Minimumviablepopulation MVP is a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive .... Typically, however, MVP is used to refer solely to a wild population, such as the red wolf . Estimating the MVP MinimumViablePopulation is usually estimated as the population size necessary to ensure ... 1990 title What do real population dynamics tell us about minimumviablepopulation sizes? journal ... title Minimumviablepopulation size A meta analysis of 30 years of published estimates journal ... simulation with a starting population of sixty pandas, the panda population may only go extinct on four of the hundred runs for a survival probability of 96 percent. In this case the minimumviablepopulation that satisfies the 90 to 95 percent probability for survival is between 50 and 60 ... 1981 title Minimumpopulation sizes for species conservation journal BioScience volume 31 issue 2 ... J year 1984 title Determining size and dispersion of minimumviable populations for land management ... biology . More specifically MVP is the smallest possible size at which a biological population ... The term population refers to the population of a species in the wild. For example, the undomesticated dromedary camel is extinct in its natural wild habitat but there is a domestic population in captivity and Australian feral camel an additional feral population in Australia . Two groups of house ... can be estimated using computer simulation s for population viability analysis population viability ... future population dynamics. The probability assigned to a PVA is arrived at after repeating the environmental simulation thousands of times. For example, a simulation of a population of fifty giant pandas in which the simulated population goes completely extinct thirty out of one hundred stochastic simulations when projected one hundred years into the future is not viable. Causes of extinction in the simulation ... Laysan Duck Brood.jpg thumb right In 1912, the Laysan Duck had an effective population size of 7 at most ... more details
In New product development product development , the MinimumViable Product or MVP is a strategy used ... ref Eric Ries, March 23 2009, http startuplessonslearned.blogspot.com 2009 03 minimumviable product.html Venture Hacks interview What is the minimumviable product? , Lessons Learned ref Description A MinimumViable Product has just those features that allow the product to be deployed, and no more ... per dollar spent. The minimumviable product is that version of a new product which allows ... ref name mvp Radoff, Jon, MinimumViable Product Rant, May 4, 2010, http radoff.com blog 2010 05 04 minimumviable product rant ref , it is a strategy and process directed toward making and selling ... to be non viable. Techniques A MinimumViable Product may be an entire product or a sub set of product ... the impact of a minimumviable product is a market testing strategy that is used to screen product .... References references 4. Eric Ries, August 3 2009 http www.startuplessonslearned.com 2009 08 minimumviable product guide.html Lessons Learned MinimumViable Product A Guide , Lessons Learned See ... Steven Gary Blank Lean Startup External links http venturehacks.com articles minimumviable product What is the minimumviable product? , Venture Hacks Advice for entrepreneurs, March 23 2009 http startuplessonslearned.blogspot.com 2009 08 minimumviable product guide.html MinimumViable Product ... 333 Approaching a MinimumViable Product , Three Rivers Institute Thoughts on Programming, Kent Beck, August 7th, 2009 http venturehacks.com articles minimumviable product examples 10 examples of minimumviable products , Venture Hacks Advice for entrepreneurs, October 27th, 2009 http torgronsund.wordpress.com 2010 01 12 minimumviable product revisited the mvp curve MinimumViable Product revisited ... 1, 2009 http www.productdevelopment.com howitworks mvp.html MinimumViable Product SyncDev 2008 http .... The definition s use of the words maximum and minimum means it is decidedly not formulaic. It requires ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Not Economically Viable Type Album Artist The Methadones Cover Released 2004 Recorded Genre Punk rock , pop punk Length 40 03 Label Thick Records Thick Producer Reviews Punknews.org Rating 3 5 http www.punknews.org review 3470 link Last album Career Objective br 2003 This album Not Economically Viable br 2004 Next album 21st Century Power Pop Riot br 2006 Not Economically Viable is the third album by punk rock band The Methadones . Track list Bored On Television 3 17 Mess We Made 3 15 Sorry to Keep You Waiting 4 07 What Went Wrong 2 51 Annie 3 08 Million Miles 4 00 Turning Inside Out 3 38 Less Than Zero 2 04 Hit a Nerve 3 14 Transistor Radio 2 23 Suddenly Cool 4 39 Straight Up Pop Song 4 07 2000s pop punk album stub Category The Methadones albums Category 2004 albums ... more details
