infobox biodatabase title ACLAME logo File Database.png description CLAssification of mobilegeneticelements scope organism center Universit Libre de Bruxelles laboratory Bioinformatique des G nomes et des R seaux author pmid PMID 19933762 released standard format url http aclame.ulb.ac.be download webservice sql sparql webapp BLAST standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version The CLAssification of MobilegeneticElements ACLAME is a database of sequenced mobilegeneticelements . ref cite journal quotes yes last Leplae first Rapha l authorlink coauthors Lima Mendez Gipsi, Toussaint Ariane year 2010 month Jan title ACLAME a CLAssification of MobilegeneticElements, update 2010 journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 38 issue Database issue pages D57 61 publisher location England issn pmid 19933762 doi 10.1093 nar gkp938 bibcode oclc id url pmc 2808911 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref References references See also Gypsy database Mobilegeneticelements External links http aclame.ulb.ac.be Biodatabase stub Category Biological databases Category Mobilegeneticelements Category Genetics ... more details
Image Bacterial mobile elements.svg thumb 400px right Mobilegeneticelements in the Cell left and in what ways they can be acquired right . Mobilegeneticelements MGE are a type of DNA that can move around within the genome . They include Transposon s also called transposable elements Retrotransposons Transposon Class II DNA transposons DNA transposons Insertion sequences Plasmids Bacteriophage elements, like Mu phage Mu which integrates randomly into the genome Group II intron s The total of all mobilegeneticelements in a genome may be referred to as the mobilome . Barbara McClintock was awarded the List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1983 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of mobilegeneticelements . ref name nobel med 1983 cite web title The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 url http nobelprize.org nobel prizes medicine laureates 1983 publisher nobelprize.org accessdate 14 July 2010 ref See also Horizontal gene transfer Classification of mobilegeneticelements References Miller, W.J. and Capy, P. eds. 2004. Mobilegeneticelements protocols and genomic applications . Humana Press. ISBN 1 58829 007 7 Shapiro, J.A. ed 1983. Mobilegeneticelements . Academic Press. ISBN 0 12 638680 3 reflist Genetic recombination Category Genetics Category Mobilegeneticelements ar ca Element m bil gen tic gl Elemento m bil it Elementi trasponibili ru uk ... more details
wiktionary geneticGenetic may refer to Genetics , in biology, the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Genetic, used as an adjective, refers to heredity of traits Gene , a unit of heredity in the genome of an organism Genetic linguistics , in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language Genetic algorithm , in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology disambig simple Genetic ur ... more details
for information on using Wikipedia on mobile devices Help Mobile device selfref wiktionarypar mobilemobileMobileMobile often refers to Mobile phone , a portable communications device Often lumped in with Embedded Devices Mobile, Alabama , a U.S. port city Mobile sculpture , a hanging artwork or toy Mobility , the ability to move or be moved Mobile may also refer to TOCright Technology Mobile computing , a generic term describing one s ability to use technology in mobile environments Mobile device , a computer designed for mobile computing Mobile game , a video game played on a mobile phone, smartphone, PDA or handheld computer Mobile Magazine Mobile Magazine , a publication on portable electronics Mobile network operator , a company which provides mobile phone network access and services Mobile radio , wireless communications systems and devices which are based on radio frequencies Mobile rig Mobile station , user equipment and software needed for communication with a wireless telephone network Mobile Web , the World Wide Web as accessed from mobile devices using Mobile Web Browser Mobile TV , TV services viewed via a mobile device. Places Relating to Mobile, Alabama Battle of Mobile 1781 History of Mobile, Alabama Mobile, Alabama in the American Civil War Port of Mobile Relating to Mobile County, Alabama Battle of Mobile Bay Mobile Bay Mobile River University of Mobile , a private university located in Mobile County, Alabama Mobile, Arizona , a small town near Phoenix, U.S. Mobile, California Mobile, Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada Entertainment Mobile TV series , a British ITV drama Mobile band , a Canadian rock band Mobiles band , a 1980s synth pop band Let Go Avril Lavigne album Release and promotion Mobile song , a song by Avril Lavigne from her album Let Go Avril Lavigne album Let Go Mobile album , a 1999 album by Brazilian Paulinho Moska Mob computer gaming , short for mobile , a type of non player character Mobile GunBound , constructs in the turn based ... more details
