placed ... ring and Linear accelerator linac . Electron gun br The electrons used to provide the synchrotronlight ... doi date 29 November 09 url http www.theage.com.au national scientists rebellion to cripple synchrotron ... 2009 url http www.theage.com.au national seven scientists at synchrotron issue ultimatum 20091205 ...Image Australian Synchrotron schema.jpg frame thumbnail 50px Australian Synchrotron schema br 1 Electron ... br 6 Endstation or experimental workstation, i.e., laboratory The Australian Synchrotron is a 3 GeV synchrotron radiation facility built in Melbourne , Victoria Australia Victoria and opened on 31 ..., link did not work 1 Jan 2010 ref ref Citation title Scientists to unveil monster synchrotron newspaper ..., ref Citation title Architectus and Thiess to Design Australian Synchrotron url http www.architectus.com.au ... cite web title Australian Synchrotron Machine Fact sheet url http www.synchrotron.org.au index.php about us our facilities accelerator physics how does the australian synchrotron work ref Image Aust. Synchrotron Interior Panorama, 14.06.2007.jpg thumb right 500px The interior of the Australian Synchrotron ... are used to help Focus optics focus the electron beam. Image Aust. Synchrotron, Linac & Booster ... ring seen at the left Booster synchrotron br The booster is an electron synchrotron which takes ... for replacing the energy that the beam loses through synchrotron radiation. The storage ring also ... more details
Summary Information Description EPA data sheet emissions of mercury Source Updated Mercury emissions by lightsource en .svg with July 2008 EPA data from http www.energystar.gov ia partners promotions change light downloads Fact Sheet Mercury.pdf Date 20 57, 20 December 2009 UTC Author W. T. Shymanski updating the file by Benjamin D. Esham for the Wikimedia Commons. Permission Creative commons share alike 3.0 as for original version other versions See Mercury emissions by lightsource en .svg Licensing cc by sa 3.0 ... more details
ALBA is a synchrotron radiation facility in Cerdanyola del Vall s near Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . It is constructed and operated by the CELLS Consortium for the Exploitation of the SynchrotronLight Laboratory consortium, and co financed by the Spanish and Catalan government Catalan governments. After nearly ten years of planning and design work by the Spanish scientific community, the project was approved in 2002 by the Spanish and the Catalan government Catalan governments. After scientific workshops and meetings with prospective users, the facility was redesigned in 2004, and in 2006 construction started. The laboratory was officially opened for experiments on 7 beamlines in March 2010. See also European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Synchrotron External links http www.cells.es Official website http www.lightsources.org Lightsources.org coord 41 29 12 N 2 06 35 E display title region ES CT source cawiki Category Synchrotron radiation facilities Category Research institutes in Catalonia engineering stub ca Alba sincrotr es ALBA sincrotr n ru ALBA ... more details
Nimrod was a 7 GeV proton synchrotron operating in the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom between 1964 and 1978. It was used for studies of nuclear physics nuclear and particle physics sub nuclear phenomena. Nimrod was dismantled and the space it occupied reused for the synchrotron of the ISIS neutron source . References http www.isis.stfc.ac.uk about isis target station 2 publications issue 1 september 20038209.pdf physics stub Category Nuclear research centers Category Particle physics facilities Category Synchrotron radiation facilities pt Nimrod sincrotr o ... more details
lightsourceSynchrotron radiation may occur in accelerators either as a nuisance, causing undesired energy loss in particle physics contexts, or as a synchrotronlightsource deliberately produced ... accelerator Synchrotronlightsource for laboratory generation and applications of synchrotron ... cone of radiation. Synchrotron radiation is the brightest artificial source of X rays. The planar ... end A class of astronomical source s where synchrotron emission is important is the pulsar wind nebula ...about physical phenomenon of synchrotron radiation details on the production of this radiation and applications in laboratories Synchrotronlightsource The electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially math mathbf a perp mathbf v math is called synchrotron radiation. It is produced in synchrotron s using bending magnets, undulator s and or Wiggler synchrotron wigglers ... limit ultrarelativistic moving near the speed of light charged particles through magnetic fields. This may be achieved artificially in synchrotron or storage ring s, or naturally by fast electrons ... Syncrotron.png thumb Synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet File Undulator.png thumb Synchrotron radiation from an undulator History Image ge synchrotron acclerator.jpg thumb 300px General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946, the origin of the discovery of synchrotron radiation. The arrow indicates the evidence of radiation. Synchrotron radiation was named after its discovery in a General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946 and announced in May 1947 by Frank Elder, Anatole Gurewitsch, Robert Langmuir, and Herb Pollock in a letter entitled Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron ... & high 42ca922c9c07689 Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron 1947 Physical Review , vol. 71 ... concrete wall. He immediately signaled to turn off the synchrotron as he saw an arc in the tube ... seeing Dmitri Ivanenko Ivanenko and Isaak Pomeranchuk