sociology In the social science s, modernization or modernisation refers to a model of an evolutionary transition from a pre modern or traditional to a modern society. The teleology of modernization is described .... Historians link modernization to the processes of urbanization and industrialization , as well as to the spread of education. As Kendall 2007 notes, Urbanization accompanied modernization and the rapid ... critical theory , modernization is linked to an overarching process of rationalisation . When modernization increases within a society, the individual becomes that much more important, eventually ... http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 387301 modernization ref Modernization theory and history have been explicitly used as guides for countries eager to develop rapidly, such as China. Indeed, modernization has been proposed as the most useful framework for World history in China, because as one of the developing countries that started late, China s modernization ... a New Disciplinary Framework of Modern World History Around the Theme of Modernization, Chinese ..., societies undergoing the process of modernization typically arrive at governance dictated by abstract ... as modernization takes hold. ref name HttpwwwbritannicacomEBcheckedtopicmodernization Theory According to theories of modernization, each society can develop from traditionalism to modernity, and that those ... theorist Peter Wagner Social theorist Peter Wagner , modernization can be seen as processes, and as offensives ... modernization necessary or preferable. ref name khan 162 164 Khan, p. 162 164. ref This view makes critique of modernization difficult, since it implies these developments control the limits of human interaction, and not vice versa. The view of modernization as offensives argues that both the developments ... by human agents. The view of modernization as offensives therefore sees it as a product of human planning ... 164 Modernization emerged in the late 19th century and was especially popular among scholars in the mid ... more details
Height Modernization is the name of a series of state by state programs recently begun by the United States National Geodetic Survey , a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . The goal of each state program is to place global positioning satellite GPS base stations at various locations within each participating state to measure topographic changes in the directions of latitude and longitude caused by subsidence or earthquakes , as well as to measure changes in height elevation . http agic.az.gov hm Arizona Height Modernization Arizona Geographic Information Council http tsrc.tamucc.edu TSRC HomePage Texas Height Modernization Texas A&M University Corpus Christi Category Geodesy science stub ... more details
No footnotes date September 2010 Modernization theory is a theory used to explain the process of modernization ... countries have. Modernization theory attempts to identify the social variables which contribute ... . Not surprisingly, modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among communist and free .... Modernization theory not only stresses the process of change but also the responses to that change ... right mile Durkheim Historically, the idea of modernization is relatively new. Its basic principles ... Theory Accordingly, internal situations in societies immediately affect the processes of modernization ... to suffer in terms of modernization. This can repress the state s economic development and productivity ... environments. Such mechanisms slow the process of modernization and lead to the need to sort out internal conflicts so as to aid the process of modernization. State theory is said to be mixed with internal .... The State theory essentially implies that in order for modernization to grow and for societies to become ... productivity supporting the internal modernization of society. Globalization and modernization ... to the spreading of modernization across borders. It theorizes the development of a global ... grown due to modernization. Communication industries have enabled capitalism to spread throughout the world .... Since modernization deals with social change from agrarian societies to industrial ones, it is important ... socially, industrially, and economically, summed up by the term modernization. Cell phones, for example ... system side of the modernization, trying to show factors needed for a country to reach the path to modernization in his Rostovian take off model . David Apter concentrated on the political system ... and modernization. David McClelland The Achieving Society , 1967 approached this subject from the psychology psychological perspective, with his motivation s theory, arguing that modernization ... and being able to create long term plans for the future. Edward Said s Orientalism interpret modernization ... more details