Merge from tele.ring date February 2009 Infobox company company name T Mobile logo Image Logo revised.gif ... Telecommunication Communications parent Deutsche Telekom br products Fixed and Mobile telephony, DSL, Wireless PDAs, Mobile Broadband homepage http www.t mobile.com T mobile.com Image T Mobile Europe.png thumb Stakes of T Mobile International without T Mobile USA Legend ff00ff 100 Share Legend ff8cff 50 Share Image TMOBI.jpg thumb T Mobile corporate headquarters, Bonn T Mobile is a Germany German ... States. T Mobile also has financial stakes in mobile operators in Central Europe Central and Eastern Europe . Globally, T Mobile has some 150 million subscribers, ref http www.telekom.com ... of mobile network operators tenth largest mobile phone service provider by subscribers and the third largest multinational after the United Kingdom s Vodafone and Spain s Telef nica . T Mobile UK has recently become part of a joint venture with France Telecom s mobile network provider, Orange U.K. together they make the UK s largest mobile operator, called Everything Everywhere . Based in Bonn , Germany , T Mobile is present in ten other European countries Austria, Croatia , Czech Republic, Hungary ... Kingdom as well as the United States. On March 20, 2011, Deutsche Telekom announced plans to sell T Mobile s T Mobile USA U.S. operations to AT&T Mobility AT&T , pending regulatory approvals. ref name att acquires tmobileusa The proposed deal will have no effect on the ownership of T Mobile operations ... thumb left Initial 1984 logo of the analog C Netz, the first generation analog mobile phone system that was the predecessor of DeTeMobil and T Mobile In Germany, its home market, T Mobile is the largest mobile phone operator with almost 16 million subscribers As of January 2008 , closely followed by its ... and ultimately replaced by UMTS , for which T Mobile spent Euro EUR 8.2 billion in August 2000 ... as C Tel was Germany s first true mobile phone network the A and B networks, also owned by the post ... more details
distinguish A Mobile Auchan Infobox Company name A Mobile br logo type limited liability company genre foundation 2006 founder location city Sukhumi location country Abkhazia location locations area served the main inhabited areas of Abkhazia covering 95 of its inhabitants key people industry telecommunications products mobile telephony services market cap revenue operating income net income assets equity owner num employees parent divisions subsid homepage http www.a mobile.biz a mobile.biz footnotes intl A Mobile is the second mobile phone operator of Abkhazia behind Aquafon , both in number of subscriptions and in age. History A Mobile started its operations on November 25, 2006 in Sukhumi . By April 2007 it counted 12,000 subscribers. ref cite news url http www.abkhaziagov.org ru president press news detail.php?ID 4537 title publisher date March 14, 2007 accessdate 2008 07 04 ref Since June 10, 2007 it provides to its clients international roaming in Russia through Beeline , and to Russian users international roaming in Abkhazia. By September 2007 the number of subscriptions had risen to 21,000. ref cite news url http www.abkhaziagov.org ru president press news detail.php?ID 8061 title publisher date September 6, 2007 accessdate 2008 07 04 ref On March 1, 2008, A Mobile started to provide GPRS services. Competition A Mobile s main competitor is Aquafon . External links http www.a mobile.biz a mobile.biz The official website of A Mobile References Reflist Category Mobile phone companies of Abkhazia telecom company stub ru A Mobile ... more details
and transposed geneticelements, commonly known as endogenous retroviruses, LINEs, SINEs, etc see variation inducing genetic element s. Maintenance in populations A variety of factors maintain genetic ...nofootnotes date August 2010 Image wheat.gif right thumb Genetic variation , variation in allele s of gene s, occurs both within and among population s. Genetic variation is important because it provides the raw material for natural selection . Genetic variation is brought about by mutation, a change ... wherein organisms have three or more sets of genetic variation 3n or more . Among individuals within a population Genetic variation among individuals within a population can be identified at a variety of levels. It is possible to identify genetic variation from observations of phenotype ... and are coded for by one or a few genes e.g., white, pink, red petal color in certain flowers . Genetic ... common in vertebrates. Ultimately, genetic variation is caused by variation in the order of bases ... has identified even more genetic variation than was previously detected by protein electrophoresis. Examination of DNA has shown genetic variation in both coding regions and in the non coding intron region of genes. Genetic variation will result in phenotypic variation if variation in the order of nucleotides ... in selective pressures or to genetic drift . Measurement Genetic variation within a population ... of gene loci in individuals that are heterozygous. Sources Mutation s are the ultimate source of genetic ... be favored by natural selection. Genetic variation can also be produced by the recombination of chromosome ... maintain genetic variation in balanced polymorphisms. Balanced polymorphisms may occur when heterozygotes are favored or when selection is frequency dependent. See also Genetic diversity Human genetic variation References McGinley, Mark Lead Author J. Emmett Duffy Topic Editor . 