Pomeranchuk radiation. ref Handbook on Synchrotron ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image PS Surface 28 September 2005 .jpg thumb The surface above the PS at CERN . After more than 45 years, the ring shaped accelerator is hardly visible due to later constructions. However it can still be seen as a raised area in the lower left part of the photo. The Proton Synchrotron PS is the first major particle accelerator at CERN , built as a 28 GeV proton accelerator in the late 1950s and put into operation in 1959. It takes the protons from the Proton Synchrotron Booster at a kinetic energy of 1.4 GeV and lead ions from the Low Energy Ion Ring LEIR at 72 MeV per nucleon. It has been operated as an injector for the Intersecting Storage Rings ISR , the Super Proton Synchrotron SPS and the Large Electron Positron Collider LEP . Starting in November 2009, the PS machine delivers protons and will provide lead ion beams for the Large Hadron Collider LHC . It has also been used as a particle source for other experiments, such as the Gargamelle bubble chamber for which it supplied a neutrino beam. This led to the discovery of the Weak interaction weak neutral current in 1974. The PS machine is a circular accelerator with a circumference of 628.3 m. It is a versatile machine having accelerated proton s, antiproton s, electron s, positron s and species of ion s. Major upgrades have improved its performance by more than a factor of 1000 since 1959. The only main components remaining from its original installation some 50 years ago are the bending magnets and the buildings. CERN coord 46 13 55 N 6 02 55 E region CH GE type landmark source kolossus dewiki display title Category Particle physics facilities Category CERN de Proton Synchrotron lt Proton sinchrotronas hu Proton Synchrotron pl Synchrotron protonowy pt Sincrotr o a Prot es ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image HalbachArrayFEL2.png thumb 300px Schematic diagram of a free electron laser A wiggler is an insertion device in a synchrotron . It is a series of magnets designed to periodically laterally deflect wiggle a beam of charged particles invariably electron s or positron s inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections produce emission of broadband synchrotron radiation much like that of a bending magnet , but the intensity is higher due to the contribution of many magnet dipoles in the wiggler. A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator . Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array . The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler. DEFAULTSORT Wiggler Synchrotron Category Synchrotron instrumentation Tech stub ca Wiggler sincrotr es Wiggler sincrotr n ru simple Wiggler synchrotron ... more details
In mathematics the synchrotron functions are defined as follows for x &ge 0 First synchrotron function math F x x int x infty K frac 5 3 t ,dt math Second synchrotron function math G x x K frac 2 3 x math where K sub j sub is the modified Bessel function of the second kind. The function F x is shown on the right, as the output from a plot in Mathematica . Image Firstsynchfunction.jpg thumb First synchrotron function, F x Image with unknown copyright status removed Image secondsynchfunction.jpg thumb Second synchrotron function, G x Use in Astrophysics In astrophysics, x is usually a ratio of frequencies, that is, the frequency over a critical frequency critical frequency is the frequency at which most synchrotron radiation is radiated . This is needed when calculating the spectra for different types of synchrotron emission. It takes a spectrum of electrons or any charged particle generated by a separate process such as a power law distribution of electrons and positrons from a constant injection spectrum and converts this to the spectrum of photons generated by the input electrons positrons. For further information, see High Energy Astrophysics , Malcolm S. Longair, CUP, 1990. Category Special functions ... more details
Distinguish German submarine U 70 U 70 lang ru 70 is the proton synchrotron for energy of 70 GeV , built in 1967 in Institute for High Energy Physics in Protvino near Serpukhov , Russia . The energy of the accelerator was a record high at the time of construction, and still U 70 is a most high energy accelerator in Russia . In 1970 U 70 scientists team has been awarded the Lenin Prize for the development and commisioning of the synchrotron. Description of the accelerator complex File RIAN archive 105514 U 70 atom smasher control panel.jpg left thumb The U 70 atom smasher control panel in the Institute for High Energy Physics in the city of Protvino. The complex operates in pulsed mode. Protons are accelerated to 30 MeV by linear accelerator URAL 30. Then they are injected into the fast cyclic booster synchrotron U 1.5 having 100 m perimeter, where protons are accelerated to 1.32 GeV. Then the protons are injected to the U 70. After this, an acceleration cycle takes place for 9 sec, when protons are accelerated to the maximum energy of 76 GeV, and then, they are extracted from the ring to the secondary beams in the experimental halls. U 70 has perimeter about 1.5 km. Focusing structure type is FODO strong focusing . The total weight of the magnetic system of over 20 000 t. class simple border 1 colspan 2 The main parameters of the synchrotron ref http www.oku.ihep.su index.php?option com content&view article&id 17&Itemid 43&lang ru Technical specifications of U 70 . ru icon ref The maximum proton energy, E sub max sub 76 GeV Injection energy, E sub min sub 1.32 GeV Perimeter, P 1483.63 m Pulse repetition frequency 0.11 Hz The frequency of the accelerating voltage, f sub rf sub 5.5 6.1 MHz Multiplicity HF 30 Betatron frequency , sub x sub sub y sub 9.75 9.85 The intensity of the beam of protons per pulse, N sub p sub 1.7 10 sup 13 sup The prior injection of U 70 was a 100 ... that synchrotron U 70 becomes an injector for the collider ring. But the project was stopped ... more details
