Infobox single Name Mitochondria Artist Kenichi Suzumura Cover Suzu ken Mitochondria.jpg from Album Released June 24, 2009 Format Maxi single Recorded Genre J pop Label Lantis company Lantis Length 9 15 Writer Producer Last single Atarashii Neiro br 2009 This single Mitochondria br 2009 Next single Misc Mitochondria is Kenichi Suzumura s third single, released on February 4, 2009. It came with a disc with the music video PV of the title track Mitochondria and peaked at 20 on the Oricon charts Track listing tracklist headline CD all lyrics Kenichi Suzumura title1 Mitochondria Mitokondoria length1 4 18 title2 Sorya Sou Desu length2 4 57 2000s Japan single stub Category 2009 singles Category Kenichi Suzumura songs ja ... more details
Light microscope image on mitochondria in cell This is an image of a cultured human endothelial cell taken by myself David Hackos using a fluorescence microscope. It is stained with a fluorescent dye called MitoTracker Green FM, which selectively stains mitochondria. Cells were stained by incubating them at 37C for 30 min. with DPBS Dulbeccos Phosphate Buffered Saline containing 20nM MitoTraker Green FM obtained from Molecular Probes Inc. GFDL with disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
File Animal mitochondrion diagram en edit .svg thumb 315px Simplified structure of mitochondrion Because of channels in the Outer Membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria, the content of the intermembrane space is similar to that of the content of the cytoplasm. As electrons move down the proteins in the electron transport chain , the electrons lose energy to bring H ions from the mitochondrial matrix biology matrix into the intermembrane space. As a concentration gradient of hydrogen ion s forms, a protein called ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of these ions and starts chemiosmosis , where the H ions reenter the matrix via this enzyme bound to the cristae folds of the inner membrane . ADP and a phosphate group are combined to form Adenosine triphosphate ATP . Mitochondrial enzymes Category Cell anatomy ca Espai intermembranal zh ... more details
Infobox Book name Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life title orig translator image Image PowerSexSuicide.jpg image caption Front cover image. author Nick Lane illustrator cover artist country United Kingdom language series subject Evolutionary biology genre publisher Oxford University Press release date 2005 in literature 2005 english release date media type pages isbn ISBN 978 0199205646 oclc followed by Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life is a 2005 in literature 2005 popular science book by Nick Lane of University College London , which argues that mitochondrion mitochondria are central to questions of the evolution of multicellularity , the evolution of sexual reproduction , and to the process of senescence . Amongst the theories advanced in the book, Lane endorses the hydrogen hypothesis for the formation of the eukaryote eukaryotic cell , whereby mitochondria are the original defining characteristic of the structure. He argues that the event was an exceedingly improbable one and questions the likelihood of it having happened elsewhere in the Universe . He also suggests that the necessity for genetic compatibility between mitochondrial and cell nucleus nuclear DNA lies behind the differentiation of gender Biological gender biological gender s, ensuring that only one sexual partner contributes mitochondrial DNA to offspring. Steven Rose in The Guardian said that the book contains one of the most interesting stories modern biology has to tell . ref http www.guardian.co.uk books 2005 nov 12 featuresreviews.guardianreview10 Review Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life The Guardian ref It was shortlisted for the Royal Society Science Book Prize in 2006. ref http royalsociety.org book.asp?id 6474 Power, Sex, Suicide Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life RoyalSociety.org ref References reflist 1 Category 2005 books Category Popular science books Category Books about evolution science book stub ... more details