Legacy Modernization, or Software modernization, refers to the conversion, rewriting or porting of a legacy ... migration to new platforms ref Gardner, D Not just a nip and tuck, application modernization extends ... ref . Strategies Legacy system modernization is often a large, multiyear project. Because these legacy ... modernized. A migration strategy must ensure that the system remains fully functional during the modernization effort. Making of software modernization decisions is a process within some organizational ... is often limited. 1 MODERNIZATION STRATEGIES AND BENEFITS WMU Warrants, Maintenance, Upgrade ... and technical issues. MODERNIZATION RISK MANAGEMENT RPFA Reengineering Project Failure Analysis ... Risk Managed Modernization, Seacord et al., 2003 is a new, general software modernization management approach taking risks and both technological and business objectives explicitly into account. MODERNIZATION ... Koskinen, H. L. 15 2004 . Evaluation of Software Modernization Estimation Methods Using NIMSAD Meta ... Technology Research Institute 15 2004. ref CHALLENGES IN LEGACY MODERNIZATION Typical legacy ... footprint of legacy systems cannot migrate at once. A phased modernization approach needs to be adopted ... 2007 . Logistics Legacy Modernization. 2007 Infosys Technologies Limited. ref MODERNIZATION OPTIONS Over the years, several different options have come into being for legacy modernization each of them ..., CRM, SCM, Billing software etc. 4 ref 4. Series, A. S. ISO 9001 2008 . Legacy Modernization Transformation into an Agile Enterprise. A whitepaper on Legacy Modernization. ref A legacy application ... can be just as monolithic, hard to modify, and thus, be candidates of modernization projects ... such as program transformation by software modernization enterprises have made the legacy ... simply to the process of moving data from one storage device to another. Commercial Application Modernization Software The following companies provide software that facilitates legacy application modernization ... more details
Ecological modernization is an optimism optimistic , reform oriented school of environmental social science ... elements Ecological modernization emerged in the early 1980s within a group of scholars at Free University ... Mol, 2001 . One basic assumption of ecological modernization relates to environmental readaptation ... to upgrade the environment s carrying capacity , ecological modernization gives humans an active ... of the scope of ecological modernization whether it is just about techno industrial progress and related ... modernization of mind, value orientiations, attitudes, behaviour and lifestyles . Similarly, there is some pluralism as to whether ecological modernization would need to rely mainly on government ... the three. Some scholars explicitly refer to general modernization theory as well as non Marxist world ... that ecological modernization will have to result in innovative structural change. So research ... and Wieczorek, 2006 . Ecological modernization shares a number of features with neighbouring, overlapping ... elements A special topic of ecological modernization research during recent years was sustainable ... pull control of supply chains Vergragt, 2000 OECD 2002 . Some scholars of ecological modernization ... for another Christoff, 1996 . Ecological modernization also relies on product life cycle assessment and the analysis of materials and energy flows. In this context, ecological modernization promotes ... special interest in the ecological modernization literature has been the role of social movement s and the emergence ... of change, some forms of ecological modernization may be favored by business interests because ... of the problem, or even origin of environmental degradation. Under ecological modernization, the State ..., national, and global environmental problems. In the latter case, ecological modernization shares ... governance , sometimes referred to as subpolitics or political modernization , where the environmental ... and leadership roles in stimulating environmental transformation. Political modernization of this sort ... more details
Chinese s t j dai6 ng5 go3 jin6 doi6 faa3 p di4 wu3 ge5 ge4 xian4 dai4 hua4 The Fifth Modernization originally began as a signed wall poster placed by Wei Jingsheng on December 5, 1978 on the Democracy Wall in Beijing . ref Brook, Daniel. 2005 2005 . Modern revolution social change and cultural continuity in Czechoslovakia and China. University Press of America. ISBN 0761831932, 9780761831938. ref Summary The poster call on the Communist Party of China to add democracy to the list of Four Modernizations which includes industry, agriculture, science and technology and national defense. ref Schell, Orville. Shambaugh, David L. 1999 1999 . The China reader the reform era. Random House, Inc. ISBN 0679763872, 9780679763871. ref It openly stated democracy as an additional modernization which needs to be taken if China truly wants to modernize itself. The five Modernization s would include Democracy Agriculture in China Agriculture Industry of China Industry People s Liberation Army National Defense Science and technology in the People s Republic of China Science and Technology External links http www.rjgeib.com thoughts china jingshen.html The Fifth Modernization by Wei Jingsheng References reflist Activism stub Category Chinese numbered policies fr La cinqui me modernisation no Den femte modernisering sv Den femte moderniseringen ... more details
