Mutualauthentication or two way authentication sometimes written as 2WAY authentication refers to two parties authenticating each other suitably. In technology terms, it refers to a client or user authenticating themselves to a server and that server authenticating itself to the user in such a way that both parties are assured of the others identity. When describing online authentication processes, mutualauthentication is often referred to as website to user authentication, or site to user authentication. Typically, this is done for a client process and a server process without user interaction. Mutual Secure Sockets Layer SSL provides the same things as SSL, with the addition of authentication and non repudiation of the client authentication, using digital signatures. However, due to issues with complexity, cost, logistics, and effectiveness, most web applications are designed so they do not require client side certificates. This creates an opening for a man in the middle attack , in particular for online banking. As the Financial Services Technology Consortium put it in its January 2005 report, Better institution to customer authentication would prevent attackers from successfully impersonating financial institutions to steal customers account credentials and better customer to institution authentication would prevent attackers from successfully impersonating customers to financial ... of Mutual Phone Authentication http developers.sun.com prodtech appserver reference techart mutual auth.html MutualAuthentication for Web Services A Live Example http www.howtoforge.com prevent phishing with mutualauthentication How to prevent phishing with mutualauthentication How to stop phishing with mutualauthentication http www.solidpass.com authentication methods mutual authentication.html MutualAuthentication as a mobile application based security token. Category Authentication ... signature Mobile signature Two factor authentication Pharming References references External links ... more details
For other uses of the terms authentication , authentic and authenticity Authenticity disambiguation Refimprove date September 2010 cleanup reason Discusses only entity authentication and no other aspects of authentication regarding communication security. Authentication methods and History sections need ... Authentication from Lang el real or genuine, from authentes author is the act of establishing ... its packaging and labeling claims to be, or assuring that a computer program is a trusted one. Authentication ..., also be forged and the authentication of these pose a problem. For instance, the son of Han van ... commonly use the first type of authentication method. Bills, coins, and cheque s incorporate ..., perfume, fashion clothing can use either type of authentication method to prevent counterfeit ... in the identification of genuine brand name goods. Authentication factors and identity The ways ... of authentication something you know, something you have, or something you are. Each authentication ... be verified. ref Cite web url http www.ffiec.gov pdf authentication guidance.pdf title Authentication ..., or other biometric identifier . Two factor authentication Main Two factor authentication When elements representing two factors are required for identification, the term two factor authentication ... and a day code knowledge factor elements , but this is still a two factor authentication. Product authentication File GatewayTracingHologramLabel.jpg thumb A Security hologram label on an electronics box for authentication Counterfeit products are often offered to consumers as being authentic. Counterfeit ... and labeling help ensure that authentic products are sold and used. Information content The authentication ... leaving only the informational content itself to use in authentication. Various systems have been ... originated from or was relayed by them. These involve authentication factors like A difficult to reproduce ... in a message is generally considered a separate problem from authentication. A wide range of techniques ... more details
wiktionary Mutual may refer to Mutual organization , where customers derive a right to profits and votes Mutual insurance , where policyholders have certain ownership rights in the organization Mutual fund , a professionally managed form of collective investments Mutual Film , early American motion picture conglomerate, the producers of some of Charlie Chaplin s greatest comedies Mutual Broadcasting System , a defunct U.S. radio network Mutual Improvement Association , a youth program of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints Mutualauthentication , used in cryptography Place names Mutual, Maryland , a community in the United States Mutual, Ohio , a village in the United States Mutual railway station in Cape Town, South Africa See also Mutualism disambiguation Reciprocal disambiguation disambig de Mutual fr Mutualisme nl Mutual pl Mutual pt Mutual vo Mutual ... more details
