- Vanguard 3
gammas . Micrometeorite Detector This experiment contained two sealed pressure zones, extending along the interior walls of the satellite, which were designed to record the impact of micrometeorite s large ... type microphone s recorded micrometeorite impacts on the satellite s surface. The microphone .... The satellite recorded 6600 micrometeorite impacts during 66 days of operation, of which 2800 ... more details
|
- Micrometeoroid
de Mikrometeorit es Micrometeoroide fr Microm t orite ko hr Mikrometeorid it Micrometeorite ja ... more details
|
- Explorer 7
for the web browser Internet Explorer 7 Infobox Spacecraft Name Explorer 7 Image Image Explorer7.jpg 250px Organization NASA Major Contractors Jet Propulsion Laboratory Mission Type Earth science Satellite Of Earth Launch October 13, 1959 at 15 36 Coordinated Universal Time UTC Launch Vehicle Juno 2 Mission Duration 2 years NSSDC ID 1959 009A Webpage http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov database MasterCatalog?sc 1959 009A NASA NSSDC Master Catalog Mass 41.5 kg Eccentricity .034693 Inclination 50.27 Orbital Period 101.38 minutes Apoapsis 1,073 km Periapsis 573 km Explorer 7 1959 009A was launched October 13, 1959 at 10 36 a.m. Eastern Time by a Juno II rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station to an orbit of 573 km by 1073 km and inclination of 50.27 . ref cite web url http www.ssec.wisc.edu media spotlight explorer7.html title 50th Anniversary of Explorer 7 Launch work Space and Science Engineering Center publisher University of Wisconsin accessdate 13 February 2010 ref It was designed to measure solar x ray and Lyman alpha flux, trapped energetic particle s, and heavy primary cosmic ray s. Also Secondary objectives included collecting data on micrometeoroid penetration and molecular sputtering and studying the earth atmosphere heat balance. The Explorer 7 micrometeorite impacts studies can be found under the NASA paper RESULTS OF MICROMETEORITE PENETRATION EXPERIMENT ON THE EXPLORER VII SATELLITE 1959 IOTA LaGow and L. Secretan Goddard Space Flight Center Significantly, it also carried Verner Suomi s flat plate radiometer , improved with the help of Robert Parent , that took the first Earth radiation budget measurements from space and initiated the era of satellite studies of the climate . Using both satellite observations of the Earth s heat balance and atmosphere atmospheric cooling rates measured by net flux radiosondes, Suomi established the important role played by clouds in absorbing radiated solar energy. These observations established that Earth s energy b ... more details
|
- Explorer 1
ones in the Army s micrometeorite amplifier. Electrical power was provided by mercury battery ... amplifier to detect micrometeoroid micrometeorite cosmic dust impacts. It responded to micrometeorite ... 10 sup 3 sup g cm s ref name micrometeorite detector cite web url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc experimentDisplay.do?id 1958 001A 02 title Micrometeorite Detector accessdate 2008 ... Edward R. year 1959 month January title Micrometeorite Measurements from 1958 Alpha and Gamma Satellites ... ref Wire grid detector, also to detect micrometeorite impacts. It consisted of 12 parallel connected ... included in such way that a total area of 1 cm by 1 cm was completely covered. If a micrometeorite ..., and thus record the event. ref name micrometeorite detector ref name manring Flight The Juno ... to be one of the outstanding discoveries of the International Geophysical Year. The acoustic micrometeorite ... January title IGY Micrometeorite Measurements journal Space Research Proceedings of the First International ... more details
|
- Pioneer 5
micrometeorite momentum spectrometer or micrometeorite detector that consisted of two Diaphragm ... nmc experimentDisplay.do?id 1960 001A 04 title NSSDC Master Catalog Micrometeorite Spectrometer ... also measured solar flare particles, and cosmic radiation in the interplanetary region. The micrometeorite ... more details
|
- Dawes (lunar crater)