unreferenced date October 2011 The creatine phosphate shuttle facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from mitochondria. This is part of the Phosphocreatine metabolism. Category Biomolecules ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Image Diagram of a human mitochondrion.png thumb 300px right Diagram of a human mitochondrion In genetics , a cytohet or heteroplasmon is a eukaryotic Cell biology cell whose cell nucleus non nucleic genome is heterozygous . The non nucleic genome of eukaryotic cells exists in cytoplasm ic organelle s, namely the chloroplast s only in plant cell s and the mitochondria in all eukaryotic cells . Most of the gene s in the mitochondria code for cellular respiration respiration related protein s, and most of the genes in the chloroplasts code for photosynthesis related proteins. The cytoplasmic genome, in contrast with the nucleic genome, exists in many copies in each cell each cell contains numerous mitochondria and or chloroplasts, and each such organelle contains multiple copies of its chromosome . Mutation s in the cytoplasmic genome occur spontanteously and at a much higher rate than in the nucleus, since the mitochondria and chloroplasts are exposed to high concentration s of reactive oxygen species ROS, by products of respiration and photosynthesis . Mitochondria and chloroplasts with mutant genes have the ability to cause wildtype allele s in other mitochondria and chloroplasts to become mutant as well the way in which this is done is still not clear. A certain cell in which a mutant gene exists only in some of the organelles, whereas the wildtype allele exists in the rest, is a cytohet or heteroplasmon . Category Mitochondrial genetics ... more details
B cell lymphoma extra large Bcl xl is a transmembrane molecule in the mitochondria . It is involved in the signal transduction pathway of the FAS L. It is one of several anti apoptotic proteins which are members of the Bcl 2 family of proteins. It has been implicated in the survival of cancer cells. Other Bcl 2 proteins include Bcl 2 , Bcl w , Bcl xs, and Mcl 1 . Image Signal transduction v1.png 300px thumb right Overview of signal transduction pathways Fas apoptosis signaling pathway Category Mitochondria Category Cancer research medicine stub ... more details
Image Mitochondrie.svg thumb 300px right Mitochondria structure 1 inner membrane, 2 outer membrane, 3 cristae, 4 matrix The mitochondria l inner membrane forms internal compartments known as crista e, which allow greater space for the proteins such as cytochrome s to function properly and efficiently. The electron transport chain is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Within the inner mitochondrial membrane are also transport protein s that transport in a highly controlled manner metabolites across this membrane. The inner membrane of mitochondria IMM is similar in lipid composition to the membrane of bacteria . This phenomenon can be explained by the endosymbiont hypothesis of the origin of mitochondria as prokaryotes internalized by a eukaryotic host cell. See also Mitochondrial shuttle Translocase of the inner membrane External links http opm.phar.umich.edu localization.php?localization Mitochondrial 20inner 20membrane http www.med.uiuc.edu histo small atlas objects 1340.htm Mitochondrial enzymes Category Membrane biology biochemistry stub ca Membrana mitocondrial interna zh ... more details
Mitochondria can divide by fission and since they require mitochondrial DNA for their function, fission is coordinated with Mitochondrial DNA Replication DNA replication . Some of the proteins that are involved in mitochondrial fission have been identified and some of them are associated with mitochondrial disease s. ref Cite pmid 21776419 ref Mechanism The DNM1L Drp1 protein is a member of the Dynamin family of large GTPases . Drp1 controls the final part of mitochondrial fission, pinching off the membrane stalk between two forming daughter mitochondria. The MFN2 protein is part of a complex that links the endoplasmic reticulum ER to mitochondria. Points of ER mitochondrial association have been associated with the formation of Drp1 complexes and mitochondrial fission. ref Cite pmid 21885730 ref Several Drp1 binding proteins have been identified. ref Cite pmid 21772324 ref A protein called mitochondrial fission factor Mff binds Drp1 and promotes mitochondrial fission. ref Cite pmid 21149567 ref The FIS1 protein might recruit Drp1 to sites of fission ref Cite pmid 21647385 ref but it might require association with another protein, MIEF1 coded for by the SMCR7L gene , to promote mitochondrial fission. In contrast, MIEF1 when bound to Drp1 might prevent mitochondrial fission and thus shift the balance towards fusion of mitochondria. ref Cite pmid 21701560 ref References reflist Category Mitochondria ... more details