nofootnotes date January 2010 The concept of reflexive modernization was launched by a joint effort of three of the leading European sociologists Anthony Giddens , Ulrich Beck and Scott Lash . The introduction of this concept served a double purpose to reassess sociology as a science of the present, since most sociological work was still using the dated conceptual framework of the beginning of the twentieth century, and also to provide a counterbalance to the postmodernist paradigm Jean Fran ois Lyotard , Jean Baudrillard , etc. , offering a constructive view instead of the deconstructive postmodern theory, building upon previous notions such as postindustrial society Daniel Bell and Post materialism postmaterial society Ronald Inglehart . This new paradigm was also embraced by sociologists such as Zygmunt Bauman and Pippa Norris . The main thesis deals with the changes brought on by the realisation of modernity s ideals, such as universal suffrage and education, the welfare state , civil rights , changes that marked the shift to the second modernity. The authors consider it a reflexive modernity because it opposes its earlier version, the same as the first modernity opposed feudal traditionalism. As a consequence, the institutions of the first modernity are beginning to crumble in the face of economic and cultural globalization. The state is starting to lose its importance with the rise of transnational forces corporations, NGOs , the family is splitting apart with rising divorce ... the new divisions, such as the digital divide . Reflexive modernization is a process of modernization .... Science and technology as it is used for the purpose of reflexive modernization is less concerned ... , and progress is achieved through the resulting reforms and adaptation s. Examples of reflexive modernization ... of reflexive modernization. See also Second modernity Liquid modernity Postmodernity Risk ... Giddens, Anthony , Scott Lash Lash, Scott 1994 Reflexive Modernization. Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics ... more details
File BCT Modernization logo.png thumb right 300px BCT Modernization logo The Brigade combat team Modernization is the United States Army s principal modernization program for Brigade combat team s BCTs from 2009 to the present. The Army BCT Modernization strategy plans to build a versatile mix of tailorable, networked BCTs operating on a rotational scale that will leverage mobility, protection, information and precision fires to conduct effective operations to succeed in current and future full spectrum military operations. A key goal for modernizing the Army BCTs is to enable soldiers with increased Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance ISR capabilities. Rather than making one modernization decision and then applying it across the Army over two or more decades has been typical for the US army in the past, the BCT Modernization Plan aims to implement modernization decisions incrementally in order to stay ahead of the demands of the security environment and the needs of US soldiers. The Army s Modernization plan emphasizes the role of battle tested Soldiers in the development of new equipment, provides for the incremental delivery of networked capabilities, incorporates MRAP ... vehicle modernization ref http www.bctmod.army.mil ref . The US Army plans to address capability ... Capability Sets , described as key elements of the BCT Modernization strategy ref http www.bctmod.army.mil ... Combat Team BCT Modernization, providing the Soldier, at all BCT echelons, access to enhanced Intelligence ... leader level in the brigade. This incremental modernization approach begins with the tactical ... Combat Team Modernization page , U.S. Army External links http www.bctmod.army.mil Army Modernization Site http www.boeing.com defense space bctm index.html Boeing BCT Modernization Site http www.saic.com natsec bct SAIC BCT Modernization Site US Army navbox Category Proposed weapons of the United States Category BCT Modernization de Brigade Combat Team Modernization ... more details
08 publisher Coast Guard Navigation Center format PDF ref Military M code A major component of the modernization ... a challenge for the existing system design ref See Modernization and the Move to GPS III ref NASA ... http www.gpsworld.com gnss system gps modernization the modernized l2 civil signal 730 title The Modernized ... title Modernization and the Move to GPS III cite web work Crosslink month Summer year 2002 volume ... Wilt date 2001 09 10 title GPS Modernization cite web url http www.space.commerce.gov gps modernization.shtml title GPS Modernization author Office of Space Commercialization. publisher U.S. Department of Commerce DEFAULTSORT Gps Modernization Category GPS zh GPS ... more details