Viable Paradise is an annual one week residential writing workshop held each autumn on the island of Martha s Vineyard in Massachusetts . It is focused on speculative fiction . The workshop began in 1997 , as part of a science fiction convention presented by the Martha s Vineyard Science Fiction Association. After 1998 , the convention was discontinued, but the workshop continued. Present and past instructors include Patrick Nielsen Hayden , Teresa Nielsen Hayden , James D. Macdonald , Debra Doyle , Steven Gould , Laura J. Mixon , Lawrence Watt Evans , Elizabeth Moon , Maureen McHugh , James Patrick Kelly , Elizabeth Bear , Cory Doctorow , John Scalzi , Sherwood Smith , and Jay Lake . Past students include authors N. K. Jemisin , Sandra McDonald , Paul Melko , http chrononaut.org David Moles , Greg Van Eekhout , and http www.harpercollins.com author microsite about.aspx?authorid 34313 Margaret Ronald and podcast editors and authors Steve Eley and Mur Lafferty . External links http www.sff.net Paradise Viable Paradise Official Website http www.sff.net Paradise whatis.htm What Is Viable Paradise http www.zanzjan.net vp vp sales.html List of former V.P. students Category Creative writing programs ... more details
No footnotes date August 2009 Refimprove date March 2009 Context date March 2009 The set of prefix es of right sentential form s that can appear on the stack of a shift reduce parser are called viable prefixes. An equivalent definition of a viable prefix is that it is a prefix of right sentential form that does not continue past the right end of the rightmost handle of that sentential form. By this definition, it is always possible to add terminal symbol s to the end of a viable prefix to obtain a right sentential form. Therefore, there is apparently no error as long as the portion of the input seen to a given point can be reduced to a viable prefix. Bibliography Database Systems The Complete Book with H. Garcia Molina and J. Widom , Prentice Hall Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Englewood Cliffs, NJ , 2002. Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation , with J. E. Hopcroft and R. Motwani , Addison Wesley, Reading MA, 1969, 1979, 2000. Elements of ML Programming , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993, 1998. A First Course in Database Systems with J. Widom , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1997, 2002. Foundations of Computer Science with A. V. Aho , Computer science Computer Science Press, New York, 1992.C edition, 1994. Principles of Database and Knowledge Base Systems two volumes , Computer Science Press, New York, 1988, 1989. Compilers Principles, Techniques, and Tools with A. V. Aho and R. Sethi , Pearson PLC Addison Wesley , Reading MA, 1977, 1986. Computational Aspects of VLSI , Computer Science Press, 1984 Data Structures and Algorithms with A. V. Aho and J. E. Hopcroft , Addison Wesley, Reading MA, 1983. Principles of Compiler Design with A. V. Aho, Harkirat Singh , Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1977. Fundamental Concepts of Programming Systems , Addison Wesley, Reading MA, 1976. The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms with A. V. Aho and J. E. Hopcroft , Addison Wesley, Reading MA, 1974. Category Computing terminolog ... more details
Viable but nonculturable VBNC bacteria refers to bacteria that are in a state of very low metabolic activity and do not divide, but are alive and have the ability to become culturable once resuscitated. ref name Oliver cite journal author Oliver JD title The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria journal The Journal of Microbiology volume 43 issue special issue No. S pages 93 100 year 2005 month February pmid 15765062 pmc doi ref Bacteria in a VBNC state cannot grow on standard Growth medium growth media , though flow cytometry can measure the viability of the bacteria. ref name Oliver Bacteria can enter the VBNC state as a response to Stress biology stress , due to adverse nutrient , temperature , Osmosis osmotic , oxygen , and light conditions. ref name Oliver The cells that are in the VBNC state are morphologically smaller, and demonstrate reduced nutrient transport, rate of respiration, and synthesis of macromolecules. ref name Oliver Sometimes, VBNC bacteria can remain in that state for over a year. ref name Oliver It has been shown that numerous pathogens and non pathogens can enter the VBNC state, and therefore it has significant implications in pathogenesis , bioremediation , and other branches of microbiology . ref name Oliver VBNC Pathogens The following is a list of pathogenic bacteria that can enter a VBNC state ref name Oliver 2010 Cite journal last1 Oliver first1 JD. title Recent findings on the viable but nonculturable state in pathogenic bacteria. journal FEMS Microbiol Rev volume 34 issue 4 pages 415 25 month Jul year 2010 doi 10.1111 j.1574 6976.2009.00200.x PMID 20059548 ref div style moz column count 3 column count 3 Aeromonas hydrophila Aeromonas salmonicida Agrobacterium tumefaciens Burkholderia cepacia Burkholderia pseudomallei Campylobacter coli Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter lari Cytophaga allerginae Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus hirae Enterococcus faecium Erwinia amylovora Escherichia ... more details
