Molecularphylogenetics IPA en m l kj l r fa l d n t ks pron , also known as molecular systematics a term likely discouraged to avoid confusion with Structure activity relationship molecular biological ... on an organism s evolutionary relationships. The result of a molecularphylogenetics phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree . History of molecularphylogenetics See History of molecular evolution The theoretical frameworks for molecular systematics were laid in the 1960s in the works ... molecular evolution computational phylogenetics PhyloCode Microbial phylogenetics References MolPhylEvol48 ... About primer phylo.html NCBI Systematics and MolecularPhylogenetics phylo Category Phylogenetics ... Su rez D az & Victor H. Anaya Mu oz 2008 History, objectivity, and the construction of molecular phylogenies. Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 39 451 468 ref Applications of molecular systematics ... have a high degree of agreement in the molecular structure of these substances, while the molecules ... of mutation provide a molecular clock for dating divergence. Molecular phylogeny uses such data to build ... decades, however, has it been possible to isolate and identify these molecular structures. The most ... to identify similarity. Another application of molecular phylogeny is in DNA barcoding , where the species ... fingerprinting . Theoretical background Early attempts at molecular systematics were also termed ... the sequence of a defined area of a particular chromosome . Typical molecular systematic ... that the number of distinct haplotypes that are found is relatively small. In a molecular systematic ... reliability estimates for the positions of haplotypes within the evolutionary trees. Limitations of molecular systematics Molecular systematics is an essentially Cladistics cladistic approach it assumes ... . Molecular systematics often uses the molecular clock assumption that quantitative similarity ... DNA for molecular systematic analysis. However, because in mammal s mitochondrion mitochondria are inherited ... more details
Infobox journal title MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution cover File MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution.gif editor D.E. Wildman discipline Phylogeny , evolutionary biology formernames abbreviation Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. publisher Academic Press country United States frequency 12 year history 1992&ndash present openaccess license impact 3.871 impact year 2008 website http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 10557903 link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1055 7903 eISSN MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution is a peer review ed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics . The journal is edited by D.E. Wildman . Indexing The journal is indexed in EMBiology Journal Citation Reports Scopus Web of Science External links Official http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 622921 description description Category Elsevier academic journals Category Evolutionary biology journals Category Phylogenetics Category Molecular biology Category Publications established in 1992 ... more details
Non free use rationale Article MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution Description a cover of the journal MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution Source http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 10557903 Portion all Low resolution yes Purpose To illustrate the article on the journal. Replaceability no other information publisher Elsevier Category Academic journal covers Licensing Non free magazine cover ... more details
Microbial phylogenetics is the study of the evolution ary relatedness among various groups of microorganism s. The molecular approach to microbial Molecularphylogenetics phylogenetic analysis , pioneered by Carl Woese in the 1970s and leading to the three domain model Archaea , Bacteria , Eucaryota ... views on microbial phylogeny. ref name OrenA Methods and programs The purpose of Molecularphylogenetics ... OrenA cite book author Oren, A Papke, RT editor year 2010 title Molecular Phylogeny of Microorganisms ... can be used as molecular clocks that contain historical information, led to the development of the three ... innovation of modern molecular biology and the rapid advancement in computational science ... analysis of molecular sequences i selection of a suitable molecule or molecules phylogenetic marker , ii acquisition of molecular sequences, iii multiple sequence alignment MSA and iv phylogenetic ... part of the genomes to be compared. Mechanisms of molecular evolution include mutations, duplication ... sequence analysis MLSA represents the novel standard in microbial molecular systematics. In this context ... approaches. The concatenation approach that dominates MLSAs in the microbial molecular systematics literature is known to systematists working with plants and animals as the total molecular ... plant lineages. The total molecular evidence approach has been criticized because by directly concatenating ... in clear molecular terms and for understanding how they have branched off from a common ancestor ... of evolution . Until the advent of molecular biology , however, a universal tree of life was well ..., the transfer of an adaptive gene might create a new group of organisms. ref name OrenA See also PhylogeneticsMolecularphylogenetics Computational phylogenetics History of molecular evolution References reflist External links http www.highveld.com pages microbial phylogenetics.html Microbial phylogenetics Category Phylogenetics ... more details
