About the extraction of geological materials from the Earth the municipality in Austria Mining, Austria the siege tactic Mining military name of the China Chinese emperor Daoguang Emperor Image Simplified world mining map 2.png thumb 500px right Simplified world active mining map click to enlarge Image ... deepest open pit mining open pit copper mine in the world. Mining is the extraction of value ..., vein geology vein or coal mining coal seam. The term also includes the removal of soil. Materials recovered by mining include base metals , precious metals , iron , uranium , coal , diamond s, limestone ... , is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any non renewable resource e.g., petroleum , natural gas , or even fossil water water . Mining of stone and metal has been done since Prehistory pre historic times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies ... reclamation of the land to prepare it for other uses once the mine is closed. The nature of mining processes creates a potential negative impact on the environment both during the mining operations ... regulations to moderate the negative effects of mining operations. Safety has long been a concern as well, though modern practices have improved safety in mines significantly. History Prehistoric mining ... used to create Flint tool flint tools . ref Hartman, Howard L. SME Mining Engineering Handbook , Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc, 1992, p3. ref Flint mines have been found in chalk ... Valley Timna . Mining in Egypt occurred in the earliest dynasties, and the gold mine s of Nubia ... See also Mining in Roman Britain Image Dolaucothimap4.jpg thumb 250px right Ancient Roman development of the Dolaucothi Gold Mines , Wales. Mining in Europe has a very long history, examples including ... . However, it is the Ancient Rome Romans who developed large scale mining methods, especially the use ... of purposes, including using it to remove overburden and rock debris, called hydraulic mining ... more details
Western Mining can refer to Western Mining Company , a Chinese mining company. WMC Resources Western Mining Corporation , a now defunct Australian mining company. Western Mining and Railroad Museum , a mining museum in Utah. disambig ... more details
Underground mining may refer to Underground mining hard rock Underground mining soft rock disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Slope mining is a method of accessing valuable geological material, such as coal . A sloping access shaft travels downwards towards the coal seam . Slope mines differ from shaft mining shaft and drift mining drift mines , which access resources by tunneling straight down or horizontally, respectively. In slope mining, an angled opening and air shaft are made in the side of a mountain to remove coal. Mining techniques Mining stub Category Underground mining ... more details
Mining Journal may mean The Mining Journal , the predominant daily newspaper of Marquette, Michigan and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Mining Journal trade magazine , founded in 1835 disambig ... more details
In mining , the face is the surface where the mining work is advancing. In surface mining it is commonly called pit face , in underground mining a common term is mine face . Accordingly, face equipment is the mining equipment used immediately at the mine face used for removal and near face transportation of the material cutting machines, loaders, etc. ref SME Mining Engineering Handbook , 1992, ISBN 0873351002, vol. 2, http books.google.com books?id DsSmPKEOWDcC&pg PA1555&dq 22mine face 22 p. 1555 ref References reflist Category Miningmining stub de Sohle Bergbau ru uk ... more details
A mining simulator is a system used to replicate elements of mining operations, for training or efficiency analysis. Mining simulation application can range from pure statistical analysis, to scale models, all the way to replica cabins of mining machinery mounted on pneumatic actuators surrounded by screens displaying 3D computer graphics three dimensional imagery. These simulators rely on physics engine s and geodata to accurately simulate the dynamics of the environment. See also Mining Flight simulation Unreferenced date May 2008 Category 3D graphics software Category Mining equipment Category Operations research Category Scientific modeling mining stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Sulfide mining a Colloquialism colloquial term used in Wisconsin , Michigan , and Minnesota to describe the act of mining of ore which contains significant quantities of sulfide mineral s. Copper , lead , zinc , and nickel ores are typically present in the sulfide minerals chalcopyrite , galena , sphalerite and pentlandite respectively, these minerals are often found with often appreciable amounts of pyrite . See also Acid mine drainage Underground mining hard rock Hard rock mining Tech stub Mining stub DEFAULTSORT Sulfide Mining Category Mining techniques Category Sulfides ... more details