Context date October 2009 Access Authentication in CDMA networks a.k.a. CAVE based Authentication IS 95 1xRTT , A12 Authentication 1xEV DO Authentication of a mobile device by the serving access network. The access authentication mechanism employed depends upon the type of service being used CAVE based Authentication Used for access authentication in CDMA 1xRTT Authentication and Key Agreement AKA 3G successor to CAVE based authentication A12 Authentication Used for access authentication in 1xEV DO Note that 1xEV DO Hybrid MS AT devices may employ both CAVE based and A12 authentication since these devices connect to both the 1xRTT and 1xEV DO networks. Category Code division multiple access ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An authentication protocol is a type of cryptographic protocol with the purpose of authentication authenticating entities wishing to communicate securely. There are many different authentication protocols such as AKA security AKA CAVE based authentication Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP CRAM MD5 Diameter protocol Diameter Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP Host Identity Protocol HIP Kerberos protocol Kerberos MS CHAP and MS CHAPv2 variants of CHAP NTLM , also known as NT LAN Manager Password authenticated key agreement protocols Password Authentication Protocol PAP Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol PEAP RADIUS Secure Remote Password protocol SRP TACACS and TACACS RFID Authentication Protocols DEFAULTSORT Authentication Protocol Category Computer access control protocols computer security stub Compu network stub ... more details
Mergeto multi factor authentication date November 2009 Strong authentication is a notion with several unofficial definitions is not standardized in the security literature. Often, strong authentication is associated with two factor authentication or more generally multi factor authentication. Soliciting multiple answers to challenge questions may be considered strong authentication but, unless the process also retrieves something you have or something you are , it would not be considered multi factor. The FFIEC issued supplemental guidance on this subject in August 2006, in which they clarified, By definition true multifactor authentication requires the use of solutions from two or more of the three categories of factors. Using multiple solutions from the same category ... would not constitute multifactor authentication. Another commonly found class of definitions relates to a cryptographic process, or more precisely authentication based on a challenge response protocol. This type of definition is found in the Handbook of applied cryptography. ref Handbook of applied cryptography, Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot and Scott A. Vanstone, CRC Press. Available in electronic format at http www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca hac ref This type of definition does not necessarily relate to two factor authentication, since the secret key used in a challenge response authentication scheme can be simply derived from a password one factor . A third class of definitions says that strong authentication is any form of authentication in which the verification is accomplished without the transmission of a password . Citation needed date October 2009 This is the case for example with the definition found in the Fermilab documentation. ref Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy . http www.fnal.gov docs strongauth ref Thus, the term strong authentication ... For Open Authentication References reflist DEFAULTSORT Strong Authentication Category Theory of cryptography ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Authentication servers are Server computing server s that provide authentication services to user computing users or systems other systems via networking. Remotely placed users and other servers authenticate to such a server, and receive cryptographic tickets. These tickets are then exchanged with one another to verify digital identity identity . Authentication is used as the basis for authorization determining whether a privilege will be granted to a particular user or process computing process , privacy keeping information from becoming known to non participants , and non repudiation not being able to deny having done something that was authorized to be done based on the authentication . The major authentication algorithm s utilized are password s, Kerberos protocol Kerberos , and public key encryption . See also TACACS RADIUS Multi factor authentication DEFAULTSORT Authentication Server Category Computer network security Category Servers Compu network stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 A12 Authentication Access Authentication for Evolution Data Optimized 1xEV DO is a Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network AN to authenticate a 1xEV DO Access Terminal AT . A12 authentication occurs when an AT first attempts to access the AN and is repeated after some authentication timeout period. The element in the AN that performs this authentication is the Radio Network Controller RNC using its Access Network AAA protocol AAA AN AAA . In order to support A12 authentication, matching A12 credentials i.e., an A12 Network Address Identifier NAI and A12 CHAP key must be provisioned into the AT and the user s home AAA server. Since these credentials are only shared between the AT and its home AAA, the AN AAA forwards A12 challenge responses received from an AT to its home AAA to determine whether they are correct. A12 authentication is separate from packet data authentication that may occur later when a data session is being established. A12 authentication is important for roaming since all participating operators in the IRT have agreed to support it. If A12 credentials are not provisioned into an AT, that AT will not be able to access any visited network that performs A12 authentication. In addition, the Mobile Node Identifier MN ID is obtained from the AN AAA during successful A12 authentication. This MN ID is used by the AN on the A8 A9 and A10 A11 interfaces to enable handoffs of Packet Data Serving Node PDSN packet data sessions between ANs and between 1xEV DO and CDMA2000 1xRTT systems. If A12 authentication is not performed, the MN ID must be somehow derived and such handoffs may not be possible without establishing a new Point to Point Protocol PPP session. A12 authentication is defined in TIA 878 3GPP2 A.S0008 . For information about A12 authentication in roaming, see CDG Reference Document 136. Category Code division multiple access ... more details