pp move indef Other uses File Population density.png thumb 350px Distribution of world population in 1994. File Population density key.png thumb 150px Key A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area . In ecology the population ... to define a sex sexual population is such that interbreeding inter breeding is possible between any ... Hartl first Daniel authorlink title Principles of Population Genetics publisher Sinauer Associates series year 2007 doi isbn 978 0 87893 308 2 page 45 ref In sociology , population refers to a collection .... This article refers mainly to human population. Population genetics In population genetics a sex sexual population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can Breeding in the wild ... first Daniel authorlink title Principles of Population Genetics publisher Sinauer Associates series year 2007 doi isbn 978 0 87893 308 2 page 95 ref . World human population Main World population As of Date , the world population is estimated by the United States Census Bureau to be expr worldpop 1000000000 ... POPClock Projection ref Eurek Alert World Population to surpass 7 Billion in 2011. ref http www.eurekalert.org pub releases 2011 07 hsop wpt072711.php Eurek Alert World Population to surpass 7 Billion in 2011 28 Jul 2011 ref Earth s population will reach seven billion on 31 October, a milestone that offers ... Nations Population Fund. ref http www.unfpa.org public home news pid 8328Countdown to a World ... Bureau , the world population hit 6.5 billion 6,500,000,000 on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which world population reached 6 billion. This was about 12 years after world population reached 5 billion in 1987, and 6 years after world population reached 5.5 billion in 1993. The population of some countries, such as Nigeria ... city populations Nigeria.html title Cities in Nigeria 2005 Population Estimates MongaBay.com accessdate ... more details
The viable systems model , or VSM is a model abstract model of the organisational structure of any viable or autonomous system . A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands .... The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic regulation theory description that is applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable ... the cybernetic theory of organizations encapsulated in the VSM is that viable systems are recursion recursive viable systems contain viable systems that can be modeled using an identical cybernetic description ... of viable systems as cybernetic isomorphism . A development of this model has originated the theoretical proposal called Viable systems approach . Components of the viable system model Here we ... Principal functions of the VSM A viable system is composed of five interacting subsystems which may ... which maintain the organization as a viable entity. ref Brain of the Firm , 2nd Edition, Pg 201. ref System 1 in a viable system contains several primary activities. Each System 1 primary activity is itself a viable system due to the recursive nature of systems as described above. These are concerned ... to monitor how the organization needs to adapt to remain viable. System 5 is responsible ... making. ref Brain of the Firm Chapters 6 and 7. ref Rules for the viable system In Heart of Enterprise ... to do so with minimum damage to people and cost. The four directional channels carrying information ... recursive organizational structure any viable system contains, and is contained in, a viable system ... of the Second Axiom. The law of cohesion for multiple recursions of the viable system This law ... of the viable system the context of each autonomous 5 4 3 2 metasystem enlarges and acquires ..., all enterprises are required to be useful to their users if they are to remain viable. For all participants ... and fault diagnosis 1989, Ed. Espejo and Harnden The Viable System Model John Wiley, London and New ... more details