Context date September 2009 Architecture Driven Modernization is the name of the initiative of the Object Management Group see http adm.omg.org OMG ADM Task Force website related to building and promoting standards that can be applied to modernize legacy systems . The objective of this initiative is to provide standard representations of views existing systems in order to enable common software modernizationmodernization activities like code analysis and comprehension, and software transformation. History of ADM In June 2003, The Object Management Group OMG formed a Task Force to modeling in the context of existing software systems. Initially, the group was called Legacy Transformation Task Force, but then the name was unanimously changed to Architecture Driven Modernization Task Force ADM . ADMTF is co chaired by Djenana Campara, from KDM Analytics and William Ulrich, from Tactical Strategy Group. ref cite book author Object management Group title Why do we need standards for the modernization of existing systems url http www.kdmanalytics.com kdm ADM whitepaper.pdf Object Management Group date July 15, 2003 ref In November 2003, the OMG s Architecture Driven Modernization Task Force ... For Proposal RFP . In February 2005, the OMG s Architecture Driven Modernization Task Force recommended ... Driven Modernization Task Force recommended, and the Platform Technical Committee issued, the Software ... of the Architecture Driven Modernization initiative is the OMG specification Knowledge ... . With some irony, the acronym for Architecture Driven Modernization, ADM looks like MDA in reverse .... ADM is related to the concept of reverse engineering . Software modernization is architecture ... user organizations to consider modernization from an analysis and design based perspective. In doing ... group title Second Architecture Driven Modernization workshop url http www.omg.org news releases pr2005 08 30 05.htm date October 24, 2005 ref See also Object Management Group software modernization ... more details
The Electronic Surveillance Modernization Act USBill 109 H.R. 5825 of the 109th United States Congress Congress was passed on September 28, 2006 by a vote 232 to 191. It has been referred to the United States Senate , and the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Senate Committee for the Judiciary for further debate ref Library of Congress THOMAS http thomas.loc.gov cgi bin bdquery z?d109 h.r.05825 ref . Category Legal history of the United States Reflist US fed statute stub ... more details
unreferenced date November 2008 The Central Organization For Modernization of Workshops COFMOW is a public sector undertaking in India, created in 1979 to modernise the workshops of Indian Railways . It was established through funding from the World Bank and is located in New Delhi , the national capital. Category Railway companies of India Category Railway workshops in India India rail stub n,m, ... more details
The Food Safety Modernization Act FSMA , also called the Food Safety Act, was signed into law on January 4, 2011. ref http www.foodsafetynews.com 2011 01 fda food safety modernization act out of the box ref HR2751 The law gives the Food and Drug Administration FDA the authority to order recalls of contaminated food, a power it did not have prior to the inactment of the Food Safety Act. ref http www.csmonitor.com Business 2011 0105 Food safety law Six ways it will make food safer Mandatory recalls ref As a major overhaul of food safety laws and regulations, the act provides a safer food supply and a more stable food industry. FDA The Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010 overhauls the Food and Drug Administration, which is responsible for everything in the U.S. food supply except for meat, poultry and processed eggs i.e. not including raw eggs in their shells . ref http www.fda.gov Food FoodSafety fsma default.htm ref Those are overseen by the Department of Agriculture . Prior to 2010, food safety advocates and the food industry had been working on the overhaul for more than a decade. Under the new rules, the FDA s focus shifts to stopping outbreaks before they start, by requiring farmers to address places in production where contamination might occur and to require processors to implement written food safety plans. ref http www.usatoday.com news nation 2011 01 04 food safety N.htm?csp 34news&utm source feedburner&utm medium feed&utm campaign Feed 3A usatoday NewsTopStories 28News Top Stories 29&utm content My Yahoo ref Funding The Safety Act was signed into law along with the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010. The cost for the first five years is projected to be 1.4 billion and is not yet fulled funded. ref http www.ombwatch.org node 11441 ref References reflist Uncategorized date March 2011 ... more details