BSD Authentication , otherwise known as BSD Auth, is an authentication software framework framework and software API employed by some Unix like operating system s, specifically OpenBSD and BSD OS , and accompanying System software system and Application software application software such as OpenSSH and Apache HTTP Server Apache . It originated with BSD OS and although the specification and implementation were donated to the FreeBSD project by BSDi , ultimately OpenBSD chose to adopt the framework in release 2.9. Pluggable Authentication Modules PAM serves a similar purpose on other operating systems such as Linux , FreeBSD and NetBSD . BSD Auth performs authentication by executing scripts or programs as separate Process computing process es from the one requiring the authentication. This prevents the child authentication process from interfering with the parent except through a narrowly defined inter process communication API, a technique inspired by the principle of least privilege and known as privilege separation . This behaviour has significant security benefits, notably improved Fail safe fail safeness of software, and robustness against malicious and accidental software bug s. ref name privsep cite conference author Niels Provos, CITI, University of Michigan Markus Friedl, GeNUA mbH Peter Honeyman, CITI, University of Michigan date 2003 url http www.usenix.org events sec03 tech provos et al.html title Preventing Privilege Escalation booktitle Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Security Symposium pages 231 242 ref PAM uses an alternative system where the modules providing authentication are Library computer science dynamically linked into the requesting process. This method is considered to be more flexible than BSD Auth Fact date February 2007 , but does not provide privilege ... Authentication system man 3 bsd auth OpenBSD interface to the BSD Authentication system Category BSD Category Computer access control frameworks Category Unix authentication related software ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 E authentication is a shorthand for electronic authentication . Authentication ... to support e authentication is regarded as an important component in successful e Government. ref http www.agimo.gov.au infrastructure authentication Australian Government Information Management Office . ref Poor coordination and poor technical design might be major barriers to electronic authentication ... there has been established nationwide common e authentication schemes to ease the reuse of digital ... e auth v07.pdf An overview of International Initiatives in the field of Electronic Authentication ... for electronic authentication, in order to establish common levels of trust and possibly interoperability between different authentication schemes. ref http www.finance.gov.au e government security and authentication Australia , http e com.ic.gc.ca epic site ecic ceac.nsf en h gv00090e.html Canada , http www.whitehouse.gov omb memoranda fy04 m04 04.pdf US M04 04 . ref In the US E Authentication ... people to access. The E Authentication service enables you to get access to government services online ... credential issuers such as Web sites and digital certificate issuers , E Authentication is providing ... the Internet. E Authentication is a government wide partnership that is supported by the agencies that comprise ... agency partner. E Authentication works through an association with a trusted credential issuer, making it necessary for the user to login into the issuer s site to obtain the authentication credentials. Those credentials or E Authentication ID are then transferred the supporting government web site causing authentication. E Authentication was created in response of an inter governmental memorandum ... and agencies when implementing E Authentication. See also E democracy E participation E Government Unit Electronic authentication Electronic services delivery eRulemaking Online consultation ... US government E Authentication Web Site http www.whitehouse.gov omb memoranda fy04 ... more details
Cleanup date March 2008 unreferenced date March 2008 Transaction authentication generally refers to the Internet based security method of securely identifying a user through two or three factor authentication Two factor authentication something you know plus something you have and or something you are at a transaction level, rather than at the traditional Session or Logon level. An internet banking application may allow a customer to perform numerous transactions within the single session and hence each, or selected transactions, will require the user to re authenticate themselves using the appropriate two or three factor authentication method see Two factor authentication . Authentication, no matter how strong the method s used cannot protect against so called Man in the Middle MitM or Man in the Browser Man in the Browser MitB attacks. This differs from Transaction verification , also an Internet based security method, which is specifically designed to combat so called Man in the Middle MitM and Man in the Browser Man in the Browser MitB attacks through not only authenticating the identity of the user, but also verifying the integrity of the actual content of the transaction, i.e. ensuring it has not been altered by one of these fraudulent techniques. Category Computer access control computer security stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Evidence law Authentication , in the law of evidence law