Mining is the extraction of value economics valuable mineral s or other geology geological materials ... by mining include bauxite , coal , copper , gold , silver , diamond s, iron , precious metal ..., or created Chemical synthesis artificially in a laboratory or factory , is usually mined. Mining ... fossil water water . The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to mining Essence of mining Main article Mining Extractive metallurgy Mineral exploration Mining engineering ... Types of mining Surface mining Sub surface miningMining techniques Alpha Hydraulic Diggings Borehole mining Box cut Deepsea mining Dredging Drift mining Fire setting Glory hole petroleum production Heap leaching Hydraulic mining In situ leach Landfill mining Longwall mining Mine reclamation Mountaintop removal mining Omega Hydraulic Diggings Open pit mining Placer mining Quarry ing Quartz reef mining Retreat mining Room and pillar Shaft mining Slope mining Stoping mining method Stoping Strip mining Sulfide mining Underground mining hard rock Winding tower Materials mined Some examples of materials that are extracted from the earth by mining include Bauxite Chromite Coal Copper Diamond s Iron ... extraction and purification Phosphate Precious metal s Gold see Gold mining Silver see Silver mining Oil shale see Oil shale industry and Shale oil extraction Sand see Sand mining Slate see Slate industry Sodium chloride Rock salt Tin Uranium Mining equipment Archimedes screw Air classifier Beam engine ... Pumpjack Safety lamp Subsea Trommel Wellhead Wheel tractor scraper Winding engine Mining hazards and safety Acid mine drainage Bootleg mining Coal mining debate Damp mining After damp Black damp Fire damp Stink damp White damp Energy law Mine disaster Mine exploration Mine fire Mine rescue Mining accident Subsidence Mining induced Mining induced subsidence History of mining Main article Mining History History of mining Cornish stamps Davy lamp De re metallica Fire setting Freeminer Geordie ... more details
Infobox Ort in sterreich Art Gemeinde Name Mining Wappen Wappen at mining.png lat deg 48 lat min 16 lat sec 40 lon deg 13 lon min 09 lon sec 40 Bundesland Ober sterreich Bezirk Braunau am Inn H he 346 Fl che 16.56 Einwohner 1151 Stand 2005 12 31 PLZ 4962 Vorwahl 07723 Kfz BR Gemeindekennziffer 40 423 NUTS AT311 Stra e Hofmark 19 Website http www.mining.ooe.gv.at www.mining.ooe.gv.at B rgermeister Ing. G nter Hasiweder Partei Gemeinderatanzahl 19 Gemeinderat 11 VP , 7 SP , 1 FP Wahljahr 2003 Mining is a municipality in the Braunau am Inn district district Braunau am Inn in Upper Austria , Austria . Cities and towns in Braunau am Inn district UpperAustria geo stub de Mining fr Mining Autriche fur Mining it Mining nl Mining pt Mining ru sk Mining vi Mining, Braunau am Inn vo Mining war Mining, Austria ... more details
Image Mining Exchange.jpg thumb 150px The Mining Exchange The Mining Exchange is a Grade II listed building in Redruth , Cornwall , UK . ref cite web url http www.cornish mining.org.uk sites redruth.htm title Redruth townscape date 28 April 2008 work Cornish Mining World Heritage Site publisher Cornwall & Scilly Historic Environment Service accessdate 2008 06 02 ref It was constructed in 1880 at a cost of 500 to build. It is thought to have been designed by local architect Sampson Hill . The Mining Exchange was where Mining in Cornwall local producers sold mineral stock. References reflist coord 50 13.97 N 5 13.64 W type landmark display title Category Mining in the United Kingdom Category 1880 establishments Category History of Cornwall Category Mining in Cornwall Category Organisations based in Cornwall Category Grade II listed buildings in Cornwall Category 1880 architecture Cornwall struct stub ... more details
Infobox company name Lundin Mining Corp. logo File Lundin Mining Logo.svg 250px type Public genre foundation founder location city Toronto , Ontario location country Canada location locations area served key people Philip J. Wright industry Industrial Metals & Minerals products services market cap 1.0 billion USD 2008 ref name zenobank revenue operating income net income assets equity owner num employees 1,500 2008 ref name zenobank cite web url http zenobank.com index.php?symbol CA LUN&page quotesearch title Company Profile for Lundin Mining Corp CA LUN accessdate 2008 10 08 ref parent divisions subsid homepage http www.lundinmining.com www.lundinmining.com footnotes intl Lundin Mining TSX LUN , OMX SSE27709 LUMI is a multinational minerals company with operations in Sweden, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Russia. Lundin Mining is headquartered in Toronto ... in the Democratic Republic of Congo in which it owns at 24.75 percent stake as Tenke Mining Corp. . Recent developments On July 4, 2007, Lundin acquired Tenke Mining . In November 2008, Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co. HudBay Minerals attempted to take over Lundin Mining. ref http www.theglobeandmail.com ... and Mail, November 27, 2008 ref In January 2011, Lundin and Inmet Mining proposed a merger to form Symterra. ref http www.bloomberg.com news 2011 01 12 inmet mining lundin merge creating copper ... client lundin mining release.jsp?year 2011&actionFor 1419441&releaseSeq 1 ref Management The chairman of Lundin Mining is Lukas Lundin , the son of Adolf Lundin , the company founder. The current CEO is Phil Wright. References Reflist http www.lundinmining.com Lundin Mining http finance.aol.com quotes lundin mining corporation lmc nys AOL quotes Lundin mining http www.fcx.com operations ... Category S&P TSX Composite Index Category Copper mining companies of Canada Canada company stub de Lundin Mining fr Lundin Mining Corporation pt Lundin Mining sv Lundin Mining ... more details