otheruses Dawes disambiguation lunar crater data image Image Dawes crater moon.jpg 200px caption Dawes from Apollo 17 . NASA photo . latitude 17.2 N or S N longitude 26.4 E or W E diameter 18 km depth 2.3 km colong 334 eponym William Rutter Dawes William R. Dawes Dawes is a lunar impact crater , named after William Rutter Dawes , and which is located in the wide straight between Mare Serenitatis and Mare Tranquilitatis . To the southwest is the larger crater Plinius crater Plinius . To the northeast is the Mons Argaeus mountain rise. This is a circular crater with a sharp rim that has a slightly flattened oval perimeter. It has a slight central rise, and a somewhat darker floor that is nearly covered in overlapping swirl like deposits. Much of the deposits are slumped or fall back material. The inner walls are steep and free from impact erosion. Detailed examination of this crater have located what appear to be alcoves and channels along the inner rim. It is hypothesized that micrometeorite impacts along the rim trigger dry landslides, which produce a gully like appearance. A similar phenomenon may be responsible for gully like features along the inner rim of some Mars Martian craters. References cite web last Stiles first Lori date 2006 03 16 url http uanews.org cgi bin WebObjects UANews.woa 7 wa SciDetails?ArticleID 12376 title Water May Not Have Formed Mars Recent Gullies publisher University of Arizona accessdate 2006 06 12 Lunar crater references External links http www.lpi.usra.edu resources mapcatalog LTO lto42c3 1 LTO 42C3 Dawes &mdash L&PI topographic map Category Impact craters on the Moon Moon crater stub da Dawes m nekrater it Dawes cratere lunare ... more details
|
- Impact gardening
Impact gardening is the process by which impact event s stir the outermost crust geology crust s of moons and other celestial objects with no atmosphere s. In the particular case of the Moon , this is more often known as lunar gardening . Planetary bodies lacking an atmosphere will generally also lack any erosion al processes, with the possible exception of volcanism , and as a result impact debris accumulates at the object s surface as a rough soil, commonly referred to as regolith . Subsequent impacts, especially by micrometeorite s stir and mix this soil. It is estimated that the top centimeter of the lunar surface is overturned every 10 million years. ref cite book author G. H. A. Cole, M. M. Woolfson title Planetary Science The Science of Planets Around Stars page 96 year 2002 publisher CRC Press ref References references Further reading cite journal title Martian Cratering 7 The role of Impact Gardening journal Icarus journal Icarus doi 10.1006 icar.2000.6532 author Hartmann year 2001 volume 149 pages 37 51 bibcode 2001Icar..149...37H display authors 1 author2 Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. cite journal title Asteroidal Regoliths journal Icarus journal Icarus volume 39 pages 317 351 author Housen year 1979 doi 10.1016 0019 1035 79 90145 3 bibcode 1979Icar...39..317H display authors 1 last2 Wilkening first2 Laurel L. last3 Chapman first3 Clark R. last4 Greenberg first4 Richard issue 3 Category Impact geology crater stub ... more details
|
- NASA robots
Unreferenced date February 2010 NASA robots are robot ic devices used to aid, augment, or substitute for astronaut s in order to do difficult or rote tasks such as repairs in dangerous environments such as those with radiation or micrometeorite risks , routine procedures video capture , etc. Robonaut Image Robonaut.jpg right thumb Robonaut resting on a Segway HT. Main Robonaut Robonaut is a joint Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA &ndash NASA project designed to create a humanoid robot which can function as an equivalent to humans during extra vehicular activity space walks . There are multiple versions of this robot using various locomotion methods. Some versions of the robot use the Segway HT for locomotion http www.usatoday.com tech news robotics 2004 10 20 rise of robots x.htm . Robonaut uses telepresence and various levels of Autonomous robot robotic autonomy . While not all human range of motion and sensitivity has been duplicated, the robot s hand has fourteen Degrees of freedom engineering degrees of freedom and uses touch sensor s at the tips of its fingers. See http robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov NASA Robonaut Page Dextre Main Dextre SPHERES Main SPHERES See also Portal Robotics Spaceflight Robot Engineering Spaceflight NASA Spacecraft Space Exploration Space logistics Spacecraft propulsion Space transport Space logistics External links http www robotics.jpl.nasa.gov NASA JPL Robotics http www.nasa.gov worldbook robot worldbook.html NASA Robot http ranier.hq.nasa.gov telerobotics Page coolrobots.html NASA Space Telerobotics Program http prime.jsc.nasa.gov ROV nlinks.html NASA Robot Web Links http robotics.nasa.gov NASA Robotics Robotics Alliance Project http aercam.jsc.nasa.gov NASA Mini AERCam Web Site http psa.arc.nasa.gov PSA Education Page Personal Satellite Assistant http robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov NASA Robonaut Page http traclabs.com TRACLabs, Inc. NASA & DoD Robotic Automation Contractors Spaceflight DEFAULTSORT Nasa Robots Category Space robots Cate ... more details