the more recent field of molecularphylogenetics uses nucleotide sequences encoding genes or amino acid sequences encoding protein s as the basis for classification. Many forms of molecularphylogenetics ... Molecularphylogenetics methods rely on a defined substitution model that encodes a hypothesis ...Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithm s, methods and programs to Phylogenetics ... Sci 113 3353 3354. ref Traditional phylogenetics relies on morphology biology morphological data obtained ... taxa. In molecular studies, a primary problem is in producing a multiple sequence alignment MSA ... phylogenetics can be either rooted or unrooted depending on the input data and the algorithm ... data on divergence rates, such as the assumption of the molecular clock hypothesis. ref name ... homology Morphological analysis The basic problem in morphological phylogenetics is the assembly of a matrix ... derived tree that was consistent with that produced from molecular data. ref name Strait ... in morphological phylogenetics problems and solutions. Syst Biol 50 5 689 99. ref Because morphological ... Molecular analysis The problem of character coding is very different in molecular analyses, as the characters ... i.e., a molecular clock across lineages. Its relative, UPGMA Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic ... applied to phylogenetics in the early 1980s. ref name hendy Hendy MD, Penny D. 1982 . Branch and bound ... implies, it requires as input both a branching rule in the case of phylogenetics, the addition of the next ... a good bound is the most challenging aspect of the algorithm s application to phylogenetics ... N, Rodin S, Solovyov S, Antonov AS. 1995 . Molecular Evolution Biomathematics Series Vol 24. Springer ... distribution is a point of contention among users of Bayesian inference phylogenetics methods ... algorithms, although the choice of move set varies selections used in Bayesian phylogenetics include ... a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Mol Biol Evol 46 409 18. ref The use of Bayesian methods in phylogenetics ... more details
File Heterobranchia tree.png thumb Graph of neighbor joining phylogenetic tree shows a clear split support visualised by long parallel edges for Acochlidiacea in red color . The graph is based on datasets by J rger et al. 2010 ref name J rger 2010 J rger K. M., St ger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schr dl M. 2010 . On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia . BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 323. doi 10.1186 1471 2148 10 323 . ref and generated by SplitsTree . A split in phylogenetics is a bipartition of a set of taxon taxa , and the smallest unit of information in unrooted phylogenetic tree s each edge of an unrooted phylogenetic tree represents one split, and the tree can be efficiently reconstructed from its set of splits. Moreover, when given several trees, the splits occurring in more than half of these trees give rise to a consensus tree, and the splits occurring in a smaller fraction of the trees generally give rise to a consensus Phylogenetic network Split Network . See also SplitsTree , a program for inferring phylogenetic split networks. References reflist Category Phylogenetics Category Trees structure ... more details
Orphan date April 2010 Lead too long date February 2010 Phylogenetics of mimicry Mimicry is well understood and heavily studied within specific mimicry groups, individually referred to as mimicry complexes . However the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships between mimic model or co mimicry pairs are less apparent. The difficulty many researchers face in trying to build phylogenies for mimicry complexes is trying to discriminate between analogous traits, shared characteristics developed through convergent evolution, and homologous traits, shared characteristics that are due to a shared common ancestor. In some instances it is clear whether some traits are analogous or homologous, as in mimicry complexes involving completely unrelated organisms or those of different orders . In other cases involving similar or same species mimics with different phenotypes , the explanation for trait evolution becomes less clear. To build phylogenies for these groups of mimics, scientists would first need to understand which species is the mimic and which is the model, then afterwards determine how evolution will have proceeded to increase the instances of the shared characteristics. ref Ruxton, G. D., T. N. Sherrat, and M. P. Steed. 