Image NELA.jpg thumb National Electric Light Association members, c. 1912 The National Electric Light Association NELA was a national United States trade association including the operators of central power generation power station station s and interested individuals. Founded in 1885 by G. S. Bowen Terry and Charles A. Brown , it represented the interests of various private companies involved in the fledgling electric power industry . It was the forerunner of the Edison Electric Institute . Sources http home.frognet.net ejcov ch6.html Early Incandescent Lamps http 216.239.37.104 search?q cache GUZkVmmGu wJ gsbwww.uchicago.edu fac valery.yakubovich research elrates 2520january 25202002.doc Electric Charges The Social Construction of Rate Systems Category Industry trade groups based in the United States US org stub US hist stub Electromagnetism stub ... more details
of energy Ion source , a device that produces ions for mass spectrometry Lightsource , an object emitting lightSource file , a file containing code written in a programming language Open source , a philosophy of dissemination of intellectual products Point source , a natural or anthropogenic discharge ... extension in MediaWiki, see the mw Extension SyntaxHighlight GeSHi wiktionary source sourceable sourced sources Source may refer to tocright Research Source text , in research especially in the humanities , a source of information referred to by citation Primary source , firsthand written evidence of history made at the time of the event by someone who was present Secondary source , written accounts of history based upon the evidence from primary sources Tertiary source , compilations ... Source International Information Support Centre , an international information support centre and digital library Science Information theory Source theory Source theory , in information theory, any process that generates successive messages can be considered a source of information Inflow hydrology , the source of the water in a lake Source hydrology , the original point from which a river or stream flows Source rock s, rocks that have generated, or are capable of generating hydrocarbons A point where the divergence of a vector field is positive Source of a representation in finite group theory Technology Communication source Current source , an electrical or electronic device that delivers ... Sound source , an object emitting sound Source code for software Source game engine , a proprietary game engine developed by Valve Software for Half Life 2 Source, a terminal in a field effect transistor The Source online service , an online service provider founded in 1979 Voltage source , any device or system that produces an electromotive force between its terminals source command , a UNIX command to execute commands from a file Art and entertainment Believers of the Source The Source , a religion ... more details
The Assistant Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Open Source ADDNI OS is a senior level position within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence , responsible for developing strategic direction, establishing policy and managing fiscal resources for Open Source Intelligence , providing oversight for the DNI Open Source Center , as well as document and media exploitation for the United States Intelligence Community . References Reflist Category Open source intelligence Category United States intelligence agencies ... more details
Image Logo of NRCFOSS.JPG thumb right Logo of NRCFOSS National Resource Centre for Free Open Source Software NRCFOSS is an organisation created and financed in India by the Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology India Ministry of Communication and Information Technology , Government of India in April 2005 . ref http mit.gov.in default.aspx?id 706 Department of Information Technology, Free Open Source Software FOSS Initiative Retrieved on 30 October 2008 . ref It is jointly administered by the Chennai Division of Centre for Development of Advanced Computing C DAC and the Anna University K B Chandrashekar Research Centre AU KBC Research Centre of Anna University . Some state governments, for example Kerala , already have programmes to popularize FOSS among the masses especially among the students. The founding of NRCFOSS is the first initiative by the Government of India in the direction of making efforts for increasing the acceptance of FOSS at a national level. NRCFOSS is designed to give a boost to the efforts to popularize FOSS products among lay computer users of India. ref Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2007 2008 , CRDI, http www.idrc.ca fr ev 127122 201 1 DO TOPIC.html Retrieved on 28 October 2008 . ref Objectives NRCFOSS is mandated to work in areas related to Free Open Source Software basically with the following objectives ref Anna University documents on NRCFOSS http www.au kbc.org nrcf about.htm , http www.au kbc.org nrcf index.htm Retrieved on 28 Oct 08 ref Human resources Human resource development by training ... , International Open Source Network Retrieved on 28 October 2008 ref NRCFOSS has organized a series ... Lab Server Retrieved on 28 October 2008 . ref It contains source code, documentation and mailing ... for the Indian environment. The latest version of this Free Open Source Software, BOSS GNU ... Free and open source software organizations Category Non profit organisations based in India ... more details
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