|
- Pioneer P-31
to study the radiation effect of solar flares. The micrometeorite detector and sun scanner were ... more details
|
- Explorer 3
consisted of a cosmic ray counter a Geiger M ller tube , and a micrometeoroid micrometeorite detector ... consisted of a cosmic ray detection package and a ring of micrometeorite erosion gauges ... more details
|
- Explorer 2
grid array and an acoustic detector for the purpose of micrometeoroid micrometeorite detection ... more details
|
- Peter K. Homer
was required to have a thermal micrometeorite garment, which is the outermost layer of the astronaut ... more details
|
- LI-900
resistance and micrometeorite orbital debris MMOD characteristics of the LI 900 shuttle baseline ... more details
|
- Pioneer 0
the Moon , carrying a television camera , a micrometeoroid micrometeorite detector and a magnetometer ... . A micrometeorite hitting the diaphragm would generate an acoustic pulse that would travel through ... more details
|
- Pioneer P-30
, and part of the flux gate and search coil magnetometers mounted on the instrument platform. The micrometeorite ... more details
|
- Gemini 12
a micrometeorite collector and did other chores, at last demonstrated the feasibility of extravehicular ... UV astronomical photography, and 7 dim sky photography. Two micrometeorite collection experiments ... more details
|
- Donald Pettit
sizes of glacial ice samples and collections of magnetic micrometeroid micrometeorite s from ice melt used for cooking water. He estimated Antarctic glacial ice to contain roughly 1 micrometeorite ... more details
|
- List of Apollo missions
flight A 103 SA 9 A 103 AS 109 16 February 1965 14 37 GMT Carried Pegasus satellite Pegasus A micrometeorite ... satellite Pegasus B micrometeorite satellite plus a CSM boilerplate A 105 SA 10 A 105 AS 110 30 July 1965 13 00 GMT Carried Pegasus satellite Pegasus C micrometeorite satellite plus a CSM boilerplate ... more details
|
- Pioneer 2
Infobox Spacecraft Name Pioneer 2 Image Image Pioneer able.png 250px Mission Type Orbiter Launch November 8, 1958 at 07 30 00 Coordinated Universal Time UTC Satellite Of Moon Mass convert 87.3 lb ref name STL Vol. 2 cite paper title 1958 NASA USAF Space Probe ABLE 1 Final Report Volume 2. Payload and Experiments date 1959 02 18 publisher Space Technology Laboratories url http www.sdfo.org stl 1958 20NASA 20USAF 20Space 20Probes 20 28ABLE 1 29 20FINAL 20REPORT 20Volume 2002.pdf format PDF accessdate 2009 02 17 ref Pioneer 2 was the last of the three project Pioneer program Able space probes designed to probe Moon lunar and Wiktionary cislunar cislunar space. Shortly after launch at 07 30 00 UTC on November 8, 1958, ref name STL Vol. 1 cite paper title 1958 NASA USAF Space Probes ABLE 1 Final Report Volume 1. Summary date 1959 02 18 publisher Space Technology Laboratories url http www.sdfo.org stl 1958 20NASA 20USAF 20Space 20Probes 20 28ABLE 1 29 20FINAL 20REPORT.pdf format PDF accessdate 2009 02 17 ref the third stage of the launch vehicle separated but failed to ignite, and Pioneer 2 did not achieve its intended lunar orbit. The spacecraft attained a maximum altitude of convert 1550 km mi abbr on before reentering Earth s atmosphere at 28.7 N, 1.9 E over NW Africa. A small amount of data was obtained during the short flight, including evidence that the equatorial region around Earth has higher flux and higher energy radiation than previously considered and that the micrometeorite density is higher around Earth than in space. Spacecraft design Pioneer 2 was nearly identical to Pioneer 1 . It consisted of a thin cylindrical midsection with a squat truncated cone geometry cone frustum on each side. The cylinder was 74 cm in diameter and the height from the top of one cone to the top of the opposite cone was 76 cm. Along the axis of the spacecraft and protruding from the end of the lower cone was an 11 kg solid propellant injection rocket and rocket case ... more details
|
- Pioneer P-3
camera pointed through a small hole in the sphere between two of the solar panel mounts. The micrometeorite ... more details
|
- Mars 1