2004. Avoiding attack the evolutionary ecology of crypsis, warning signals, & mimicry. Oxford Biology. ref In M llerian mimicry , defended species have evolved similar appearances as a means to share the cost of predator learning M ller, 1862 . The classic example of M llerian mimicry is the Heliconius butterfly. There are 54 species of this unpalatable butterfly with over 700 names applied to its various phenotypes Brower, 1996 . It functions as a perfect M llerian mimic because all species of the Heliconius are inedible and form symbiotic relationships. Extensive research on Heliconius butterflies has even shown not just phenotypic similarities, but also .... 2001. Molecular phylogenetic evidence for a mimetic radiation in Peruvian poison frogs supports ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Primitive , or Premative , is a descriptive term often used in the field of evolution to describe particular species or Trait biology traits that are characteristic of an older evolutionary scale of development relative to more recent developments. For example, prokaryote s such as bacterium bacteria are often described as primitive because they are older in the evolutionary time scale, and are less complex than later organism s such as eukaryote s. This term has fallen out of favor with some Evolutionary biology evolutionary biologists , since it implies that the evolutionary scale is a ladder in which each new addition is superior than organisms in the lower rungs. The argument against this limited interpretation is that far more recent or complex organisms are not always superior to older, simpler organisms. For example, archaea , forms of prokaryotic organisms, are able to survive efficiently in a much broader range of extreme environments than can advanced humans. It is for this reason that many biologists prefer the dichotomy of simple vs. complex, where the evolutionary complexity of organismal functions determines the relationship between sets , rather than levels , of the evolutionary process. In modern biology, phylogeny , the study of evolutionary relationships, takes the form of extending branches. Instead of having the evolutionary system as a division between higher superior and lower inferior organisms, each branch extends outwards to represent temporal and developmental distance. The preferred term for cladism cladists is Basal phylogenetics basal its antonym is derived . DEFAULTSORT Primitive Phylogenetics Category Evolutionary biology Evolution stub no Utviklingsgrad ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 In phylogenetics , a basal clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram . A basal group forms an Outgroup cladistics outgroup to the rest of the clade, such as in the following example phylogeny Basal group clade Non basal group Non basal group Non basal group Non basal group The word basal is preferred to the term primitive , which may carry false connotations of inferiority or a lack of complexity. The term basal can only be correctly applied to clades of organisms, not to individual traits possessed by the organisms although it can be misused in this manner in technical literature. While the term basal applies to clades, characters or traits are usually considered derived if they are absent in a basal group, but present in other groups. This assumption only holds true if the basal group is a good analogy for the last common ancestor of the group. As an example, the flowering plant family Amborellaceae is considered the most basal Lineage evolution lineage of extant angiosperm s. clade phylogeny Amborellales Clade Monocot s Magnoliid s Eudicot s In animal family Hominidae , the gorillas are an outgroup to chimpanzees and humans. These three species, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans form a clade, the subfamily Homininae , of which gorillas are the basal member. clade phylogeny Clade Human s Chimpanzee s Gorilla s However, in the family Hominidae, the orangutans form an outgroup to the subfamily Homininae, the clade to which gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans all belong. clade phylogeny Clade Humans Chimpanzees Gorillas Orangutan s References cite journal title A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla first1 Graham E. last1 Budd first2 S ren last2 Jensen journal Biological Reviews publisher Cambridge University Press volume 75 issue 2 year 2000 doi 10.1017 S000632310000548X pages 253 95 pmid 10881389 Category Phylogenetics ca Basal filog nia es Basal fr Base phylog n tique ... more details
page W. P. Maddison and D. R. Maddison MOLPHY Molecularphylogenetics protein or nucleotide Maximum ...This list of phylogenetics software is a compilation of computational phylogenetics software used to produce phylogenetic tree s. Such tools are commonly used in comparative genomics , cladistics , and bioinformatics . Methods for estimating phylogenies include neighbor joining , maximum parsimony also simply referred to as parsimony , UPGMA , Bayesian inference in phylogeny Bayesian phylogenetic inference , maximum likelihood and Distance matrices in phylogeny distance matrix methods . class wikitable Name Description Methods Link Author BATWING Bayesian Analysis of Trees With Internal Node Generation Bayesian inference, demographic history, population splits http www.mas.ncl.ac.uk nijw download I. J. Wilson, Weale, D.Balding