Total Viable Count TVC gives a quantitative idea about the presence of microorganism s such as bacteria , yeast and mold in a sample. To be specific, the count actually represents the number of colony forming unit s cfu per g or per ml of the sample. A TVS is achieved by plating dilutions of the culture until 30 300 colonies exist on a single plate. Category Microbiology terms ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Orphan date February 2009 Total viable organism or TVO is a term used in microbiology to quantify the amount of microbe microbial organisms present in a sample. Each sample is usually microbiological culture cultured on a variety of agar plate s petri dish es often containing different types of selective medium selective media . The colony forming unit s CFU s are calculated after allowing time for growth. TVO numbers are used to quantify the CFU s for a given amount of sample and often include dilution factors. For example, a 1 mL sample of water containing 10 CFU s on one plate would have a TVO value of 10 cfu mL Category Microbiology terms Microbiology stub ... more details
There are several candidates for the oldest viable seed Carbon dated The oldest Radiocarbon dating carbon 14 dated seed that has grown into a viable plant was a Judean date palm seed about 2,000 years old, recovered from excavations at Herod the Great s palace on Masada in Israel . It was germinated in 2005. ref cite journal author Sallon et al date 2008 06 13 last2 Solowey url http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 320 5882 1464 first2 E. last3 Cohen first3 Y. last4 Korchinsky first4 R. last5 Egli first5 M. last6 Woodhatch first6 I. last7 Simchoni first7 O. last8 Kislev first8 M. title Germination, Genetics, and Growth of an Ancient Date Seed journal Science journal Science volume 320 issue 5882 page 1464 doi 10.1126 science.1153600 accessdate 2010 02 03 ref ref cite web url http news.nationalgeographic.com news 2005 11 1122 051122 old seed.html title 2,000 Year Old Seed Sprouts, Sapling Is Thriving author John Roach date 2005 11 22 accessdate 2007 02 14 quote A sapling germinated earlier this year from a 2,000 year old date palm seed is thriving, according to Israeli researchers who are cultivating the historic plant. It s 80 centimeters 3 feet high with nine leaves, and it looks great, said Sarah Sallon, director of the Hadassah Medical Organization s Louis L. Borick Natural Medicine Research Center NMRC in Jerusalem. publisher National Geographic ref ref cite news title Extinct Tree From Christ s Time Rises From the Dead url http www.livescience.com history 080612 methuselah tree.html quote Carbon dating of the seeds found at Masada revealed that they date from roughly the time of the ancient fortress siege, in A.D. 73. The seeds were found in storage rooms, and appear ... old seed . The second oldest viable seed recorded is the Radiocarbon dating carbon 14 dated 1,300 year ... at Xipaozi Village, China, the source of the old viable fruits. publisher American Journal of Botany ... myth that seeds from Ancient Egypt Egyptian tombs with ages of over 3,000 years were viable. ref ... more details
A minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily or monthly remuneration that employers may legally pay to workers. Equivalently, it is the lowest wage at which workers may sell their labour. Although minimum ... and drawbacks of a minimum wage. Supporters of the minimum wage say that it increases the standard ... EPI site http www.epi.org content.cfm issueguides minwage Real Value of the Minimum Wage ref Opponents ..., causing inflation and aiding countries with very low or non existant minimum wage such as China ... url http www.amazon.com dp 0198607679 doi id isbn ref History main History of the minimum wage Image ... have been posed for creating minimum wage laws. The motives behind the minimum wage legislation were ... The minimum wage has a strong social appeal, rooted in concern about the ability of markets to provide ... preferable distribution of income. Thus, minimum wage laws have usually been judged against the criterion ... ref Statutory minimum wages were also proposed as a way to control the proliferation of sweat shop ... bargaining power over their workers, and a minimum wage was proposed as a means to make them pay .... Today, minimum wage laws affect workers in most low paid fields of employment. ref name Neumark cite book last Neumark first David authorlink coauthors William L. Wascher title Minimum Wages ... catalog item default.asp?ttype 2&tid 11659 doi id isbn 978 0 262 14102 4 ref Although the goals of the minimum wage are widely accepted as proper, there is great disagreement as to whether the minimum wage is effective in attaining its goals. From the time of their introduction, minimum wage laws have ... and benefits of minimum wages continue today. ref name Neumark The classic exposition of the minimum ... sectors may exceed the increase in wages in the covered ones The impact of the minimum wage on family ... to pay less than a legal minimum is equivalent to forbidding workers to sell their labour for less than the minimum wage. The legal restriction that employers cannot pay less than a legislated ... more details