Refimprove date February 2008 The Cryptographic Modernization Program is a United States Department of Defense Department of Defense directed, NSA Information Assurance Directorate led effort to transform and modernize Information Assurance capabilities for the 21st century. It has three phases br Replacement All at risk devices to be replaced. br Modernization Integrate modular programmable embedded crypto solutions. br Transformation Be compliant to GIG NetCentric requirements. br The CM is a joint initiative to upgrade the DoD crypto inventory. Of the 1.3 million cryptographic devices in the U.S. inventory, 73 percent will be replaced over the next 10 to 15 years by ongoing and planned C4ISR systems programs, Information Technology modernization initiatives and advanced weapons platforms. Fact date August 2007 All command and control , communications, computer, Intelligence information gathering intelligence , surveillance , reconnaissance , information technology and weapons systems that rely upon cryptography for the provision of assured confidentiality , Data integrity integrity , and authentication services will become a part of this long term undertaking. The Cryptographic Modernization program is a tightly integrated partnership between the NSA, the military departments, operational commands, defense agencies, the Joint Staff , federal government entities and industry. The program is a multi billion dollar, multi year undertaking that will transform cryptographic security capabilities for national security systems at all echelons and points of use. It will exploit new and emerging technologies, provide advanced enabling infrastructure capabilities, and at the same time, modernize legacy devices that are now operationally employed. The program also directly supports the DoD vision of the Global Information Grid . The security configuration features enable new cryptosystems to provide secure information delivery anywhere on the global grid while using the grid ... more details
The Legal Tender Modernization Act USBill 107 HR 2528 was a bill proposed by United States Representative Jim Kolbe of Arizona in 2002. Its main goal was to stop the continual production of Cent United States coin pennies . The bill also mentions other provisions including Allows the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to print postage stamps, currency, and security documents for foreign governments and U.S. states or political subdivisions in order to make foreign currency consistent with U.S. foreign policy . Five different new designs each year for the United States two dollar bill 2 Federal reserve notes Prohibits redesigning the 1 Federal Reserve Note, as the United States one dollar bill 1 Federal Reserve Note is not as inclined into being counterfeited therefore there is no need of a redesign States that the seigniorage the U.S. government s profit earned from selling money to the Federal Reserve should be included in the budget as a receipt The bill failed to advance in the house and died when the 107th Congress adjourned. Criticism Critics of the Legal Tender Modernization Act state that by eliminating the penny, the rounding system would increase prices that could hurt the consumer, especially the lower class. Kolbe however has responded to such criticism and has stated that the rounding system favors neither the consumer nor the retailer because the probability of rounding up or down is 50 percent either way it would all come out even in the end. http www.gop.gov item news.asp?docId 42718 Other common criticisms include charitable causes depending on the penny, its perceived historical importance, and the adverse effect on the zinc industry as a penny is 97.5 zinc. http www.pennies.org profit.html http money.cnn.com 2002 04 11 pf q pennies In popular culture The Legal Tender Modernization Act and the arguments for eliminating the penny were featured in the 6th episode of the third season of The West Wing . A staffer of a member of the U.S. House of Representatives ... more details
institute better training for maintenance personnel, or 6 create a large scale modernization and rehabilitation ... for the 12.75 inch Mk.44 torpedo s ref name NAVSO P 3564 placed just behind the rear funnel. This modernization ... External links http www.navsource.org archives 05 helpers fram.htm FRAM Fleet Rehabilitation And Modernization ... States Navy de Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization it Programma FRAM pl Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization ru FRAM ... more details