2008. Genetic variation ... Genetic variation http books.google.com books?id gIGyZHHmK98C&pg PA7 Genetic Variation in Griffiths ... more details
A genetic operator is an operator dn used in genetic algorithms to maintain genetic diversity , known as Mutation genetic algorithm and to combine existing solutions into others, Crossover genetic algorithm . The main difference between them is that the mutation operators operate on one chromosome, that is, they are unary, while the crossover operators are binary operators. Genetic variation is a necessity for the process of evolution . Genetic operators used in genetic algorithms are analogous to those which occur in the natural world survival of the fittest , or selection genetic algorithm selection reproduction crossover genetic algorithm crossover , also called recombination and mutation genetic algorithm mutation . Types of Operators 1. Mutation genetic algorithm 2. Crossover genetic algorithm DEFAULTSORT Genetic Operator Category Genetic algorithms compu AI stub ar ca Operador gen tic algorisme gen tic de Genetischer Operator es Operador gen tico zh ... more details
ref Fraser s simulations included all of the essential elements of modern genetic algorithms. In addition ... s research also included the elements of modern genetic algorithms. ref http berkeley.edu news ...Mergefrom Genetic algorithms in economics date December 2010 A genetic algorithm GA is a Search algorithm ... s. Genetic algorithms belong to the larger class of evolutionary algorithm s EA , which generate ... inheritance , Mutation genetic algorithm mutation , selection genetic algorithm selection , and crossover genetic algorithm crossover . Methodology In a genetic algorithm, a population of strings called chromosome genetic algorithm chromosomes or the genotype of the genome , which encode candidate ... number of generations, a satisfactory solution may or may not have been reached. Genetic ... , economics , chemistry , manufacturing , mathematics , physics and other fields. A typical genetic algorithm requires a genetic representation of the solution List of academic disciplines domain , a fitness ... way. The main property that makes these genetic representations convenient is that their parts are easily ... like representations are explored in genetic programming and graph form representations are explored in evolutionary programming . The fitness function is defined over the genetic representation and measures ... interactive genetic algorithms are used. Once we have the genetic representation and the fitness function ... solutions are likely to be found. Selection Main Selection genetic algorithm During each successive generation, a proportion of the existing population is selection genetic algorithm selected to breed ... time consuming. Reproduction Main Crossover genetic algorithm Mutation genetic algorithm The next step is to generate a second generation population of solutions from those selected through genetic operator s crossover genetic algorithm crossover also called recombination , and or mutation genetic ... . Genetic algorithms with multi parent recombination . PPSN III Proceedings of the International ... more details
Genetic memory may refer to Genetic memory biology , present if the state of a biological system depends on its past history in addition to present conditions Genetic memory psychology , a memory present at birth that exists in the absence of sensory experience Genetic memory parapsychology , postulated that specific experience is encoded in genes Genetic memory computer science , an artificial neural network combination of genetic algorithm and the mathematical model of sparse distributed memory Genetic memory in fiction disambig ar es Memoria gen tica pl Pami genetyczna ... more details