ND5 can stand for A gene , encoded in mitochondria for NADH dehydrogenase NADH dehydrogenase 5 , associated with sporadic Parkinson s Disease . China Railways Class ND5 diesel electric locomotive . It is a modified version of GE C36 7 General Electric c36 7 built in GE s Erie plant from 1984 1986. Letter NumberCombDisambig ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Proto mitochondrion regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria The proto mitochondrion is the ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria are thought to be derived. Phylogeny The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of modern mitochondria suggest an alpha proteobacteria l origin for this endosymbiont . Although the order Rickettsiales has been proposed as the alpha proteobacteria l sister group of mitochondria , there is no definitive evidence as to from which alpha proteobacteria l group the proto mitochondrion emerged. Rickettsialesphylogeny Metabolism Toni Gabald n and Martijn Huynen 2003 reconstructed the proteome and corresponding metabolism of the proto mitochondrion by comparing extant alpha proteobacterial and eukaryotic genomes. They concluded that this organism was an Aerobic organism aerobic alpha proteobacterium catabolyzing lipids, glycerol and other compounds provided by the host. At least 630 gene families derived from this organism can still be found in the 9 eukaryotic genome s analyzed in the study. ref name Gabaldon References reflist refs ref name Gabaldon Cite journal first T. last Gabald n coauthors et al. title The proto mitochondrial metabolism journal Science volume 301 issue 5633 year 2003 pages 690 doi 10.1126 science.1085463 pmid 12893934 ref Cell biology stub Category Microbiology Category Mitochondria Category Proteobacteria Category Symbiosis ca Protomitocondri ... more details
Discovered in the Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans genome. Ced9 is the gene that codes for a protein that inhibits represses apoptosis . The human version of the gene is called Bcl 2 . The protein prevents the release of cytochrome c in the membrane of mitochondria http www.wormbase.org db gene gene?name WBGene00000423 class Gene Category C. elegans genes ... more details
Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins are protein s which exist in the plasma membrane membranes of mitochondria and which serve to transport ref MeshName Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins ref molecule s and other factors such as ion s into or out of the organelles. Examples Examples of mitochondrial transport protein s include the following The mitochondrial permeability transition mitochondrial permeability transition pore , which opens in response to increased mitochondrial calcium Ca sup 2 sup load and oxidative stress ref name Crompton Crompton M. 1999. http www.biochemj.org bj 341 0233 bj3410233.htm The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death . Biochemical Journal . Volume 341, Pages 233 249. PMID 10393078. Retrieved on January 23, 2007. ref The mitochondrial calcium uniporter which transports calcium in biology calcium from the cytosol of the Cell biology cell into the mitochondrial matrix ref name Crompton ref name Nicholls Nicholls DG. 2005. Mitochondria and calcium signaling. Cell Calcium , Volume 38, Issues 3 4, Pages 311 317. PMID 16087232. Retrieved on January 23, 2007. ref The mitochondrial sodium calcium exchanger , which carries Ca sup 2 sup ions out of the matrix in exchange for sodium Na sup sup ions. These transport proteins serve to maintain the proper electrochemical gradient electrical and chemical gradient s in mitochondria by keeping ions and other factors in the right balance between the inside and outside of mitochondria. See also Mitochondrial carrier Membrane transport protein References references Membrane transport proteins Mitochondrial proteins Category Transport proteins Category mitochondria Category transmembrane proteins membrane protein stub zh ... more details
Expert subject Biology date November 2009 No footnotes date May 2011 Mitochondrial decay is one major cause of aging , leading to the subsequent death in humans. The mitochondria are the power producing organelles found in every cell of every organ. Their primary function is to generate Adenosine triphosphate ATP through various energy cycles that involve nutrients and vitamins. ATP is needed for every movement, thought and action we make. Yet very little ATP can be stored in the body. Under normal conditions the mitochondria generate free radicals during the ATP production process and as a result subject themselves to a lot of free radical damage. As we age, the mitochondria become less efficient, fewer in number and larger. Accordingly, ATP production declines, and this may eventually lead to cell death. As organs cannot borrow energy from one another, the efficiency of each organ s mitochondria is essential to its repair processes and functions. If an organ s mitochondria fail, then so does that organ. Enhancement and protection of mitochondrial function and structure are therefore instrumental in preventing and slowing aging. Mitochondrial decay is a progressive disruption of mitochondrial structural integrity and functional ability with advancing age. It can cause impairment in cellular energy production and hence a decline in normal function, particularly in organs with high energy consumption such as the brain and the heart. Mitochondrial decay can also lead to an increase in free radical production and thus render a cell more prone to commit suicide programmed cell death or apoptosis . Some of the age related diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, have been found to involve mitochondrial dysfunction. The maintenance of a youthful mitochondrial functional ability and antioxidant capacity has become a trend in preventive health. Reference RK Lab http www.rk lab.com Category DNA Category Aging ... more details