BayesPhylogenies Bayesian inference of trees using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods Bayesian inference, multiple models, mixture model auto partitioning http www.evolution.rdg.ac.uk BayesPhy.html download M. Pagel, A. Meade BayesTraits Analyses trait evolution among groups of species for which a phylogeny or sample of phylogenies is available Trait analysis http www.evolution.rdg.ac.uk BayesTraits.html download M. Pagel, A. Meade BEAST Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees Bayesian inference, relaxed molecular clock, demographic history http beast.bio.ed.ac.uk download or http code.google.com p beast mcmc development & download A. J. Drummond, A. Rambaut Bosque Integrated graphical software to perform phylogenetic analyses, from the importing of sequences ... Haeseler MEGA Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Distance, Parsimony and Maximum Composite ... uk.html Institut Pasteur phylogeny webservers http www.expasy.org tools phylo ExPASy List of phylogenetics ... software DEFAULTSORT List Of Phylogenetics Software Category Bioinformatics Category Computational phylogenetics Category Lists of software Phylogenetics Category Bioinformatics software ... more details
to vary. These attributes can be physical morphological , molecular, genetic, physiological, or behavioral ... analysis, and that more characters are more valuable than more taxa in phylogenetics. This has ... cost and increased automation of molecular sequencing, sample sizes overall are on the rise ... tree, as is the case for comparative phylogenetics , these methods cannot solve the problem. However ... more commonly employed in phylogenetics as elsewhere both methods involve an arbitrary but large ... for phylogenetics, but it is a reasonable estimator of accuracy. Citation needed date ... this result in phylogenetics, too, some particular phylogenetic problems for example, long branch ... data is the most likely tree. Maximum likelihood, as implemented in phylogenetics, uses a stochastic ... change were not available for non molecular data. New methods, proposed by Paul Lewis, make essentially ... inference in phylogeny Bayesian phylogenetics uses the likelihood function, and is normally implemented .... surname2 Thornton given2 J. W. year 2004 title Performance of maximum parsimony and likelihood phylogenetics ... Category Phylogenetics Category Computational phylogenetics ca M xima parsim nia de Maximale Sparsamkeit ... more details
for the scientific journal Molecular Ecology Unreferenced date July 2008 Molecular ecology is a field of evolutionary biology that is concerned with applying molecular population genetics , molecularphylogenetics, and more recently genomics to traditional ecology ecological questions e.g., species diagnosis, conservation and assessment of biodiversity, species area relationships, and many questions in behavioral ecology . It is virtually synonymous with the field of Ecological Genetics as pioneered by Theodosius Dobzhansky , E. B. Ford , and others. Citation needed date July 2010 These fields are united in their attempt to study genetic based questions out in the field as opposed to the laboratory. Molecular ecology is related to the field of Conservation genetics . Methods frequently include using Microsatellite genetics microsatellites to determine gene flow and Hybrid biology hybridization between populations. The development of molecular ecology is also closely related to the use of microarray DNA microarrays , which allows for the simultaneous analysis of the expression of thousands of different genes. real time polymerase chain reaction may also be used to analyze gene expression as a result of changes in environmental conditions or different response by differently adapted individuals. Bacterial diversity Molecular ecological techniques have recently been used to study in situ questions of bacterial diversity. This stems from the fact that many microorganisms are not easily obtainable as cultured Strain biology strains in the laboratory, which would allow for identification ... samples using general of group specific Primer molecular biology primers leads to a mix ... for a faster result. See also ecological genetics External links http molecularecology.co.uk Molecular Ecology UK http www.molecol.org WILEY Molecular Ecology Journal DEFAULTSORT Molecular Ecology Category Subfields of ecology Category Molecular biology de Molekulare kologie ja zh ... more details