The phenomenon that a single phenotype or genetic disorder may be caused by any one of a multiple number of alleles or non allele locus mutations. ref Turnpenny and Ellard, Emery s Elements of Medical Genetics, 13th Edition. Elsevier Limited, 2007. ISBN 978 0 7020 2917 2 ref This is in contrast to pleiotropy , where a single gene may cause multiple phenotypic expressions or disorders. Genetic heterogeneity can be classified as either allelic or locus . Allelic heterogeneity means that different mutations within a single gene locus forming multiple alleles of that gene cause the same phenotypic expression. For example, there are over 1000 known mutant alleles of the CFTR gene CFTR gene that cause cystic fibrosis . Locus heterogeneity means that variations in completely unrelated gene Locus genetics loci cause a single disorder. For example, retinitis pigmentosa has autosomal dominant , autosomal recessive , and X linked origins. However, only one mutant locus is needed for the phenotype to manifest. References reflist Category Classical genetics genetics stub it Eterogeneit genetica ... more details
the genetic material of interest, generating a construct containing all the geneticelements for correct ... Isolating the Gene Image Genetic engineering wheat.jpg thumb right 2OOpx Elements of genetic engineering ... must be combined with other geneticelements in order for it to work properly. The gene can also ... in the Dark Genetic Engineering song Sprotect small yes Genetics2 Genetic engineering , also called genetic modification , is the direct human manipulation of an Organism organism s Genetics genetic ... sold since 1994. The most common form of genetic engineering involves the insertion of new genetic ... forms of genetic engineering include gene targeting and knocking out specific genes via engineered nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases or engineered homing endonucleases . Genetic engineering techniques ... produced in the milk of genetically engineered goats . Definition Genetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that introduce heritable material prepared outside ... techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation ... microinjection micro injection , macro injection and micro encapsulation techniques. Genetic engineering ... research, although not considered genetic engineering, ref cite web title Is Livestock Cloning Another Form of Genetic Engineering? last Van Eenennaam first Alison publisher agbiotech url http agribiotech.info details Alison 20 20cloning 20March 208 20 2003.pdf accessdate ref are closely related and genetic ... 136 issue 27 28 pages 413 415 title Genetic engineering of embryonic stem cells author David M ... pmid 16897894 ref Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that takes genetic engineering a step further by introducing artificially synthesized genetic material from raw materials into an organism ... Weiss url http www.nature.com msb journal v2 n1 full msb4100073.html ref If genetic material from another species is added to the host, the resulting organism is called transgenic . If genetic material ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Genetic representation is a way of representing solutions individuals in evolutionary computation methods. Genetic representation can encode appearance, behavior, physical qualities of individuals. Designing a good genetic representation that is expressive and evolvable is a hard problem in evolutionary computation. Difference in genetic representations is one of the major criteria drawing a line between known classes of evolutionary computation. Genetic algorithm s use linear binary representations. The most standard one is an array of bit s. Arrays of other types and structures can be used in essentially the same way. The main property that makes these genetic representations convenient is that their parts are easily aligned due to their fixed size. This facilitates simple crossover operation. Variable length representations were also explored in Genetic algorithm s, but crossover implementation is more complex in this case. Evolution strategy uses linear real valued representations, e.g. an array of real values. It uses mostly gaussian mutation and blending averaging crossover. Genetic programming GP pioneered tree like representations and developed genetic operator s suitable for such representations. Tree like representations are used in GP to represent and evolve functional programs with desired properties. ref http www.sover.net nichael nlc publications icga85 index.html Cramer, 1985 ref Human based genetic algorithm HBGA offers a way to avoid solving hard representation problems by outsourcing all genetic operators to outside agents, in this case, humans. The algorithm has no need for knowledge of a particular fixed genetic representation ... for free form and evolving genetic representations. Common genetic representations Genetic algorithm binary array binary tree genetic tree HBGA natural language parse tree References and notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Genetic Representation Category Evolutionary algorithms ... more details
