- Myotoxin
Pfam box Symbol Myotoxins Name Myotoxin image Crotamin 1H5O.png width caption Structure of crotamine, a Na channel affecting toxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. ref name pmid12709056 cite journal author Nicastro G, Franzoni L, de Chiara C, Mancin AC, Giglio JR, Spisni A title Solution structure of crotamine, a Na channel affecting toxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 270 issue 9 pages 1969 79 year 2003 month May pmid 12709056 doi 10.1046 j.1432 1033.2003.03563.x url ref Pfam PF00819 InterPro IPR000881 SMART Prosite PDOC00435 SCOP 1h5o TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB3 1h5o A 1 42 Myotoxins are small, basic peptide s found in snake Venom poison venom s, such as in that of certain rattlesnake s ref name PUB00001595 cite journal author Griffin PR, Aird SD title A new small myotoxin from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis viridis journal FEBS Lett. volume 274 issue 1 pages 43 47 year 1990 pmid 2253781 doi 10.1016 0014 5793 90 81325 I ref ref name PUB00005315 cite journal author Samejima Y, Aoki Y, Mebs D title Amino acid sequence of a myotoxin from venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus journal Toxicon volume 29 issue 4 pages 461 468 year 1991 pmid 1862521 ref . This involves a non enzymatic mechanism that leads to severe muscle necrosis . These peptides act very quickly, causing instantaneous paralysis to prevent prey from escaping and eventually death due to diaphragm anatomy diaphragmactic paralysis. The first myotoxin to be identified and isolated was crotamine , from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus , a tropical South American rattlesnake, by Brazil ian scientist Jos Moura Gon alves , in the 1950s. Its biological actions, molecular structure and gene responsible for its synthesis were all elucidated in the last two decades. References reflist Category Vertebrate toxins Category Muscular system de Myotoxin es Miotoxina tr Miyotoksin ... more details
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- Crotamine
, M. S., and Tu, A. T. 1976 Isolation of myotoxin component from rattlesnake Crotalus viridis viridis ... more details
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- Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the directed degradation digestion of protein s by cellular enzyme s called protease s or by intramolecular digestion. Purposes Proteolysis is used by the cell for several purposes. They include Removal of N terminal methionine residues after translation biology translation . Removal of the signal peptide signal sequence of peptides after their transport through a cell membrane membrane Separation of virus biology viral proteins that were translated from a polycistronic mRNA Digestion of proteins from foods as a source of amino acid s Conversion of predecessor proteins proenzyme s, zymogen s, prehormone s into their final structures. Degradation of unneeded or damaged proteins for example cyclins at different stages of the cell cycle . Proteolysis is also used in research and diagnostic applications In gel digestion of proteins after separation by gel electrophoresis for the identification by mass spectrometry . Digestion of proteins in solution for proteomics proteome analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry LC MS . Examples Examples of serine proteases include trypsin chymotrypsin elastase papain Venoms Certain types of venom, such as those produced by venomous snake s, can also cause proteolysis. These venoms are, in fact, complex digestive fluids that begin their work outside of the body. Proteolytic venoms cause a wide range of toxic effects, ref name Hayes WK. 2005. http www.llu.edu llu grad natsci hayes research c venom.html?PHPSESSID 55842bf3eeb83dcdfec66c45b91925fc Research on Biological Roles and Variation of Snake Venoms. Loma Linda University. ref including effects that are Cytotoxin cytotoxic cell destroying Hemotoxin hemotoxic blood destroying Myotoxin myotoxic muscle destroying Hemorrhage hemorrhagic bleeding See also Proteolytic enzyme The Proteolysis Map Protomap proteomics PROTOMAP a proteomic technology for identifying proteolytic substrates Proteasome In gel digestion References references External links eMedicineDiction ... more details
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- Tropidechis carinatus
Taxobox name Rough scaled Snake status image Tropcarin3.jpg image width regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Reptilia ordo Squamata subordo Serpentes familia Elapidae genus Tropidechis species T. carinatus binominal The rough scaled snake Tropidechis carinatus is a highly venomous Australia n elapid . The animal s name comes from its scales that are raised above the surrounding scales and have rough texture. The scales are known as keels . Description The snake is brown to olive with narrow, irregular cross bands or blotches of darker brown. The belly surfaces are greenish grey or olive cream, often with darker blotches. The mid body scales have a raised keel or carinated appearance. The coloration and scale structure has led to some confusion with the non venomous Keelback snake. It grows to around 70cms in length. Habitat The snake s habitat includes rainforests, moist open air forests and waterways. ref name Queenland Museum cite book last Museum first QLD title Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland year 2000 publisher Queensland Museum isbn 0 7242 9349 3 pages 247 248 ref It is found from mid eastern New South Wales to the tip of far north Queensland. Behaviour The snake is active both day and night. It can climb trees in pursuit of prey. The Rough scaled snake is highly venomous and will readily bite if attacked or handled. Diet Variety of small vertebrates frogs, lizards, small mammals, birds. Generally forages at ground level but can climb to take prey. ref name Wildlife QLD RSS cite web title Wildlife Qld url http www.snakecatchers.com.au Rough scaled.html work Wildlife QLD Rough Scaled Snake publisher http www.snakecatchers.com.au accessdate 22 January 2011 ref Venom The Rough scaled snake is a highly venomous snake its venom is a fast acting powerful neurotoxin that it is both presynaptic and post synaptic. It also has potent coagulant s as well as myotoxin s. It has potent post synaptic neurotoxins as well as potent pre synaptic neurotoxins it will re ... more details
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- Pseudechis butleri
myotoxin s. Treatment for positive envenomation is the same as for P. australis , using a Black snake ... more details
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- Bothriechis thalassinus
are not yet well known. It is mainly hemotoxic , and possibly contains mild neurotoxic or Myotoxin ... more details
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- Enhydrina schistosa
date November 2007 Venom The venom of this species is made up of highly potent neurotoxin s and Myotoxin ... more details
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- Crotalus tigris
identical to crotamine, which is a myotoxin also found in tropical rattlesnakes see ... more details
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- Cerastes cerastes
. A high phospholipase A2 content may cause cardiotoxic ity and myotoxin myotoxicity . ref name SB95 ... more details
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- Azemiopinae
clotting, haemorrhagic , or Myotoxin myolytic activities. ref cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... more details
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- Jameson's mamba
In addition, this mamba species venom may also have Hemotoxin hemotoxic and Myotoxin myotoxic components ... more details
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- Acanthophis
, containing neither haemotoxins nor myotoxin s, unlike most venomous snakes. A bite from a death ... more details
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- Tiger snake
Tiger snakes possess a potent neurotoxin , coagulant s, haemolysin s and myotoxin s. Symptoms of a bite ... more details
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- Monocled cobra
pii S0041010104004027 accessdate 25 December 2011 ref The venom of this species also contains myotoxin ... more details
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- Crotalus horridus
components found in the venom include a small basic peptide that works as a myotoxin , a fibrin ogen ... more details
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- Crotalus atrox
19 November 2011 ref The venom also contains Cytotoxicity cytotoxins and Myotoxin myotoxins ... more details
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- Snake venom
, cytotoxin valign top scope row Myotoxins Myotoxin a, crotamine valign top scope row Sarafotoxins ... more details
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- Snakebite
be a combination of many toxins, including cytotoxins , hemotoxins , neurotoxins , and myotoxin ... more details
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