Infobox company name Conquest Mining logo Image Conquest mining logo.jpg caption type Public company Public ASX CQT genre fate predecessor successor foundation founder defunct location city location country location Australia locations area served key people industry Mining products services revenue operating income net income aum assets equity owner num employees parent divisions subsid homepage footnotes intl Conquest Mining is a mining company based in Australia . ref cite web url http www.mining journal.com company news conquest mining accessdate 2010 09 16 title Mining Journal Conquest Mining ref In September 2010, it bought a 40 stake in the Pajingo mine in northern Queensland . Conquest is also developing a silver gold copper resource at Silver Hill ref name Annual Report 2009 cite web url http www.conquestmining.com.au pdf 492 .pdf title Conquest Mining Ltd 2009 Annual Report accessdate 2010 09 16 date 2009 11 27 ref and is involved in a number of other goldmining projects. ref cite web url http wotnews.com.au news Conquest Mining accessdate 2010 09 16 title Conquest Mining News ref The executive chairman is Jake Klein. ref cite web url http www.menafn.com qn news story s.asp?StoryId 1093331977 accessdate 2010 09 16 title Jake Klein, new team to drive Conquest Mining ref Mount Carlton Conquest signed a 1 billion offtake deal for the largest deposit at Mount Carlton with Shandong Guoda Gold, one of the largest gold smelters in China. ref cite web url http www.theaustralian.com.au business conquest mining on track with 1bn china deal story e6frg8zx 1225925044127 accessdate 2010 09 16 title Conquest Mining on track with 1bn China deal The Australian ref Total resources at Mt Carlton are now estimated to be 1.27 million ounces of gold, 40.6 million ounces of silver, and 71,800 tonnes of copper. ref name Annual Report 2009 External links http www.conquestmining.com.au Conquest Mining website References reflist Category Mining companies of Australia Category Companies ... more details
Developed by the Canadian Mining Human Resources Council MiHR http www.mihr.ca , Mining for Diversity http www.mihr.ca en priorities resources MiningForDiversityKit2 english.pdf is a mining employer s guide to attract, recruit, and retain a diverse workforce. The guide was generated based on the research conducted by MiHR and the Conference Board of Canada http www.conferenceboard.ca which identified successful attraction, recruitment, and retention initiatives underway in the Canadian mining industry. ref http www.conferenceboard.ca insideedge q22009 q209 mining for diversity.aspx ref In the development of this guide, more than 27 Canadian mining companies, representing an array of mine types, commodities and regions, participated in the research and shared what worked for them in attracting, recruiting and retaining employees. This tool highlights several mining companies that share their HR best practices focusing on engaging, youth, mature workers, new Canadians, and women in the mining industry. ref http www.mihr.ca en priorities workplacediversity.asp ref . See also Diversity politics Notes references DEFAULTSORT Mining For Diversity Category Mining in Canada Category Political correctness ... more details
merge Helmet date July 2010 Image Mine helmet.jpg thumb 150px In the United States, red helmets are worn by new trainees A Mining helmet is a type of helmet worn for safety purposes by miners while in the process of underground mining . They sometimes have an electric light affixed. Examples Comfo Cap, manufactured by Mine Safety Appliances Image Fotothek df n 11 0000096.jpg thumb 150px Mining helmets are made so a Wheat lamp or other safety lamp safety headlamp can be attached to the front tool stub mining stub Category Helmets Category Mining es Casco miner a ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Sequence mining is concerned with finding statistically relevant patterns between data examples where the values are delivered in a sequence. It is usually presumed that the values are discrete, and thus Time series mining is closely related, but usually considered a different activity. Sequence mining is a special case of structured data mining . There are two different kinds of sequence mining string mining and itemset mining . String mining is widely used in biology, to examine gene and protein sequences, and is primarily concerned with sequences with a single member at each position. There exist a variety of prominent algorithms to perform alignment of a query sequence with those existing in databases. The kind of alignment could either involve matching a query with one subject e.g. BLAST or matching multiple query sets with each other e.g. ClustalW . Itemset