distinguish Genetic engineering In artificial intelligence , genetic programming GP is an evolutionary ... program s that perform a user defined task. It is a specialization of genetic algorithms GA where ... be assumed to involve the use of intelligence. Genetic programming GP is an evolutionary computation ... of people around the globe. Genetic Programming in a Nutshell In genetic programming we evolve a population ..., Chapter 12 ref http www.gp field guide.org.uk A Field Guide to Genetic Programming ref http cswww.essex.ac.uk ... 5 . The primary Genetic operators genetic operators that are used to create new programs from existing ... part of it. Algorithm 1.1 Genetic Programming Randomly create an initial population of programs from ... with a probability based on fitness to participate in genetic operations Section on Selection Selection . Create new individual program s by applying genetic operations with specified probabilities Genetic operators Genetic operators . reuse existing wiki text ref sec recombination . until ..., including Koza s four massive contributions. The Field Guide to Genetic Programming ref http www.gp field guide.org.uk A Field Guide to Genetic Programming ref is more recent and available online ... set of a GP system. use existing image File Genetic Program Tree.png alt GP syntax tree representing ... is typically guided by questions of convenience, efficiency, the genetic operations being used some ... method provide a very wide array of sizes or shapes on their own, Koza ref Genetic Programming ref ..., genetic operators in GP are applied to individuals that are probabilistically selected based ... that have been proposed. Goldberg, 1989 ref Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning ... used form of Crossover genetic algorithm crossover is subtree crossover . Given two parents, subtree .... So, their genetic material can freely be used without altering the original individuals. label fig ... points leads to crossover operations frequently exchanging only very small amounts of genetic ... more details
about analysis of the linkage of trait biology traits due to the spatial arrangement of genes on the chromosome , an analysis which dates back to classical genetics Genetic linkage analysis of codons as defined through research on nucleic acids , which is often classed with reverse genetics Genetic code analysis of maternal inheritance related to mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial inheritance medical, genealogy genealogical , legal and security applications of genetic research that are mainly directed at humans Genetic testing Genetic analysis can be used generally to describe methods both used in and resulting from the sciences of genetics and molecular biology , or to applied research applications resulting from this research. Genetic analysis may be done to identify genetic inherited disorders and also to make a differential diagnosis in certain somatic diseases such as cancer . Genetic analyses of cancer include detection of mutation s, fusion gene s, and DNA copy number changes. Genetic analyses include molecular technologies such as PCR , RT PCR , DNA sequencing , and DNA microarrays , and cytogenetics cytogenetic methods such as karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation . Please note This field is fast changing, definitions are in flux, there is historical and contemporary overlap of the following categories, and phrases like the results of genetic analysis can indicate any or all of the following, depending on the facts of the matter being described. br Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 In biology , a genetic program of a cell is a physiology physiological change brought about by a temporal pattern of Transcription genetics activation of a particular subset of gene s. DEFAULTSORT Genetic Program Category Genetics Genetics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2008 Expert subject Genetics date April 2008 A genetic isolate is population of organisms that has little genetic mixing with other organisms within the same species. This may result in speciation , but this is not necessarily the case. Genetic isolates may form new species in several ways allopatric speciation , in which two populations of the same species are geographically isolated from one another by an extrinsic barrier, and evolve intrinsic genetic reproductive isolation peripatric speciation , in which a small group of a population is separated from the main population, and experiences genetic drift parapatric speciation , in which zones of two diverging populations are separate, but do overlap somewhat partial separation is afforded by geography, so individuals of each species may come in contact from time to time, but selection for specific behaviours or mechanisms may prevent breeding between the two groups. sympatric speciation , a contentious method of speciation in which species diverge while inhabiting the same place. Human influences on genetic isolates include restricted Dog breeding breeding of dogs , or a community living secluded away from others such as Tristan da Cunha or Pitcairn Islands . A far larger and less secluded human genetic isolate is the ethnic Finns , natives of Finland see Finnish disease heritage . See also Language isolate Linkage disequilibrium DEFAULTSORT Genetic Isolate Category Speciation ... more details