Orphan date November 2010 Minimum tillage is a soil conservation system like Strip till with the goal of minimum soil manipulation necessary for a successful crop production. It is a tillage method that does not turn the soil over. It is contrary to intensive tillage, which changes the soil structure by Plough s. See also Conservation tillage reduced tillage no till farming References http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 9620 agricultural technology 67769 Minimum tillage?anchor ref558253 Britannica DEFAULTSORT Minimum Tillage Category Agriculture it Minimum tillage ... more details
Otheruses4 minimum distance minimum distance estimation Minimum distance estimation The term minimum distance is used in several ways In geometry , the minimum distance of a collection of points P in a space is the smallest distance between any two points of the space. In coding theory , the term refers to the Block code The distance d minimum distance of a block code . Calculation Geometry In the real plane, points P corresponding to all integer points i , j have a minimum distance of 1. In two dimensional geometry, the minimum distance between two points can be found using the Pythagorean theorem . Coding Theory In coding theory minimum distance is often calculated using the Hamming distance of two codewords. It can also be calculated in other ways. For example, the minimum distance of a linear code can be calculated by finding the smallest number of linearly dependent columns in its parity check matrix . See also Dijkstra s algorithm References Hill, Raymond. 1988 . A First Course In Coding Theory , New York Oxford University Press. Category Coding theory math stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Cryptosporium minimum regnum Fungi phylum Ascomycota classis Ascomycetes subclassis Incertae sedis ordo Incertae sedis familia Incertae sedis genus Cryptosporium species C. minimum binomial Cryptosporium minimum binomial authority Laubert, 1907 Cryptosporium minimum is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen . External links http www.speciesfungorum.org Names Names.asp Index Fungorum http nt.ars grin.gov fungaldatabases USDA ARS Fungal Database References references Category Plant pathogens and diseases Category Ascomycota incertae sedis Category Fungi described in 1907 ascomycota stub plant disease stub ... more details
Image Minimum deviation.jpg thumb Angle of deviation. The blue square represents a transparent object. Red arrows at left and right represent incident and emerging light beams, respectively. File Minimum deviatiation of a prism.svg thumb In a prism, the deviation is minimal for the symmetric light path top trace . The minimum deviation is the angle between the incident and emerging light rays after transmission through an object such as a prism optics prism or a Drop liquid water drop . The angle is also referred to as the angle of minimum deviation . ref cite web author Mark A. Peterson url http www.mtholyoke.edu mpeterso classes phys103 geomopti MinDev.html title Minimum Deviation by a Prism publisher Mount Holyoke College ref The direction of the incident beam and the orientation of the object can be varied. The value of D can be larger than 90 degree angle degree s. One of the factors that rainbow can be observed is due to bunching of light rays at the minimum deviation that is close to the rainbow angle . The angle of minimum deviation depends upon Wavelength of the light ray The angle of minimum deviation is smaller for shorter wavelengths and larger for longer wavelengths, so the red end of the spectrum deviates less than the violet end. Material of the prism The larger the refractive index of the material, the larger the angle of minimum deviation. Angle of prism A The larger the angle of prism, the larger the angle of minimum deviation. Angle of incidence A The angle of deviation is dependant on the angle of incidence in the form of a U shaped curve If a line is drawn parallel to the angle of incidence axis X axis , it cuts the graph at two points, showing that there are two values of angle of incidence for an angle of deviation. However, at the point of angle of minimum deviation, the line will be tangent to the curve showing that for minimum angle of deviation there is only one angle of incidence. References references Category Optics optics stub ... more details