mining is used more often in marketing and CRM applications, and is concerned with multiple symbols at each position. Itemset mining is also a popular approach to text mining . There are several key problems within this field. These include building efficient databases and indexes for sequence information, extracting the frequently occurring patterns, comparing sequences for similarity, and recovering missing sequence members. Two common techniques that are applied to sequence databases for Association rule learning frequent itemset mining are the influential apriori algorithm and the more recent FP Growth technique. However, there is nothing in these techniques that restricts them to sequences, per se. See also GSP Algorithm Process mining DEFAULTSORT Sequence Mining Category Data mining Category Bioinformatics de Sequenzmuster ... more details
File Ruby AZ.jpg 300px right thumb Ruby, Arizona Ruby , Arizona a ghost of a mining community in 1990. File Tombstone year 1891.jpg 300px right thumb Tombstone, Arizona Tombstone , Arizona in 1881, two years after being founded as a mining town by the Prospecting prospector Ed Schieffelin . A mining community , also known as a mining town or a mining camp , is a community that houses miners . Mining communities are usually created around a Mining mine or a quarry for the extraction or smelter ing of ore . History United States In the United States several different types of communities were established by Americans during the American Frontier frontier period mining towns, railroad town s, cow town s and farming town s were the primary settlements built. Throughout the continental United States and Alaska, valuable minerals were discovered and mining operations launched. The miners would usually settle a site and make home of tent s and shack s, eventually mining buildings such as smelters or stamp mills would be constructed followed by Log cabin cabin s, general store store s and bar establishment saloon s. A community would naturally be born with the settling of women and children and existed as long as precious metal could be dug from the area. Sometimes the geograpghical location of a mining community or the various American railroads would ensure a community s existence after all the valuable minerals were gone. Many American mining communities became ghost town s though others have become prominent city cities . A settlement usually can only be considered a mining community if a mine exists directly at the settlement or within the immediate area and if the population ..., they are considered a type of mining community. Mill town s are also a type of mining community. Historic mining communities Tombstone, Arizona Bisbee, Arizona Jerome, Arizona Contention City, Arizona ... in order to be considered a mining town . DEFAULTSORT Mining Town Category Mining communities ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Responsible mining refers to advocacy to reform mining activity. Goals may vary by group. Responsible mining first began to appear in an article entitled Re inhabitory Mining ref Re inhabitory Mining , City Miner , 1979, Vol.4, No.1, Berkeley, California ref and next as Ecological Mining . ref Ecological Mining , Restoring the Earth Conference, Berkeley, California , in Modern Gold Miner & Treasure Hunter , Nov. Dec., 1988 ref The term Responsible Mining was formulated by Ranil ... Ecology. Citation needed date April 2010 Groups Responsible mining advocacy is carried out by several non governmental organization s NGOs . The Alliance for Responsible Mining ref http arm.unixlandia.com ... and artisanal mining artisanal miners . They work in Latin America and develop fair trade standards ... and traditions of small and medium size mining communities, to provide responsible mining plans ... needed date April 2010 Citizens for Responsible Mining is active in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan , and is concerned with countering anti mining sentiment ref http www.citizensforresponsiblemining.org positionstatement.php ref , especially concerning sulfide mining . ref http www.citizensforresponsiblemining.org article5.php ref The Framework for Responsible Mining is a project of the Center ... issues associated with mining and mined products. ref http www.frameworkforresponsiblemining.org index.html ref The Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance is based in Vancouver, British Columbia . They define their mission as working towards a world where mining operations are consistent with healthy ... about.html ref The Pew Campaign for Responsible Mining is a project of the Pew Environment Group , focused mainly on reforming the General Mining Act of 1872 in the United States. ref http www.pewminingreform.org ... is Socially Responsible Mining? The Nation , February 17, 2010. Accessed April 18, 2010. ref The New ... to change the 1872 mining law. ref http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9A06E2DD163EF933A1575BC0A9619C8B63 ... more details