Genetic structure refers to any pattern in the genetics genetic makeup of individuals within a population. In the absence of genetic structure, one can infer little to nothing about the genetic makeup of an individual by studying other members of the population. When genetic structure is present, on the other hand, much can be inferred. In trivial terms, all populations have genetic structure, because all populations can be characterised by their genotype or allele frequencies if only 1 of a large sample of moths drawn from a single population have spotted wings, then it is safe to assume that any unknown individual is unlikely to have spotted wings. A more complicated example arises in dense thicket s of plants, where plants tend to be pollination pollinated by near neighbours, and seed s tend to fall and germination germinate near the maternal plant. In such a scenario, plants tend to be more closely related to nearby plants than they are to distant plants and yet they are more likely to breed with nearby plants than they are with distant plants. Thus an inbreeding cycle is created that perpetuates the pattern of plants being closely related to near neighbours. This is a form of genetic structure because one can infer much about the genetic makeup of any individual plant simply by studying plants in its immediately neighbourhood. Category Genetics genetics stub Unreferenced date March 2010 ... more details
unreferenced date March 2011 Genetic ablation is a method of modifying DNA in order to disrupt the production of a specific gene. As genetic ablation may lead to Cell ablation , it can be used as a synonymous term at appropriate times. Uncategorized date March 2011 genetics stub ... more details
nucleotide s, usually representing a single amino acid . The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material DNA or mRNA sequences is translation genetics translated ..., Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN title Genetic code supports targeted insertion of two amino acids by one ... RNA codon table , this particular code is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though in fact there are many Variations to the standard genetic code variant codes . For example, protein synthesis in human mitochondrion mitochondria relies on a genetic code that differs from the standard genetic code. Not all genetic information is stored using the genetic ... structural areas that can contribute greatly to phenotype . Those elements operate under sets of rules that are distinct from the codon to amino acid paradigm underlying the genetic code. Discovery Image GeneticCode21 version 2.svg thumb The genetic code After the structure of DNA was discovered by James ... doi url accessdate chapter Chapter 8 The genetic code ref The fact that codons consist of three DNA ... this work, Nirenberg and Philip Leder revealed the triplet nature of the genetic code and allowed the codons of the standard genetic code to be deciphered. In these experiments, various combinations ... Gobind Khorana identified the rest of the genetic code. Shortly thereafter, Robert W. Holley determined ... Swedish Academy of Science year 1968 accessdate 2010 02 27 ref Transfer of information via the genetic ... genetic code is shown in the following tables. Table 1 shows what amino acid each of the 64 codons ... first Richard C. editor4 last Lewontin editor5 last Gelbart title An Introduction to Genetic Analysis ... of point mutation s, which can cause genetic diseases such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia ... or genetic deletion deletions of a non multiple of 3 nucleotide bases are known as frameshift mutation ... in severe genetic diseases such as Tay Sachs disease . ref name isbn0 07 111156 5 cite book author ... more details
mergefrom Genism discuss Talk Genetic discrimination Merger proposal date January 2011 Discrimination sidebar Genetic discrimination occurs when people are treated differently by their employer or insurance company because they have a gene mutation that causes or increases the risk of an Genetic disorder inherited disorder . People who undergo genetic testing may be at risk for genetic discrimination. The results of a genetic test are normally included in a person s medical record s. Where? When ... the right to look at an employee s medical records. As a result, genetic test results could affect a person s insurance coverage or employment. People making decisions about genetic testing should be aware .... Fear of discrimination is a concern among people considering genetic testing . Several countries have laws that help protect people against genetic