evidence , is the process by which documentary evidence and other physical evidence is proven to be genuine, and not a forgery. Generally, authentication can be shown in one of two ways. First, a witness can testify as to the chain of custody through which the evidence passed from the time of the discovery up until the trial. Second, the evidence can be authenticated by the opinion of an expert witness examining the evidence to determine if it has all of the properties that it would be expected to have if it were authentic. For handwriting handwritten documents, any person who has become familiar with the purported author s handwriting prior to the cause of action from which the trial arose can testify that a document is in that handwriting. There are several kinds of documents which have generally been deemed to be self authenticating documents . These include commercial labels, newspapers and other periodicals, and official publications of an arm of the government. A special category of evidence called an ancient document will be deemed authentic if it can be shown to be more than twenty years old, and found in a place and condition that a document of that age would likely be found. DEFAULTSORT Authentication Law Category Evidence law see Classification of Authentication ... more details
Use ymd dates date September 2010 In cryptography , deniable authentication refers to authentication between a set of participants where the participants themselves can be confident in the authenticity of the messages, but it cannot be proved to a third party after the event. In practice, deniable authentication can be achieved through the use of message authentication code s MACs by making sure that if an attacker is able to decrypt the messages, they would also know the MAC key as part of the protocol, and would thus be able to forge authentic looking messages. For example, in the Off the Record Messaging OTR protocol, MAC keys are derived from the asymmetric decryption key through a cryptographic hash function . In addition to that, the OTR protocol also reveals used MAC keys as part of the next message, when they have already been used to previously received messages and will not be re used. ref name otr cite conference author Nikita Borisov , Ian Goldberg , Eric Brewer computer scientist Eric Brewer title Off the Record Communication, or, Why Not To Use PGP booktitle Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society date 2004 10 28 url http www.cypherpunks.ca otr otr wpes.pdf format PDF accessdate 2007 02 01 ref See also Deniable encryption Plausible deniability Malleability cryptography Malleability Off the Record Messaging References references crypto stub Category Cryptographic protocols ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 Violin authentication is the process of determining the maker and date of a violin . Multiple references may be required to assist in the process of authentication. This is often employed to combat fraudulent practices such as violin forgery and other forms of misrepresentation. Motivation for authentication Much of the price of a fine violin is determined not just by the quality of the instrument, but by the maker. Names like Amati , Guarneri , and Stradivari have become synonymous with excellence in craftsmanship and tone. Relatively unknown makers, capable of producing above average violins, know that they might be able to command tremendous prices simply by affixing the label of one of these early makers to the instruments of their making. The temptation has been, at times, irresistible. In its newest incarnation, however, instrument fraud appears to have shifted away from the production of clever fakes. The practice of merely misrepresenting the quality of the instrument is on the rise. To combat these and other such practices, the buyer may do well to consult an authenticator to confirm the maker, date, quality and price before purchasing an instrument, particularly when there are huge sums of money at stake. Authentication process Authenticating a violin is a multifaceted process that addresses two issues surrounding the authenticity of an instrument the year in which it was manufactured, and the maker essentially the information found on the label . To confirm these two attributes, the authenticator may employ several different techniques. The key to authentication is the idea that there is no single feature of a violin that exists independently of another. This implies that knowing the date narrows the number of makers, just as knowing the maker narrows the field of dates. External links http www.si.edu Encyclopedia SI nmah violappr.htm General Information on Obtaining Authentication and Appraisal of Violins Smithsonian Institution ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Electronic authentication E authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented to an information system . E authentication presents a technical challenge when this process involves the remote authentication of individual people over a network, for the purpose of electronic government and commerce. E Authentication Model E authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented ... is authorized to perform an electronic transaction. In most cases, the authentication and transaction ... may be limited and access control decisions may take this into account. E authentication begins ... that the RA has verified. The token and credential may be used in subsequent authentication events ... successfully demonstrates possession and control of a token in an on line authentication to a verifier through an Challenge handshake authentication protocol authentication protocol , the verifier can ... decisions. Subscribers, RAs and CSPs In the conceptual e authentication model, a claimant in an authentication ... that may be used to authenticate the claimant s identity. In e authentication, the claimant authenticates to a system or application over a network. Therefore, a token used for e authentication ... key and learn the password to use the token. Authentication systems are often categorized by the number of factors that they incorporate. The three factors often considered as the cornerstone of authentication ... the subject of the credentials. When these paper credentials are presented in person, authentication ... authenticates his or her identity to a verifier by the use of a token and an authentication ..., with no knowledge of the token before the authentication protocol run, learns nothing about the token ... the verifier and the relying party are separate entities, the verifier must convey the result of the authentication ... is called an assertion. See also Guide to E payments DEFAULTSORT Electronic Authentication ... more details
SMTP Authentication , often abbreviated SMTP AUTH , is an extension of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol whereby an SMTP client may log in , using an authentication mechanism chosen among those supported by the SMTP server. The authentication extension is mandatory for Mail submission agent submission servers. ref The relevant RFCs for reference are specified in the Standards section ref . History Differently from mail access protocols, the original SMTP specified by Jon Postel in the 70s did not provide ... Extension for Authentication author John Gardiner Myers date April 1995 publisher IETF accessdate 2010 ... protocol, Extended SMTP , and Simple Authentication and Security Layer SASL . Internet Mail ... authentication methods. These methods may change after issuing STARTTLS , typically allowing plain ... S 235 2.7.0 Authentication successful SMTP AUTH can be used also on port 25. Usually, servers reject RCPT TO commands that imply relaying unless authentication credentials have been accepted. The specification recommends that servers issue 530 5.7.0 Authentication required in response to most commands in case the server is configured to require authentication and the client hasn t done it yet. Only ... provides for an AUTH parameter to the MAIL FROM command, so as to allow to distinguish authentication ... session. While the authentication doesn t need to vary, once established, different messages ... Gellens and John Klensin John C. Klensin , April 2006. RFC 4422, Simple Authentication and Security Layer SASL , Alexey Melnikov and Kurt D. Zeilenga, June 2006. RFC 4954, SMTP Service Extension for Authentication , Robert Siemborski and Alexey Melnikov, July 2007. See also E mail authentication Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Mail submission agent Extended SMTP Email client Port numbers Simple Authentication ... authentication Category Internet mail protocols Category Computer access control protocols de SMTP Auth fr Internet message access protocol authentication pl SMTP AUTH ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Key authentication is a problem that arises when using public key cryptography . It is the process of assuring that the public key of person A held by person B does in fact belong to person A . In traditional symmetric key cryptography, this problem wasn t an issue as it was implicitly assumed that some secure method of key distribution guaranteed key authenticity. Of course, this merely moved the issue back a level, to that of security of key distribution. Crypto systems using asymmetric key algorithms do not evade a related problem. That a public key can be known by all without compromising the security of an encryption algorithm for some such algorithms, though not for all is certainly useful, but does not prevent some kinds of attacks. For example, a spoofing attack in which public key A is claimed publicly to be that of user Alice, but is in fact a private key belonging to attacker Mallory, is easily possible. No public key is inherently bound to any particular user, and any user relying on a defective binding including Alice herself when she sends herself protected messages will have trouble. The simplest solution for this problem is for the two users concerned to meet face to face and exchange keys, However, for systems in which there are a large number of users or in which the users do not personally know each other eg, Internet shopping this is not practicable. The most common solution to this problem is the use of Public key certificate key certificate s and certificate authorities for them in a public key infrastructure system, The certificate authority acts as a trusted third party for the communicating users and, using cryptographic ..., or some combination of the two. However, in a significant sense, this merely moves the key authentication .... Accordingly, key authentication methods are being actively researched. See also Access control Certificate authority ID based cryptography Self Certifying Keys DEFAULTSORT Key Authentication Category ... more details
Mutual aid may refer to Mutual aid organization , a tenet of organization theories. Mutual aid emergency services , an agreement between emergency responders. Mutual Aid A Factor of Evolution , a biology book by anarchist Peter Kropotkin . Social work with groups Mutual Aid Mutual aid , in social work with groups. Mutual aid society , various organizations formed for the benefit of members. See also Mutualism biology , a concept of biological interaction. Mutualism economic theory , an anarchist economic theory. disambig eo Interhelpo apartigilo ... more details