Tenke Mining Corporation was a mining company with head offices in Canada . ref cite web url http web.archive.org web 20080224040815rn 1 www.tenke.com s Home.asp title Tenke Mining Corporation language English accessdate 2008 04 10 ref The company s operations took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in South America . Tenke Mining was based in Vancouver , British Columbia . The company was acquired by Lundin Mining Corporation effective July 4, 2007, and delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange . Operations Democratic Republic of the Congo Tenke s primary work is at a concession in the extensive Tenke Fungurume deposit of copper and cobalt in the copperbelt area in the south of the country, in Katanga Province . ref cite web url http www.canaccordadams.com NR rdonlyres 2278C800 DCA8 47F9 9F40 898511ADA6FB 0 TenkeMiningpresentation.pdf title Tenke Fungurume copper cobalt deposits publisher Tenke Mining author Paul Conibear date 2006 03 30 language English accessdate 2008 04 10 ref South America Tenke Mining is active in exploration for gold and copper in Andes Mountains areas of south and central Chile and Argentina . References reflist Vancouver Corporations Category Mining companies of Canada Category Copper mining companies Category Companies based in Vancouver Canada corp stub ... more details
Mining Weekly is a weekly news magazine that provides in depth coverage of global mining projects and the personalities reshaping the mining industry. Mining Weekly was first published in 1995 by Creamer Media an independent media publishing company based in Johannesburg , South Africa . The company was founded by Martin Creamer in 1981. On 13 March 1981, the first edition of Creamer Media s other weekly news magazine, Engineering News was published. Mining Weekly can be found on the internet at http www.miningweekly.com and readers may choose to visit the free to air aspects of the site or readers may choose to subscribe to the site s full research service, thereby gaining access to aspects such as project tracking, research reports and links to listed mining companies and mine profiles. A mobile phone version of the MiningWeekly.com website is available and a Mining Weekly Application is also available in the iTunes store for users of the iPhone. The latest news and developments in the following mining sectors will be available to readers of the magazine and visitors to the website, including Base Metals, Coal , Diamonds , Ferrous Metals, Gold , Platinum , Silver and Uranium . Key service areas and topics related to the mining industry such as Health & Safety , Legislative and Environmental aspects are reported on daily. Category Weekly magazines ... more details
by a mining company, but rather work independently, mining or panning for gold using their own resources. Small scale mining includes enterprises or individuals that employ workers for mining, but generally working with hand tools. Artisanal miners often undertake the activity of mining seasonally for example crops are planted in the rainy season, and mining is pursued in the dry season. However, they also frequently travel to mining areas and work year round. An estimated 13 20 million men, women, and children from over 50 developing countries are directly engaged in the artisanal mining ...?resourceurlname advancing eiti mining.pdf Advancing the EITI in the Mining Sector Implementation Issues By Sefton Darby and Kristian Lempa, produced by the World Bank s Oil, Gas and Mining Policy and Operations ... in Artisanal Mining Artisanal mining can include activities as simple as panning for gold in rivers ... of environment, safety standards, and labour standards . Globally, artisanal mining contributes ... of miners undertaking this occupation. Approaches to Supporting and Formalizing Artisanal Mining Collaborative group on Artisanal and Small Scale Mining CASM CASM is a global networking and coordination ... and economic performance of artisanal and small scale mining in developing countries. CASM is currently ... AND SMALL SCALE MINING an Emerging Opportunity for Sustainable Development April 2008 ref . This report ... to stimulate sustainable development in artisanal mining communities. International Program on the Elimination ... a sector of activity in Mining and Quarrying . It notes that child labour can still be seen in small ... of programs. ICMM http www.icmm.com document 789 Working Together How large scale mining can engage ... larger mining companies gain rights to develop deposits that are currently worked by artisanal minings. The International Council on Mining and Metals ICMM has produced a guidance note for companies engaging with the artisanal and small scale mining ASM sector. As is noted in the introduction to this document ... more details