discrimination however, genetic testing is a fast ... genetic discrimination was first coined by the Council for Responsible Genetics CRG . ref http ... issued a report titled Genetic Information and Health Insurance . The report recommended that people ... jointly developed guidelines to assist federal and state agencies in preventing genetic discrimination ... be prohibited from using genetic information or an individual s request for genetic services to deny ... s genetic information without that individual s written authorization. Written authorization, the groups ... in the mid 1990s on genetic discrimination in health insurance and the workplace. The findings and recommendations of the workshop participants were published in Science Genetic Information and the Workplace ... that some individuals avoid genetic testing out of fear it will impede their ability to purchase insurance ... of genetic information by health insurers Health insurers do not currently require applicants for coverage to undergo genetic testing. Employer sponsored group coverage is underwritten on a group basis, rather than an individual basis. Thus, the future use of genetic information in medical underwriting ... more details
Genetic relationship may refer to Genetic distance , in genetics Genetic relationship linguistics , in language disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Genetic gain is the amount of increase in performance that is achieved through artificial genetic improvement programs. This is usually used to refer to the increase after one generation has passed. ref College of Agriculture, http www.ca.uky.edu agripedia glossary genegain.htm Genetic Gain University of Kentucky , accessed 2010 11 23 ref References Reflist colwidth 60em Category Biology Category Genetics Category Agriculture ... more details
Genetic correlation is the proportion of variance that two traits share due to gene tic causes ref Neale, M. C., & Maes, H. H. 1996 . Methodology for genetics studies of twins and families 6th ed. . Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer. ref . Outside the theoretical boundary case of traits with zero heritability , the genetic correlation of traits is independent of their heritability i.e., two traits can have a very high genetic correlation even when the heritability of each is low and vice versa. The genetic correlation, then, tells us how much of the genetic influence on two traits is common to both if it is above zero, this suggests that the two traits are influenced by common genes . This can be an important constraint on conceptualizations of the two traits traits which seem different phenotypically but which share a common genetic basis require an explanation for how these genes can influence both traits. Computing the genetic correlation Estimates of a genetic correlation obviously require a genetically informative sample, such as a twin study . Given a genetic covariance matrix, the genetic correlation is computed by standardizing this, i.e., by converting the covariance matrix ... genetic variance covariance matrix table border 0 cellspacing 5 cellpadding 5 tr td td td Height ... Then the genetic correlation is .55, as seen is the standardized matrix below table border 0 cellspacing ... are used to calculate both the genetic covariance matrix and its standardized form. In R programming language R , cov2cor will standardize the matrix. Typically, published reports will provide genetic ... for computing the genetic covariance the variance within the genetic covariance matrix is lost because of the standardizing process , so you cannot readily estimate the genetic correlation of two traits ..., allow the viewer to see shared genetic effects as opposed to the genetic correlation by following .... See also Quantitative genetics Heritability References references DEFAULTSORT Genetic Correlation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes mutations through time, often after the populations have become Reproductive isolation reproductively isolated for some period of time. In some cases, subpopulations living in ecology ecologically distinct peripheral environments can exhibit genetic divergence from the remainder of a population, especially where the range of a population is very large see parapatric speciation . The genetic differences among divergent populations can involve silent mutations that have no effect on the phenotype or give rise to significant Morphology biology morphological and or physiology physiological changes. Genetic divergence will always accompany reproductive isolation, either due to novel adaptation s via selection or due to genetic drift , and is the principal mechanism underlying speciation . Evolution DEFAULTSORT Genetic Divergence Category Evolutionary biology Category Genetics Genetics stub bg de Divergenz Biologie et Divergents bioloogia ... more details
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