Modernization of Investigative Techniques Act is Canada s proposed federal statute governing lawful access. The Act first, requires telecommunications telephone and Internet service providers to include an interception capability as they introduce new technologies, and second, allows police law enforcement to compel ISPs to disclose subscriber information without a warrant law warrant . Concerns raised include Creation of new surveillance powers while reducing the level of privacy protection and oversight associated with that surveillance. Increased burden to ISPs who would be required to retain traffic data for significant periods of time. ref cite web url http canada.justice.gc.ca en cons la al summary 4.html title Summary of Submissions to the Lawful Access Consultation, Chapter 4 Comments by Industry accessdate 2006 06 29 ref MITA was not passed into law, as parliament was dissolved before the bill s final reading. Anticipating passing of this bill, however, ISPs such as Bell Sympatico have modified their various policies and agreements to contain language to the effect that they may monitor, investigate, and disclose information to satisfy laws, regulations, or government requests. In February of 2009 Liberal MP Marlene Jennings introduced a private member s bill by the same name. ref http www.theglobeandmail.com servlet story RTGAM.20090213.wwiretap13 BNStory National home ref Bill C 74 November 15, 2005 First reading April 4, 2006 Prime Minister of Canada Prime Minister s Throne Speech does not mention bill, fueling speculation that bill has become a low priority for Stephen Harper Harper government. ref cite web url http michaelgeist.ca index.php?option com content&task view&id 1196&Itemid 85 title Priorities accessdate 2006 06 28 ref See also Surveillance Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada Cyber Security Task Force Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic References references External links http www.parl.gc.ca 38 1 parlbus chambus house ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 main History of the People s Liberation Army The military modernization program of the People s Liberation Army which began in the late 1970s had three major focuses. First, under the political leadership of Deng Xiaoping , the military became disengaged from civilian politics and, for the most part, resumed the political quiescence that characterized its pre Cultural ..., modernization required the reform of military organization , military doctrine doctrine , military ... new Military uniform uniforms and insignia . The third focus of military modernization was the transformation ... the military and to promote military modernization. To accomplish his objectives, Deng revitalized ... officers shared common views with the Deng leadership over military modernization and the fundamental ... and the great strides made in military modernization in recent years. Military organization By 1987 ... control over the PLA. The Ministry of National Defense was responsible for military modernization ... modernization plans. Headed by the chief of general staff, the department served as the headquarters ... training and military education education constituted an important part of the military modernization ... reforms Before the military modernization program began, PLA training was highly politicized and emphasized ... s. Personnel Defense modernization brought changes to military personnel policies and practices. Personnel ... and soldiers. The change in uniforms served the needs of military modernization by raising morale ... was one of the major goals of the military modernization program. In the late 1970s and 1980s, defense ... s Republic of China Chinese economy under the modernization program, defense spending also represented ... military modernization to economic development. United States Department of Defense officials ... an emphasis on modernization of the defense structure. Military R&D and NDSTIC The National ... technology stemmed from the limited funds available for military modernization and the desire of Chinese ... more details
The Customs Modernization Act USPL 103 182 , USStat 107 2057 , December 8, 1993 , formally Title VI of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, commonly known as the Mod Act , amended the Tariff Act of 1930 and related laws. The Mod Act has been described as the most sweeping regulatory reform legislation since the U.S. Customs Service now U.S. Customs and Border Protection Customs and Border Protection , or CBP was organized in 1789 and it has become a benchmark for customs authorities around the world. ref U.S. Customs Today, http www.cbp.gov xp CustomsToday 2003 February everything.xml Everything Changed February, 2003 ref The Mod Act introduced two new customs concepts known as informed compliance and shared responsibility. These concepts are premised on the idea that in order to maximize voluntary compliance with Customs laws and regulations, the trade community needs to be clearly and completely informed of its legal obligations. Accordingly, the Mod Act imposes a greater obligation on Customs to provide the public with improved information concerning the trade community s responsibilities and rights under Customs and related laws. In addition, both the trade and Customs share responsibility in carrying out import requirements. Features The principal features of the Mod Act are improvements in customs enforcement generally enhanced regulatory audit procedures clarified drawback authority and new drawback penalties for false drawback claims previously, U.S. customs laws had no penalties for companies that filed false claims, and as such companies had no incentive to expend the effort to file the claims correctly. the creation of a National Customs Automation Program and the acceptance of reconciliations with respect to prior entry summaries. Section 637 of the Mod Act amended section 484 of the Tariff Act of 1930, and imposed on importers for the first time a statutory duty to exercise Reasonable care United States reasonable care in providing ... more details