of organisms. This is called molecular systematics or molecularphylogenetics. Tools and concepts ... of Molecular Evolution , and MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution . Research in molecular evolution ... phylogenetics Col 3 Neutral theory of molecular evolution Nucleotide diversity Parsimony Population ...Template Evolutionary biology Molecular evolution is the process of evolution at the scale of DNA , RNA , and protein s. Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology , evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand recent discoveries ... as a molecular clock to study species divergence, and the origin of noncoding DNA . Recent advances ... of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral drift, and the identification of molecular changes ... , and cognition . Principles of molecular evolution Mutations main Mutation Mutations are permanent ... , while more favorable or beneficial ones tend to accumulate. Neutral theory of molecular evolution ... determining a preference for that feature, is also very important. Molecular study of phylogeny main Molecular systematics PhylogeneticsMolecular systematics is a product of the traditional field of systematics and molecular genetics . It is the process of using data on the molecular constitution ... biology . Molecular systematics has been made possible by the availability of techniques for DNA ... the sequence of a defined area of a particular chromosome . Typical molecular systematic analyses ... of molecular evolution Modern evolutionary synthesis Mutationism Depending on the relative importance ... for molecular evolution. ref name Graur00 cite book author Graur, D. and Li, W. H. year 2000 title Fundamentals of molecular evolution publisher Sinauer isbn 0878932666 ref While recognizing the importance ... Gillespie, J. H year 1991 title The Causes of Molecular Evolution publisher Oxford University Press ... are the driving forces of molecular evolution. Those hypotheses are often based on the broader ... more details
evolution Category Molecular genetics Category Phylogenetics ar bg ...Merge from mutation rate date August 2010 Template Evolutionary biology The molecular clock based on the molecular clock hypothesis MCH is a technique in molecular evolution that uses fossil constraints and rates of molecular change to deduce the time in Geologic time scale geologic history when two ... of events called speciation or Evolutionary radiation radiation . The molecular data used for such calculations ... The notion of the existence of a so called molecular clock was first attributed to Emile Zuckerkandl ... Pauling Pauling, L.B. year 1962 title Horizons in Biochemistry chapter Molecular disease, evolution ... result directly led to the formal postulation of the molecular clock hypothesis in the early 1960s. ref cite journal author Kumar S title Molecular clocks four decades of evolution journal Nat. Rev ... equidistance result of molecular evolution is independent of mutation rates. J. Comp. Sci. Syst ... rate of molecular change was originally purely Phenomenology science phenomenological . Later, the work ... rate at the molecular level journal Nature volume 217 pages 624 626 doi 10.1038 217624a0 pmid 5637732 issue 5129 ref developed the neutral theory of molecular evolution , which predicted a molecular ... molecular evolution are neutral, then Fixation population genetics fixations in a population will accumulate ... The molecular clock alone can only say that one time period is twice as long as another it cannot assign concrete dates. To achieve this, the molecular clock must first be calibration calibrated ... of Life journal Molecular Biology & Evolution volume 24 pages 26 53 doi 10.1093 molbev msl150 pmid 17047029 issue 1 ref Alternatively, for viral phylogenetics and ancient DNA studies, two areas of evolutionary ... of the samples themselves can be used to calibrate the molecular clock. Non constant rate of molecular ..., F., Stanhope, M.J. and Huchon, D. year 2003 title Local molecular clocks in three nuclear genes divergence ... more details
Molecular biology IPA en m l kj l r ... pron is the branch of biology that deals with the molecular ... genetics and biochemistry . Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding and the interactions ... are regulated. Writing in Nature journal Nature in 1961, William Astbury described molecular ... biology for the corresponding molecular plan. It is concerned particularly with the forms of biological ... month title Molecular Biology or Ultrastructural Biology? journal Nature volume 190 issue pages 1124 ... biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology.svg thumb 250px none Schematic relationship between biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques native to molecular biology see Techniques section later in article , but increasingly combine ... interpretations of such knock out studies. Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings ... biology translation , and cell function. The central dogma of molecular biology where genetic material ... of molecular biology, still provides a good starting point for understanding the field. This picture ... in molecular biology is quantitative, and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular ..., the study of gene structure and function, molecular genetics , has been among the most prominent sub field of molecular biology. Increasingly many other loops of biology focus on molecules, either ... , or indirectly, where the techniques of molecular biology are used to infer historical attributes ... and phylogenetics . There is also a long tradition of studying biomolecule s from the ground up in biophysics . Techniques of molecular biology Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, molecular biologists have learned to characterize, isolate, and manipulate the molecular components of cells and organisms ... methods Expression cloning main Expression cloning One of the most basic techniques of molecular ... electrophoresis main Gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is one of the principal tools of molecular ... more details