Mutual coherence can refer to Mutual coherence physics , sinusoidal waves which exhibit a constant phase relationship Mutual coherence linear algebra , a property of a matrix describing the maximum correlation between its columns See also Coherence disambiguation disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox Company company name Police Mutual Assurance Society PMAS company logo Image PMASLogo normal.jpg company type Mutual organization Mutual , Friendly Society company slogan foundation 1922 location Lichfield , United Kingdom UK num employees industry Financial Services products homepage http www.pmas.co.uk Police Mutual Assurance Society PMAS Police Mutual, known throughout the Police Service as PMAS, is one of the UK s largest affinity friendly societies . It is a mutual provider of financial services with over 210,000 members nationwide, and assets of nearly 1 billion. The Society was set up by the Police in 1922 for the financial welfare of Police Officers. Today, Police Mutual is dedicated to providing the best possible service to Serving and Retired Police Officers, Police Staff and their families. Website links http www.pmas.co.uk Police Mutual www.pmas.co.uk References cite book last Walker first Peter authorlink Peter N. Walker title The story of the Police Mutual Assurance Society year 1992 isbn 0951899600 publisher The Society location Lichfield Cite web title Police Mutual Assurance Society year 2007 url http www.pmas.co.uk postscript None Category Insurance companies of the United Kingdom Category Friendly societies Category Mutual insurance companies ... more details
A Mutual insurance company is an insurance company which has no shareholders but instead is owned entirely ... in the election of the board of directors. In a mutual insurance company, any distributed surplus funds .... The American mutual property casualty insurance industry was founded in 1752 by Benjamin Franklin ... Association of Mutual Insurance Companies, A Century of Commitment, 1895 1995 year 1994 publisher National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies location Indianapolis, IN pages 1 5 coauthors Virginia Wadsley, Janice Artandi ref although the mutual concept actually originated in England almost 60 years before when the first mutual fire insurer was conceived. ref name Wright 1994 1 5 In nearly every country around the globe, there are mutual property casualty insurance companies. ref cite web title Association of Mutual Insurers and Insurance Cooperatives in Europe url http www.amice eu.org ... and Mutual Insurers has argued that European mutual insurance companies promote active policyholder ... ref After the global economic crisis in 2008, the mutual property casualty insurance industry was one ... year 2009 ref The National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies NAMIC is the only U.S. trade association representing mutual property casualty insurance companies. Since 1895, National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies NAMIC has ... Wright first Janet title The History of the National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies, A Century of Commitment, 1895 1995 year 1994 publisher National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies ... association for the industry, the International Cooperative and Mutual Insurance Federation, claims ... ICMIF Members list . Retrieved on March 5, 2010. ref Mutual holding companies The major disadvantage of the mutual insurance companies is the difficulty of raising capital. ref name Demutualization http ... . Insure.com. ref In response to this issue, the mutual holding company structure was first ... more details
Infobox company company name Old Mutual plc company logo Image Old Mutual.svg 220px company type Public ... 7682 Old 20Mutual 20at 20a 20Glance.pdf Old Mutual at a glance ref parent subsid homepage http www.oldmutual.com www.oldmutual.com footnotes Old Mutual plc lse OML , jse OML is an international ... in 33 countries. ref name about http www.oldmutual.com about index.jsp About Old Mutual ref History The company was founded by John Fairbairn educator John Fairbairn , as a mutual insurance mutual insurance company in 1845 under the name of The Mutual Life Assurance Society of the Cape of Good Hope and became The South Africa Mutual Life Assurance Society in 1885. ref name history http www.oldmutual.com about heritage.jsp Old Mutual History ref Image John Fairbairn Painting.jpg thumb left 200px John Fairbairn educator , Founder and first Chairman In 1939 the Old Mutual art deco office opened in Darling Street as the The Mutual Building Mutual Gebou , Cape Town Mutual Building or, Mutual ... as Mutual Heights . ref name Mutual Heights http www.mutualheights.net Web site for the residential community in Mutual Heights in Darling Street, Cape Town ref In 1956 Old Mutual relocated its Head Office .... ref name history In 1970 Old Mutual acquired a major shareholding in the newly formed Mutual & Federal , and later acquiring the remaining shares in 2010. In 1973 Old Mutual acquired shareholdings ... Exchanges as Old Mutual . Old Mutual establishes a head office in London. ref name history In 2000 ... fullpage.html?res 9F06E2D9173DF93AA25752C0A9669C8B63&sec &spon Old Mutual reaches deal ref Capel Cure Sharp subsequently merged with Greig Middleton, Gerrard Group s private client business. Old Mutual sold Gerrard to Barclays Bank PLC in 2003. ref name history Later in 2000 Old Mutual purchased United ... US 769 million, ref http www.independent.co.uk news business news old mutual extends us reach with 2bn uam acquisition 713116.html Old Mutual extends US reach ref thus acquiring a large and diverse ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Mutual engagement ref name mutual engagement Bryan Kinns, N., & Hamilton, F. 2009 . Identifying Mutual Engagement . Behaviour & Information Technology . http www.informaworld.com smpp jump jumptype banner frompagename content frommainurifile content fromdb all fromtitle fromvnxs cons ?dropin dxdoiorg 101080 01449290903377103&to url http 3a 2f 2fdx 2edoi 2eorg 2f10 2e1080 2f01449290903377103 DOI 10.1080 01449290903377103 ref occurs when people creatively spark together and enter a state of group Flow psychology flow . ref Sawyer, K. 2003 . Group creativity Music, theater, collaboration. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates LEA , NJ, USA. ref It involves engagement with both the products of a joint activity and with the other participants who are contributing to those products. Mutual engagement is essential for technologically mediated creative collaborations such as group improvisation with new musical interfaces, ref Bryan Kinns, N. 2004 . http www.dcs.qmul.ac.uk nickbk papers ... brainstorming, and so on. Identifying mutual engagement Mutual engagement is about the points at which ... location of contributions, mutual modification of the joint product, discussions of quality of the joint product, or repetition and reinterpretation of others contributions. ref name mutual engagement These rely on participants skills and expertise with the system. Designing for mutual engagement User interfaces designed for mutual engagement should support mutual awareness of actions, shared and consistent representations, mutual modifiability , and annotation . ref name mutual engagement Related work Mutual engagement is critical to creative collaborations which rely on technology. The field ... based activities. Wenger s characterization of mutual engagement in a community of practice ... Wenger s perspective, mutual engagement is about the work involved in learning how to interact ... Mutual Engagement Category Social psychology ... more details
Infobox Company company name Grinnell Mutual company logo File GMRCLogo.png 300px company type Mutual company Mutual company slogan A Policy of Working Together foundation April 17, 1909 location Grinnell, Iowa , United States USA key people Steve Crawford, President & CEO num employees 680 industry Reinsurance , Insurance homepage http www.grinnellmutual.com www.grinnellmutual.com Grinnell Mutual Reinsurance Company is a mutual insurance mutual reinsurance company based in Grinnell, Iowa . The company operates in 12 midwest ern states reinsuring 295 mutual insurance companies. The company earned an A rating from AM Best for 2009. History In 1909, the company was formed in Greenfield, Iowa as Iowa Farmers Mutual Reinsurance Association by John Evans to provide reinsurance for county mutuals in Iowa. In 1933, the company moved to Grinnell, Iowa and changed their name to Farmers Mutual Reinsurance Association . The name changed again in 1948 to Farmers Mutual Reinsurance Company . The current name, Grinnell Mutual Reinsurance Company, was adopted in 1963. Related Companies Big M Agency, Inc Other lines of insurance Grinnell Infosystems, Inc Information services for farm mutuals Grinnell Select An auto insurance provider References http www.iid.state.ia.us about us FinancialReg ExamRpts 2004 0414 04M.pdf Iowa Insurance Division Examination Report External links http www.grinnellmutual.com Grinnell Mutual Homepage http www.AMBEST.com A.M. Best Company Category Insurance companies of the United States Category Mutual insurance companies Category Reinsurance companies Category Companies based in Iowa insurance company stub ... more details
Infobox Company company name Mutual of America Life Insurance Company company logo company type Mutual company Mutual company slogan Your Retirement Company foundation 1945 location New York, New York , USA key people Thomas J. Moran , CEO num employees industry Insurance Life insurance Life revenue profit 1,713 Million United States USD 2005 net income homepage http www.mutualofamerica.com www.mutualofamerica.com Mutual of America Life Insurance Company , also referred to as Mutual of America , is a Fortune 1000 mutual company based in New York, New York . Founded in 1945, it is ranked on the Forbes 500 list as the tenth largest insurance company in the United States. ref FORTUNE 500 2006 Annual Ranking . ref Mutual of America specializes in providing pension and retirement related products, programs and services. This company also offers such products as variable universal life insurance , and group life and disability insurance . This company provides products and services for employee benefit plans of nonprofit organizations and corporations and their employees, life insurance and retirement products to individuals and mutual funds to institutional investors. Furthermore, this company distributes its products and provides support to its customers through salaried consultants located at its head office and in 36 regional field offices located across the continental United States and in Alaska and Hawaii. Notes reflist References cite web accessdate 2010 18 11 url http www.mutualofamerica.com MOAframe.asp?main about description.asp&ButHit about title 2009 Annual Report format PDF publisher Mutual of America cite web accessdate 2007 06 10 url http money.cnn.com magazines fortune fortune500 snapshots 3982.html title Mutual of America Life profile work FORTUNE 500 2006 Annual Ranking publisher CNNMoney.com DEFAULTSORT Mutual Of America Category Companies established in 1945 ... Category Mutual insurance companies Category Life insurance companies Category Companies based ... more details
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