other uses Mining Journal disambiguation Infobox Newspaper name The Mining Journal image caption type Daily newspaper format Broadsheet foundation 1841 as The Mining Journal ceased publication price owners Ogden Newspapers Inc. publisher Jim Reevs editor Bud Sargent circulation 18,000 Daily br 30,000 Sunday headquarters 249 W. Washington St. br Marquette, Michigan Marquette , Michigan 49855 br USA ISSN website http www.miningjournal.net www.miningjournal.net The Mining Journal is the predominant daily newspaper of Marquette, Michigan and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . Like most market dominant daily papers, the MJ is a seven day morning paper. The Mining Journal is distributed over a wide area, in part because Marquette is the largest city for a considerable radius in any direction. The MJ can be found in all of the Upper Peninsula , and it maintains bureaus in many of the cities of the U.P. External links http www.miningjournal.net The Mining Journal official site DEFAULTSORT Mining Journal, The Category Newspapers published in Michigan Category Marquette County, Michigan Category Upper Peninsula of Michigan Category Publications established in 1841 michigan newspaper stub no The Mining Journal ... more details
Expand Ukrainian topic culture date September 2010 The Mining Encyclopedia lang uk is a Ukraine Ukrainian encyclopedia of mining . The encyclopedia is compiled by approximately 150 of the leading earth scientists in the Ukraine. The first installment, an explanatory dictionary of mining was published in 1998 by the Donetsk National Technical University . ref cite web url http resource.ukrlife.org title publisher Resources UKR language Ukrainian accessdate September 11, 2010 ref References Reflist Category 1998 books Category Ukrainian encyclopedias Category Mining uk Ukraine stub Encyclopedia stub ... more details
Retreat mining is a term used to reference the final phase of an underground mining technique known as room and pillar mining. This involves excavating a room or chamber while leaving behind pillars of material for support. This excavation is carried out in a pattern advancing away from the entrance of a mine. Once a deposit has been exhausted using this method, the pillars that were left behind initially are removed, or pulled , retreating back towards the mine s entrance. After the pillars are removed, the roof or back is allowed to collapse behind the mining area. Pillar removal must occur in a very precise order in order to reduce the risks to workers, due to the high stresses placed on the remaining pillars by the abutment stresses of the caving ground. Retreat mining is the term commonly referred to as the mining method employed by the Crandall Canyon Mine and is believed, by some, to be a factor in the August 2007 collapse which trapped six miners. On November 21, 2007, the mine was sealed, entombing the deceased miners. The bureau of land management says retreat mining was being used. Robert E. Murray , CEO of Murray Energy owner of the mine says the technique was not being used at Crandall Canyon. ref cite news first Seth last Borenstein coauthors Talhelm, Jennifer Vergakis, Brock title Deadly Mining Method Often Used url http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2007 08 06 AR2007080601257.html work The Washington Post publisher The Associated Press date August 6, 2007 accessdate 2007 08 07 ref See also Longwall mining References reflist External links http amp.wpcamr.org archives 97 Retreat Mining Abandoned Mine Posts. Western Pennsylvania Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation. Mining techniques Category Underground mining ... more details
Onesource date November 2007 Drift mining is either the mining of a placer deposit by underground methods, or the working of coal seams accessed by adit s driven into the surface outcrop of the coal bed. Drift is a more general mining term, meaning a near horizontal passageway in a mine, following the bed of coal, for instance or vein of ore. A drift may or may not intersect the ground surface. ref Paul W. Thrush, A Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms , US Bureau of Mines, 1968, p.350. ref This kind of mining is done when the rock or mineral is on the side of a hill. File W. Va. coal mine 1908.jpg thumb 300px Drift mine entry in West Virginia, 1908. Photo by Lewis Hine . Nome, Alaska Drift mining methods were used extensively to mine placer deposits during the early years of the Nome mining district . During summer, surface deposits could be worked, but some placer deposits were buried too deeply for surface placering. In addition, water to wash the gold from the placers was not available in the winter. Many miners tunnelled into deep placer deposits, bringing out the high grade gravels to be washed at the spring thaw. Most of the ground in Nome is permafrost . By drift mining, miners were able to recover much of the gold buried under the permafrost. Gold at Nome was concentrated in three ancient beach lines, now inshore, above sea level, and buried under roughly fifty feet of permafrost overlain by two feet of tundra . Gold was usually found on top of either bedrock or false bedrock, a layer of clay that occurred at the base of the beach or stream deposit. The miners initially sank shafts to prospect for the pay streaks. This was done by building a fire atop ... down to either a pay streak or bedrock. When the gold was found, the drift mining began. Once they had ... showing various mining methods Mining techniques DEFAULTSORT Drift Mining Category Underground miningmining stub simple Drift mining ... more details
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