Infobox Journal title Molecular Cell cover editor discipline Cell biology , molecular biological abbreviation Mol. Cell publisher Cell Press country frequency history 1997 present openaccess license impact impact year website http www.cell.com molecular cell link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http www.cell.com molecular cell rss atom JSTOR OCLC 38065664 LCCN CODEN ISSN 1097 2765 eISSN boxwidth Molecular Cell publishes research articles and review material that focus on analyzes at the molecular level, with an emphasis on new mechanistic insights. Launched in 1997, Molecular Cell publishes 24 issues a year. The impact factor of Molecular Cell in 2009 is 14.608. Category Publications established in 1997 Category Molecular and cellular biology journals biology journal stub fr Molecular Cell ... more details
map For short range molecularphylogenetics and molecular clocking Y chromosome is highly affective ... and Neanderthal mtDNA Causes of errors The molecularphylogenetics is based on quantification substitutions .... To date the only way to assess this variance is to apply molecularphylogenetics on species claimed ... doi 10.1093 molbev msl209 url ref Critical Progress Critical in the history of molecular anthropology That molecularphylogenetics could compete with comparative anthropology for determining the proximity ... from the same period Loci that have been used in molecularphylogenetics Cytochrome C Serum Albumin ...Expand section date July 2010 Molecular anthropology is a field of anthropology in which molecular analysis ... populations or within populations . Certain similarities in genetic makeup let molecular anthropologists ... on Humanity . New York McGraw Hill, 2005. ref Molecular anthropology has been extremely useful in establishing ... to a better understanding of how humans evolved. Haploid Loci in molecular anthropology File Animal ... DNA became an area of research in phylogenetics in the late 1970s. Unlike genomic DNA is offered ... the age of a local branch. History of Molecular Anthropology The protein era Image 1GZX Haemoglobin.png ... were done. In 1967 Allan Wilson A.C. Wilson began to promote the idea of a molecular clock . By 1969 molecular clocking was applied to anthropoid evolution and Vincent Sarich V. Sarich and A.C. Wilson ... title A molecular time scale for human evolution journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 63 issue ... In 1970, Louis Leakey confronted this conclusion with arguing for improper calibration of molecular ... name pmid8533083 cite journal author Ayala FJ title The myth of Eve molecular biology and human origins ... the level of molecular evolution branching from chimp to human to putative LCA, that there was an inequity ... group DNAanthro DNAanthro Molecular Anthropology Tech groups Yahoo a free discussion group DEFAULTSORT Molecular Anthropology Category Genetic genealogy Category Human evolution zh ... more details
The molecular structure of a substance is described by the combination of nuclei and electrons that comprise its constitute molecules. This includes the molecular geometry essentially the arrangement, in space, of the equilibrium positions of the constituent atoms in reality, these are in a state of constant vibration, at temperatures above absolute zero , the electronic properties of the bonds, and further molecular properties. The determination of molecular structure uses a multitude of experimental methods, that include X ray diffraction , electron diffraction , many kinds of optical spectroscopy , nuclear magnetic resonance , electron spin resonance , and mass spectrometry . The prediction and explanation of molecular structure uses quantum theory of valency and methods of molecular modeling. The term molecular structure extends to multi molecular complexes. ref Molecular structure entry in AccessScience, the McGraw Hill online Dictionary of Science, http www.accessscience.com popup.aspx?id 63878&name def ref ref any textbook on physical chemistry published in the past 80 years ref References reflist Category Molecules ... more details
Context date October 2009 A molecular probe is a group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular Nucleic acid hybridization hybridization ref cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?molecular probes title Cancerweb Molecular Probe Definition ref . Common Probes Digoxigenin See also Empty section date July 2010 References Reflist 3 External links MeshName Molecular Probes MeshName Molecular Probe Techniques Molecular probes Category Molecular biology Category Biochemistry biochem stub pl Sonda molekularna ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 A Molecular spacer or simply a spacer in chemistry is any flexible part of a molecule providing a connection between two other parts of a molecule. References reflist Category Molecular geometry chemistry stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A molecular lesion is damage to the structure of a biomolecule biological