The TIM TOM complex is a process in cellular biochemistry which describes the translocation of proteins produced from nuclear DNA through the mitochondrial membrane for use in oxidative phosphorylation . Only 13 proteins necessary for a mitochondrion are actually coded in mitochondrial DNA . The vast majority of proteins destined for the mitochondria are encoded in the Cell nucleus nucleus and synthesized in the cytoplasm. These are tagged by an N terminal signal sequence. Following transport through the cytosol from the nucleus, the signal sequence is recognized by a receptor protein in the transporter outer membrane TOM complex. The signal sequence and adjacent portions of the polypeptide chain are inserted in the TOM complex, then begin interaction with a transporter inner membrane TIM complex, which are hypothesized to be transiently linked at sites of close contact between the two membranes. The signal sequence is then translocated into the matrix in a process that requires an electrochemical hydrogen ion gradient across the inner membrane. Mitochondrial Hsp70 binds to regions of the polypeptide chain and maintains it in an unfolded state as it moves into the matrix. ref B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. lewis, M. Raff,. K. Roberts, P. Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell ref References reflist External links http www.biochemie.uni freiburg.de pfanner Figure Pfanner2006.gif Overview of the various import ways into mitochondria group of N. Pfanner biochemistry stub Category Transport proteins Category Mitochondria Category Transmembrane proteins cs TIM TOM komplex ... more details
Archezoa was a kingdom biology kingdom proposed by Thomas Cavalier Smith ref name pmid2497352 cite journal author Tom Cavalier Smith title Archaebacteria and Archezoa journal Nature journal Nature volume 339 issue 6220 pages 100 101 year 1989 month May pmid 2497352 doi 10.1038 339100a0 ref ref name pmid8302218 cite journal author Tom Cavalier Smith title Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla journal Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews Microbiological Reviews volume 57 issue 4 pages 953 994 year 1993 month December pmid 8302218 pmc 372943 url http mmbr.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8302218 ref for eukaryote s that diverged before the origin of mitochondrion mitochondria . At various times, the pelobionts and entamoebids now Archamoebae , the metamonad s, and the Microsporidia were included here. These groups appear near the base of eukaryotic evolution on rRNA trees. However, all these groups are now known to have developed from mitochondriate ancestors, and trees based on other genes do not support their basal placement. The kingdom Archezoa has therefore been abandoned. ref cite journal last Poole first Anthony coauthors Penny, David title Engulfed by speculation journal Nature date 21 June 2007 volume 447 issue 7147 pages 913 doi 10.1038 447913a pmid 17581566 url http www.cecm.usp.br cewinter aulas artigos 2007 eukarya orig.pdf accessdate 15 March 2011 ref Archaezoa is composed of two kingdoms of protists, Kingdom Diplomadida and Kingdom Parabasala. These 2 kingdoms are grouped together because they lack mitochondria. The Archaezoa hypothesis suggests that these two kingdoms originally had mitochondria, but lost them before mitochondria became symbionts of protists. This lineage is believed to be the proof of Eukaryotic Endosymbiosis By whom date October 2011 . Molecular evidence indicates that Archaezoa have the genetic marker of mitochondria in their nucleus that suggests the had and then lost mitochondria Citation needed date October 2011 . Both of t ... more details