taxobox regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Core eudicots ordo Caryophyllales familia Polygonaceae genus Polygonum species P. minimum binomial Polygonum minimum binomial authority Sereno Watson S.Watson Polygonum minimum is a species of flowering plant in the Polygonaceae knotweed family known by the common name broadleaf knotweed . It is native to much of western North America where it can be found in mountainous regions. It grows in the subalpine and alpine climate s of high mountain ranges from Alaska to the southwestern US. Description Polygonum minimum is an annual herb producing slender, stiff, zigzag angled reddish stems up to 30 centimeters long, growing prostrate or erect. The leaves are lance shaped to widely oval or nearly round and are located all along the stems but most crowded near the tips. Inflorescence s occur in the leaf axils, each bearing one or more five lobed white flowers. External links http ucjeps.berkeley.edu cgi bin get JM treatment.pl?5936,6248,6273 Jepson Manual Treatment Polygonum minimum http plants.usda.gov java profile?symbol POHY2 USDA Plants Profile Polygonum minimum http www.efloras.org florataxon.aspx?flora id 1&taxon id 250060744 Flora of North America http calphotos.berkeley.edu cgi img query?query src photos index&where taxon Polygonum minimum Polygonum minimum Photo gallery Category Polygonum minimum Category Alpine flora Category Flora of the Eastern United States Category Flora of the Plains Midwest United States Category Flora of the Western United States Category Flora of California Category Flora of the Sierra Nevada region U.S. Polygonaceae stub az Polygonum minimum ... more details
In error correcting code error correcting coding , the minimum Hamming weight , commonly referred to as the minimum weight w sub min sub of a code is the weight of the lowest weight code word. The weight w of a code word is the number of 1s in the word. For example the word 11001010 has a weight of 4. In a linear block code the minimum weight is also the minimum Hamming distance d sub min sub and defines the error correction capability of the code. If w sub min sub n , then d sub min sub n and the code will correct up to d sub min sub 2 errors. ref Stern & Mahmoud, Communications System Design , Prentice Hall , 2004, p 477ff. ref References reflist Category Coding theory telecomm term stub ... more details
Minimum capital is a concept used in corporate law and banking regulation to stipulate what assets the organisation must hold as a minimum requirement. The purpose of minimum capital in corporate law is to ensure that in the event of insolvency or financial instability, the corporation has a sufficient asset base to satisfy the claims of creditors. Corporate law All public companies within the European Union are required to hold at least 50,000 in capital stocks. UK insolvency law Expand section date July 2010 Banking regulation Main Capital requirement Basel II Capital Requirements Directive Leverage finance See also Banking regulation Corporate law Notes Reflist 2 References J Armour, Legal Capital An Outdated Concept? 2006 http papers.ssrn.com sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 910826 7 EBOR 5 DEFAULTSORT Minimum Capital Category United Kingdom company law ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Carychium minimum image Carichium minimum.jpg image caption Shell of Carychium minimum regnum Animalia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Panpulmonata br clade Eupulmonata superfamilia Ellobioidea familia Ellobiidae subfamilia Carychiinae genus Carychium species C. minimum binomial Carychium minimum binomial authority O. F. M ller , 1774 ref M ller, O. F. 1774 Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia . Volumen alterum. pp. I XXVI 1 36 , 1 214, 1 10 . Havni & Lipsi . Heineck & Faber . ref synonyms Carychium minimum is a species of very small air breathing land snail , a terrestrial animal terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Ellobiidae . Distribution This species occurs in European countries and islands including List of molluscs recorded in the Czech Republic Czech Republic List of molluscs recorded in the Netherlands Netherlands List of molluscs recorded in Poland Poland List of molluscs recorded in Slovakia Slovakia list of non marine molluscs of Great Britain Great Britain list of non marine molluscs of Ireland Ireland File Carychium minimum with plicae shown .png left thumb drawing of shells of Carychium minimum References reflist Category Ellobiidae Ellobiidae stub nl Carychium minimum ... more details