molecule such as DNA , enzyme s, or protein s that results in reduction or absence of normal function or, in rare cases, the gain of a new function. Lesions in DNA consist of breaks and other changes in the chemical structure of the helix see types of DNA lesions while lesions in proteins consist of both broken bonds and improper protein folding folding of the amino acid chain. DEFAULTSORT Molecular Lesion Category Molecular biology Biochem stub ca Lesi molecular ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Image C C energy.png right thumb illustrative example of C C length molecular energy dependece, numerical accuracy is not guaranteed Image C C C energy.png right thumb illustrative example of C C C angle molecular energy dependece, numerical accuracy is not guaranteed Image C C C C energy.png right thumb illustrative example of C C C C torsion molecular energy dependence, numerical accuracy is not guaranteed A Molecular spring is a device or part of a biological system based on molecular mechanics and is associated with molecular vibration . Any molecule can be deformed in several ways A A bond length, A A A angle, A A A A torsion angle. Deformed molecule store energy, which can be released and cause mechanical work as the molecule return into its optimal geometrical Chemical structure conformation . The term molecular string is usually used in nano science and molecular biology, however theoretically also macroscopic molecular springs can be considered, if it is manufactured. Such a device composed for example of arranged ultra high molecular mass polymer fibres Helicene , Polyacetylene could store extraordinary 0.1 10MJ kg in comparison to 0.0003MJ kg of clockwork spring amount of energy which can be stored and released almost instantly, with high energy conversion efficiency . The amount of energy storable in molecular spring is limited by the value of deformation the molecule can withstand until it undergoes chemical change . Manufacturing of such macroscopic ... and molecular arrangement of such long polymer molecules. In addition, the force needed to draw molecular string to its maximum length could be impractically high comparable to the tensile strength of particular polymer molecule 100GPa for some carbon compounds See also Ultra high molecular ... PDF Histol&Histopathol reprint.pdf Stretching molecular springs elasticity of titin filaments in vertebrate ..., Germany Category Nanotechnology Category Molecular physics nano tech stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In genetics, a molecular marker identified as genetic marker is a fragment of DNA sequence that is associated to a part of the genome . Molecular markers are used in molecular biology and biotechnology experiments where they use to identify a particular sequence of DNA. As the DNA sequences are very highly specific, they can be identified with the help of the known molecular markers which can find out a particular sequence of DNA from a group of unknown. See also Biomarker DEFAULTSORT Molecular Marker Category Chemical compounds Category Authentication methods Science stub fr Marqueur mol culaire it Marcatore molecolare ... more details
Image Molecular shuttle illustration commons.png thumbnail 200px An example of a molecular shuttle where the macrocyle green moves between two stations yellow . A molecular shuttle in supramolecular chemistry is a special type of molecular machine capable of Shuttle weaving shuttling molecules or ions from one location to another. This field is of relevance to nanotechnology in its quest for nanoscale electronic components and also to biology where many biochemical functions are based on molecular shuttles. Academic interest also exists for synthetic molecular shuttles, the first prototype reported in 1991 based on a rotaxane ref A molecular shuttle Pier Lucio Anelli, Neil Spencer, and J. Fraser Stoddart J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991 113 13 pp 5131 5133 DOI 10.1021 ja00013a096 ref . This device is based on a molecular thread composed of a ethyleneglycol chain interrupted by two arene compound arene groups acting as so called stations . The terminal units or stoppers on this wire are bulky triisopropylsilyl groups. The bead is a tetracationic cyclophane based on two bipyridine groups and two phenylene para phenylene groups. The bead is locked to one of the stations by pi pi interaction s but since the activation energy for migration from one station to the other station is only 13 Calorie kcal mole unit mol 54 kilojoule kJ mol the bead shuttles between them. The stoppers prevent the bead from slipping from the thread. Chemical synthesis of this device is based on molecular self assembly from a preformed thread and two bead fragments 32 chemical yield . align center class wikitable Image MolecularShuttleReaction.png 300px molecular shuttle 1991 components Image MolecularShuttleAssembled.png 300px Molecular shuttle molecular shuttle components Molecular shuttle In certain molecular switch es the two stations are non degenerate. References Reflist Category Supramolecular chemistry Category Molecular machines it Navetta molecolare ... more details
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