recorded one micrometeorite strike every two minutes at altitudes ranging from 6000 to 40,000 km ... more details
|
- Luna 10
Unreferenced date October 2008 Infobox Spacecraft Name Luna 10 Image Image Luna orbiter bus.jpg 300px Luna 10 Caption Organisation Soviet Union Major Contractors NPO Lavochkin GSMZ Lavochkin Bus Mission Type Planetary Science Lunar Orbit MissionHighlight Entered lunar orbit on br April 3, 1966, 18 44 UTC. Flyby Of Satellite Of Moon Orbital Insertion Date Orbits Decay Launch March 31, 1966 at 10 48 00 Coordinated Universal Time UTC Launch Vehicle Molniya 8K78M 4 Stage R 7 SS 6 Carrier Rocket Launch Site Mission Duration 60 days. Last contact br May 30, 1966 NSSDC ID 1966 027A Webpage http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc spacecraftDisplay.do?id 1966 027A NASA NSSDC Master Catalog Mass 1,582 kg Power Batteries Orbit regime orbit altitude Longitude Semimajor Axis 2,413.0 km Eccentricity .14 Inclination 71.9 Orbital Period 178.05 minutes Apoapsis 2,738 km Periapsis 2,088 km Orbits Daily Repetitivity 485 Main Instruments ul li Magnetometer li Gamma ray spectrometer li Five gas discharge counters li Two ion traps charged particle trap li Piezoelectric micrometeorite detector li Infrared detector li Low energy x ray photon counters ul Transponders Coverage Resolution Swath Spectral Band Data rate SSR IMG Resolution Refs Luna 10 E 6S series was a Luna program , robotic spacecraft mission, also called Lunik 10. The Luna 10 spacecraft was launched towards the Moon from an Earth orbiting platform on March 31, 1966. It was the first artificial satellite of the Moon or another heavenly body, for that matter . The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on April 3, 1966 and completed its first orbit 3 hours later on April 4, Moscow time . Scientific instruments included a gamma ray gamma ray spectrometer for energies between 0.3&mdash 3 electronvolt MeV 50&ndash 500 joule pJ , a triaxial magnetometer , a meteorite detector, instruments for solar plasma studies, and devices for measuring infrared emissions from the Moon and radiation conditions of the lunar environment. Gravitational studies were a ... more details
|
- Luna 22
Infobox spacecraft Name Luna 22 Image Caption Mission Identifier Organisation Soviet Union Major Contractors Lavochkin GSMZ Lavochkin Bus Mission Type nowrap Planetary Science Lunar Orbit Flyby Of Flyby Date Current Destination Satellite Of Moon Orbital Insertion Date 2 June 1974 Orbits 3,875 Launch Date 29 May 1974 08 57 00 Coordinated Universal Time UTC Carrier Rocket Proton K Proton 8K82K Blok D Flight Number Launch Site Baikonur Cosmodrome Mission Duration 521 days MissionHighlight Decay COSPAR ID 1974 037A nolink y set to anything to prevent linking COSPAR to NSSDC database Webpage Mass Convert 5700 kg abbr on Dimensions Power Batteries Orbit data orbit reference reference system Orbit regime Semimajor Axis Convert 6,598.3 km abbr on Eccentricity .18 Inclination 19.35 orbit altitude Apoapsis Convert 222 km abbr on Periapsis Convert 219 km abbr on Orbital Period 130 minutes Longitude Repeat Interval Orbits Daily Repetitivity orbit swath orbit crossing equator crossing Instruments Instruments Main Instruments Photographic imaging system br Gamma ray spectrometer br Radio altimeter br Meteoroid detectors br Magnetometer br Cosmic ray detectors br Radiation detectors Resolution Spectral Band Data Rate SSR solid state recorder IMG Resolution Transponders Transponders Transponder Capacity Coverage Twta output power Bandwidth EIRP Refs http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc spacecraftDisplay.do?id 1974 037A NASA NSSDC Master Catalog Below Luna 22 Ye 8 LS series was an unmanned space mission , part of the Soviet Luna program , also called Lunik 22. Luna 22 was a Moon lunar orbit er mission. The spacecraft carried imaging cameras and also had the objectives of studying the Moon s magnetic field , surface gamma ray emissions and composition of lunar surface rocks, and the gravitational field , as well as micrometeorite s and cosmic ray s. Luna 22 was launched into Earth parking orbit and then to the moon. It was inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974. The spacecraft m ... more details
|
- Lunar Orbiter 1
field, and no micrometeorite impacts were detected. The spacecraft was tracked until it impacted the lunar ... more details
|
- Giordano Bruno (crater)
because micrometeorite s constantly rain down, they kick up enough dust to quickly in geological ... more details
|
Encyclopedia
top