Image Sunspot Numbers.png thumb 400px right The Dalton minimum in the 400 year history of sunspot numbers The Dalton Minimum was a period of low solar activity , named after the English meteorologist John Dalton , lasting from about 1790 to 1830. ref Komitov and Kaftan. Archibald says 1796 to 1820, p. 32. ref Like the Maunder Minimum and Sp rer Minimum , the Dalton Minimum coincided with a period of lower than average global temperatures. The Oberlach Station in Germany, for example, experienced a 2.0 C decline over 20 years. ref Archibald, p. 32. ref The precise cause of the lower than average temperatures during this period is not well understood. Recent papers have suggested that a rise in volcanism was largely responsible for the cooling trend. ref Wagner and Zorita, as well as Wilson. ref While The Year Without a Summer , in 1816, occurred during the Dalton Minimum the prime reason for that particular cold spike was the eruption of a Volcanic Explosivity Index Classification Super Colossal Volcano named Mount Tambora in Indonesia which was jointly one of the 2 largest eruptions in the past 2000 years. Notes reflist References Komitov Boris and Vladimir Kaftan 2004 http journals.cambridge.org production action cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid 288315 The Sunspot Activity in the Last Two Millenia on the Basis of Indirect and Instrumental Indexes Time Series Models and Their Extrapolations for the 21st Century , in Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union , 2004, pp. 113 114. Wagner, Sebastian and Eduardo Zorita 2005 http www.cru.uea.ac.uk cru projects soap pubs papers wagner ClimDyn2005.pdf The influence of volcanic, solar and CO2 forcing on the temperatures in the Dalton Minimum 1790 1830 a model study , Climate Dynamics v. 25, pp. 205 218, doi 10.1007 s00382 005 ... Category Solar phenomena climate stub sun stub ar fr Minimum de Dalton it Minimo di Dalton pl Minimum Daltona zh ... more details
Refimprove date August 2007 Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Minimum Serious image alias Born caption image size background group or band Birt origin Grenoble , France instrument genre Pop punk occupation years active 2000 present label Mercury Records associated acts website current members Ced D. Vocals Guitar br Fritz Bass br The Guish Guitar br Mister Barbecue Drums Backing Vocals past members notable instruments Minimum Serious is a pop punk band that formed in 2000 in music 2000 in Grenoble , France . Their lyrics are in French and English. History Minimum Serious has released two albums, Fantastic World in 2000 and Procapitalist in 2002 , through their own record label, On The Ring Records . After their French tour with bands like Sum 41 , Lagwagon , and Mad Caddies , the band decided to send their press kit to record labels. Mercury Records offered them a contract and sent the band to record a new album with producer David Salsedo and engineer Clive Martin . This resulted in their self titled Minimum Serious album third album . At the end of 2005 , after one year of touring in France, Minimum Serious recorded another album, Goodbye California with the single Goodbye California song Goodbye California that went to number 24 on the French charts. To promote the new album, the band went on a French tour for one year and played at the Give It A Name festival of 2007 in France with bands like New Found Glory , The Used , and Saosin . The band is currently recording their fifth album to be released in 2008 called R evolution . Discography Albums class wikitable Year Title Label French Chart align center 2000 Fantastic World On The Ring Records align center 2002 Procapitalist On The Ring Records align center 2004 Minimum Serious album Minimum Serious Mercury Records align center 64 align center 2006 Goodbye California Mercury Records align ... Chart 2004 a Commence A Se Savoir align center Minimum Serious album Minimum Serious 2006 Goodbye California ... more details
The Sp rer Minimum was a 90 year span of low solar activity, from about 1460 until 1550, which was identified and named by John A. Eddy in a landmark 1976 paper published in Science journal Science titled Maunder minimum The Maunder Minimum . ref name MM PAPER http www.sciencemag.org cgi content citation 192 4245 1189 Eddy, J. A., The Maunder Minimum , Science 18 June 1976 Vol. 192. no. 4245, pp. 1189&ndash 1202 , http bill.srnr.arizona.edu classes 182h Climate Solar Maunder 20Minimum.pdf PDF Copy ref It occurred before sunspot s had been directly observed and was discovered instead by analysis of the proportion of carbon 14 in tree ring s, which is strongly correlated with solar activity. It is named for the German astronomer Gustav Sp rer . ref name ucar cite web title History of Sunspot Observations url http www.windows.ucar.edu tour link sun activity sunspot history.html&edu high accessdate 04 02 2009 The Sp rer Minimum 1420 to 1570 , named after the German astronomer Gustav Sp rer. ref Image Carbon14 with activity labels.svg thumb 500px Solar activity events recorded in radiocarbon. Present period is on left. Values since 1950 not shown. class wikitable Solar activity events and approximate dates Event Start End Oort minimum ref name ucar 1010 1050 Oort minimum see Medieval Warm Period 1040 1080 Medieval maximum see Medieval Warm Period 1100 1250 Wolf minimum 1280 1350 Sp rer Minimum 1460 1550 Maunder Minimum 1645 1715 Dalton Minimum 1790 1820 Modern Maximum 1950 ongoing Little Ice Age ref name ucar 2 ref name noaa cite web title What was the Little Ice Age? url http www.ncdc.noaa.gov ... 1350 1850 Like the subsequent Maunder Minimum , the Sp rer Minimum coincided with a time when Earth ... the Sp rer Minimum which showed that the solar cycle was active see Wilfried Schr der, Annals Geophys ... Sporer Minimum Category Climate history ca M nim de Sp rer de Sp rerminimum es M nimo de Sp rer fr Minimum de Sp rer ja pl Minimum Sp rera ru fi Sp rerin minimi zh ... more details