image Hpcmp logo hp.gif right The High Performance Computing Modernization Program HPCMP is a program within the United States Department of Defense started in 1993 to modernize the Military of the United States U.S. military s supercomputer supercomputing infrastructure. It is under the direction of the Deputy Under Secretary of Science and Technology , which is in turn under the direction of the Director of Defense Research & Engineering . The Defense Research and Engineering Network a high speed national computer network for computational research, engineering, and testing is a significant program within the HPCMP. The director is http www.hpcmo.hpc.mil Htdocs HPCMO Staff cray henry index.html Cray J. Henry . Computers under evaluation for purchase by the HPCMP are evaluated and results reported in HABU equivalent s. External links http www.hpcmo.hpc.mil High Performance Computing Modernization Program http www.chips.navy.mil archives 03 spring PDF HPCMP.pdf The High Performance Computing Modernization Program By Cray Henry, Susan Pfeiffer Vega and Bill Gabor. Category United States Department of Defense US mil stub ... more details
File Obama signs FDA Food Safety Modernization Act cropped.jpg thumb President Barack Obama signs the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act into law. The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act USBill 111 H.R. 2751 is a federal statute signed into law by President Barack Obama on January 4, 2011. The law authorizes the Food and Drug Administration FDA and the Secretary of Health and Human Services HHS to increase inspections of many domestic food facilities, enhance detection of foodborne illness outbreaks, and order recalls of tainted food products. ref http thomas.loc.gov cgi bin bdquery D?d111 2 . temp bdmjAK D&summ2 m& home LegislativeData.php ref ref http www.bloomberg.com news 2011 01 04 food safety funding battle looms as obama prepares to sign reform bill.html ref The law requires most food companies to write and implement new safety protocols to mitigate potential hazards. ref http thomas.loc.gov cgi bin bdquery D?d111 2 . temp bdmjAK D&summ2 m& home LegislativeData.php ref Also, imported food products face increased scrutiny under the law, including denial of entry into the United States under certain circumstances. ref http thomas.loc.gov cgi bin bdquery D?d111 2 . temp bdmjAK D&summ2 m& home LegislativeData.php ref The law also contains a food safety whistleblower provision designed to encourage employee reporting of food safety concerns and protect the whistleblower from retaliation by the whistleblower s employer. ref http www.gpo.gov fdsys pkg PLAW 111publ353 pdf PLAW 111publ353.pdf ref It is the most significant update of American food safety laws since the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938 . ref http www.usatoday.com yourlife food safety 2010 12 03 foodsafetyQA03 ST N.htm ref Scope The HHS will require registration and payment of a fee by any person excluding farms and restaurants who manufactures, processes, packs, distributes, receives, holds, or imports ... Safety Modernization Act Category 2009 in law Category United States federal healthcare legislation ... more details
Infobox U.S. legislation name Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act fullname acronym Medicare Modernization Act or MMA enacted by effective date public law url cite public law cite statutes at large acts amended title amended sections created sections amended leghisturl introducedin House introducedbill Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003 introducedby Representative Dennis J. Hastert introduceddate June 25, 2003 committees passedbody1 House passeddate1 June 27, 2003 passedvote1 216 215, 1 Present passedbody2 Senate passeddate2 July 7, 2003 passedvote2 Unanimous Consent conferencedate November 21, 2003 passedbody3 House passeddate3 November 22, 2003 passedvote3 220 215 passedbody4 Senate passeddate4 November 25, 2003 passedvote4 54 44 signedpresident George W. Bush signeddate December 8, 2003 amendments The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act ref USPL 108 173 , USStat 117 2066 ref also called the Medicare Modernization Act or MMA is a federal law of the United States, enacted in 2003. ref cite web url http www.cms.hhs.gov PrescriptionDrugCovGenIn 01 Overview.asp title Medicare Modernization Act Update Overview publisher Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services accessdate 2007 03 30 ref It produced the largest overhaul of Medicare United States Medicare in the public health program s 38 year history. The MMA ... title FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 332 Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act ref ... to the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, the compensation ... MA 2005 . E Prescribing And The Medicare Modernization Act Of 2003 Health Affairs, 24, no. 5 ... MMAUpdate Medicare Modernization Act &mdash includes PDF file of the actual text of the law. http ... medicarereform default.asp Medicare Modernization Act at Medicare.gov http www.medicare.gov pdphome.asp ... Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, And Modernization Act Category 2003 in law Category ... more details
The United States Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 FDAMA amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act . This act is related to the regulation of food, drugs, devices, and biological products by the Food and Drug Administration FDA . These changes were made in order to recognize the changes in the way the FDA would be operating in the 21st century. The main focus of this is the acknowledgment in the advancement of technological, trade, and public health complexities. History It was signed by Bill Clinton on 21 November 1997, ref name Clinton1997 cite web url http www.presidency.ucsb.edu ws index.php?pid 53607 title Statement on Signing the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 last Clinton first William J. date 21 November 1997 work The American Presidency Project publisher John T. Woolley & Gerhard Peters, University of California, Santa Barbara accessdate 2009 07 27 ref and was fully enacted by 1 April 1999, ref name buck cite journal last Buck first Marcia L. date 12 January 2000 title The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 Impact on Pediatric Medicine journal Pediatric Pharmacotherapy publisher Medscape volume 6 issue 12 url http www.medscape.com viewarticle 410910 ref putting into law reforms begun under the National Partnership for Reinventing Government . One result of the passing of the act was a reduction in the time for the approval of new pharmaceutical drugs. ref name Kaitin2000 cite journal last Kaitin first Kenneth I. coauthors Joseph A. DiMasi date 2000 title Measuring the pace of new drug development in the user fee era journal Drug Information Journal publisher Drug Information Association, Inc. volume 34 pages 673 680 ... 12202.pdf ref Provisions of the Act The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 was a key piece of legislation ... harmful unlabeled use. ref cite web first title Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act ... Michael A. title Testimony on the Implementation of the FDA Modernization Act of 1997 url http www.hhs.gov ... more details
The modernization of the Japanese army and navy during the Meiji period 1868 1912 and until the Mukden Incident 1931 was carried out by the newly founded national government, a military leadership that was only responsible to the Emperor of Japan Emperor and the help of French, British, and later German military advisor s. When Western powers began to use their superior military strength to press Japan for trade relations in the 1850s, the country s decentralized and, by Western standards, antiquated military forces were unable to provide an effective defense against their advances. After the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate Tokugawa shogun ate in 1867 and the restoration of the Meiji Emperor , de facto political and administrative power shifted to a group of younger samurai who had been instrumental in forming the new system and were committed to modernizing the military. They introduced drastic changes, which cleared the way for the development of modern, European style armed forces. Image MikadoWithFrenchMission.jpg thumb Reception by the Meiji Emperor of the French Military Mission to Japan 1872 1880 Second French Military Mission to Japan , 1872 . Conscription became universal and obligatory in 1872 and, although samurai wedded to the traditional prerogatives of their class resisted, by 1880 a conscript army was firmly established. The Imperial General Headquarters Imperial Army General Staff Office , created after the Prussian model of the German General Staff Generalstab , was established directly under the emperor in 1878 and was given broad powers for military planning and strategy. The new force eventually made the samurai spirit its own. Loyalties formerly accorded to feudal lords were transferred to the state and to the emperor. Upon release from service, soldiers carried these ideals back to their home communities, extending military derived standards to all classes. An Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors imperial rescript of 1882 called for unquestioning ... more details
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