Wikify date January 2012 Protofection is a term that refers to the transfection of foreign mitochondrial DNA to replace the original energy generators within cells. As mitochondria are damaged with age, this would be a method of rejuvenating them to original states. This technology could similarly be applied to modified or artificial mitochondria. The intent being designing ones that do not produce as many preferably zero free radicals while staying as, or more efficient in generating energy in the cell. While not invulnerable to free radical damage, having less free radicals would also make such generators have longer lifespans if they could still renew at an identical rate, or at least enough to keep more healthy ones at a given time. External links http www.fightaging.org archives 000539.php FightAging.org Article responding to developments. http www.longevitymeme.org news view news item.cfm?news id 1932 LongevityMeme.org reports developments. Category Molecular biology Cell biology stub ... more details
D loop replication is a process by which chloroplast s and mitochondria replicate their genetic material. An important component of understanding D loop replication is that many chloroplast s and mitochondria have a single circular chromosome like bacterium bacteria instead of the linear chromosome s found in eukaryote s. However, it should be remembered that many cloroplasts s and mitochondria have a linear chromosome, and D loop replication is not important in these organelles. In many organisms, one strand of DNA in the plastid comprises heavier nucleotide s relatively more purine s adenine and guanine . This strand is called the H heavy strand. The L light strand comprises lighter nucleotides pyrimidine s thymine and cytosine . Replication begins with replication of the heavy strand starting at the D loop also known as the control region . An origin of replication opens, and the heavy strand is replicated in one direction. After heavy strand replication has continued for some time, a new light strand is also synthesized, through the opening of another origin of replication. When diagramed, the resulting structure looks like the letter D. The D loop region is important for phylogeography phylogeographic studies. Because the region does not code for any genes, it is free to vary with only a few natural selection selective limitations on size and heavy light strand factors. The mutation rate is among the fastest of anywhere in either the nuclear or mitochondrial genomes in animals. Mutation s in the D loop can effectively track recent and rapid evolution ary changes such as within species and among very closely related species. See also D loop mtDNA useful in organisation of nucleoid of mitochondria. organelle s. References Russell, P. J. 2002. iGenetics . Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Category DNA Burger, et al. 2003. Unique mitochondrial genome architecture in unicellular relatives of animals . PNAS 100 3 892 897. genetics stub ... more details
Summary We made this file for a biology class that I was teaching and thought that it would be helpful here. The image was made using the vector graphic program Inkscape Keywords Electron Transport chain, aerobic respiration, mitochondria, inner membrane, intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix, ATP synthase, NADH, FADH2, FAD, NAD, cytochrome C, Krebs cycle Licensing cc by sa 2.5 ... more details
Transmission electron microscopy Transmission Electron Micrograph of negatively stained Proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of 55,000x and 80KV. Note the Zonula occludens Tight Junction right of center, the Mitochondria in the upper left and Microvilli in cross section in the lower right. Micrograph taken by Eric Yale Hayden December, 2002. Cc by sa 2.5 Attribution to Eric Yale Hayden Category Electron microscope images ... more details
Summary There is an error in that picture. NADH should be formed during step 3, by forming 3 ketoacyl CoA. The arrow should be placed correctly. Schematic diagram of tri functional mitochondrial protein and mitochondria l fatty acid metabolism , highlighting effects of LCHAD deficiency. User Samir The Scope Samir small User talk Samir The Scope small 06 58, 22 August 2006 UTC Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Intermediate fibers , also known as fast oxidative glycolytic fibers , are muscle fast twitch muscle fibers which have been converted via endurance training. These fibers are slightly larger in diameter, have more mitochondria as well as a greater blood supply and more endurance than typical fast twitch fibers. Most of the body s muscles are composed of these intermediate fibers. References Visualizing Human Biology, Kathleen Anne Ireland, David J. Tenenbaum muscle stub Category Muscular system ... more details
NNT could refer to Nan Airport , Thailand IATA airport code NNT. Nassim Nicholas Taleb Number needed to treat Nunthorpe railway station , England National Rail station code NNT. National News Bureau of Thailand by The Government Relations Department Thailand NNT gene NAD P transhydrogenase , a human mitochondria mitochondrial enzyme encoded by the NNT gene . disambig it NNT nl NNT ... more details
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