Solar minimum is the period of least solar activity in the solar cycle of the sun . During this time, sunspot and solar flare activity diminishes, and often does not occur for days at a time. The date of the minimum is described by a smoothed average over 12 months of sunspot activity, so identifying the date of the solar minimum usually can only happen 6 months after the minimum takes place. Solar minimum is contrasted with the solar maximum , where there may be hundreds of sunspots. Solar minimum and solar maximum Solar minimums and maximums are the two extremes of the sun s 11 year activity cycle. ref Cite journal last Moussas first X. last2 Polygiannakis first2 J. M. last3 Preka Papadema first3 P. last4 Exarhos first4 G. title Solar cycles A tutorial journal Advances in Space Research volume 35 issue 5 pages 725 738 year 2005 doi 10.1016 j.asr.2005.03.148 bibcode 2005AdSpR..35..725M ref At a maximum, the sun is peppered with sunspots , solar flares erupt, and the sun hurls billion ton clouds of electrified gas into space. It s a good time for sky watchers who enjoy auroras, but not so good for astronauts who have to be wary of radiation storms. Power outages, satellite malfunction ... happen during a solar maximum. ref http www.swpc.noaa.gov NOAAscales ref At a solar minimum, there are fewer ... Minimum Cycles Predicting solar activity is very difficult because solar activity is a non linear .....193P ref Solar minimum is characterized by a period of minimum solar activity with few, if any ... ref During 2008 2009 NASA scientists noted that the Sun is undergoing a deep solar minimum, stating ... to one inescapable conclusion We re experiencing a very deep solar minimum, says solar physicist Dean ... ref See also List of solar cycles Maunder Minimum Solar cycle Solar cycle 24 Solar maximum References ..., 2011 The Sun DEFAULTSORT Solar Minimum Category Solar phenomena Minimum ca M nim solar it Minimo solare ro Minimum solar zh ... more details
In Marxist theory , a minimum programme consists of a series of demands for immediate Reform movement reforms and, in far fewer and less orthodox cases, also consists of a series of political demands which, taken as a whole, realise key democratic republican measures enacted by the Paris Commune and thus culminate in the strictly political dictatorship of the proletariat . One of the first examples of a minimum programme is in the 1880 programme drawn up for the French Workers Party by Jules Guesde with Paul Lafargue , Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx ref name David Stafford pp. 158 172 David Stafford, From Anarchism to Reformism pp. 158 172, LSE Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1971 ref . The introductory Preamble, also known as the maximum section was given to Guesde by Marx and concludes with the following paragraph according to the Penguin translation from the German in MEW blockquote The French socialist workers, who have set themselves in the economic arena the goal of the return of all means of production to collective ownership, have decided, as the means of organisation and struggle , to enter the elections with the following minimum programme. ref Marx, First International and After ... known as the minimum programme ref name David Stafford pp. 158 172 . Engels recommended the economic part of the minimum section to the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD drafters of the Erfurt ... that the Orthodox Marxism orthodox concept of a minimum programme becomes widespread and later mirrored by much of the Socialist International Citation needed date October 2009 . The minimum is contrasted ... to pursue only the minimum programme of achievable demands, which would improve workers lives until the inevitable collapse of capitalism . Other groups believed that the achievement of a minimum programme ... programme , seeing the minimum maximum division as leaving democratic socialist parties always campaigning only for their minimum programme and not clearly planning a route to achieve their maximum programme ... more details
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