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Membrane protein





Encyclopedia results for Membrane protein

  1. Membrane protein

    of the lipid bilayer are indicated by red and blue dots. A membrane protein is a protein molecule ... proteins come in two forms carrier protein s and channel protein s. Main categories Membrane ... membrane proteins Integral membrane protein s are permanently attached to the membrane. They can be defined ... monotopic protein s are proteins that are permanently attached to the lipid membrane from only one side and do not span across the membrane. Peripheral membrane proteins Peripheral membrane protein ... structure to different membrane types ref Membrane Protein Complexes Membrane Proteins commonly function .... Reoccurring in recent literature are the ideas that membrane protein complexes assemble in an orderly ... can be interchanged in existing complexes. Membrane protein complexes assemble through the orderly ... they could cause. Membrane protein complexes are not fixed entities. Though a process called dynamic exchange, membrane proteins are exchanged in and out of exsitisting protein complexes. This has ... Protein Structures The structures of membrane proteins are stabilized by weak interactions and influenced ... on membrane protein structures is especially significant. Despite the significant functional importance ... number of membrane protein structures determined. Integral membrane proteins are present in a heterogeneous ... of the successful membrane protein structures are characterized by X ray crystallography and are very ... and for solution NMR. All membrane protein structural biology should be subjected to careful ... of the native functional state for membrane protein structures. ref Cross, Timothy, Mukesh Sharma, Myunggi Yi, Huan Xiang Zhou 2010 . Influence of Solubilizing Environments on Membrane Protein Structures ref See also Integral membrane protein s Transmembrane protein s Peripheral membrane protein ... http blanco.biomol.uci.edu mp assembly.html General Principles of Membrane Protein Folding and Stability ... Membrane Protein Category WikiProject Molecular and Cellular Biology articles Category Membrane ...   more details



  1. Membrane fusion protein

    Membrane fusion proteins are membrane proteins which cause more than one membrane to combine. Examples include SNARE protein , such as Vesicle associated membrane protein VAMP Gp41 See also Fusion protein Interbilayer Forces in Membrane Fusion External links MeshName Membrane fusion proteins Membrane proteins Category Membrane proteins membrane protein stub ...   more details



  1. Integral membrane protein

    File transmembrane receptor.svg thumb right E extracellular space P plasma membrane I intracellular space An integral membrane protein IMP is a protein molecule or assembly of proteins that is permanently attached to the biological membrane . Proteins that cross the membrane are surrounded by annular lipids, which are defined as lipids that are in direct contact with a membrane protein. Such proteins ... such that their amino terminus is outside of the membrane, or Type II, which have their carboxy terminus outside of the membrane. Integral Monotopic Proteins Main Integral monotopic protein Integral ... See also Membrane protein s Transmembrane protein s Peripheral membrane protein s Orientations of Proteins ... protein component of the human proteome http www.mpdb.ul.ie Membrane PDB Database of 3D structures ... from Stephen White laboratory Cell membranes DEFAULTSORT Integral Membrane Protein Category Membrane biology Category Integral membrane proteins Category Protein structure ar ca ... wide analysis of integral membrane proteins from eubacterial, archaean, and eukaryotic organisms journal Protein Science volume 7 issue 4 pages 1029 38 year 1998 pmid 9568909 pmc 2143985 doi 10.1002 pro.5560070420 ref All transmembrane protein s are IMPs, but not all IMPs are transmembrane proteins ... integral membrane proteins are currently determined at atomic resolution by X ray crystallography or nuclear .... In addition, structures of many water soluble domains of IMPs are available in the Protein Data Bank . Their membrane anchoring helices have been removed to facilitate the extraction and crystallization. IMPs can be divided into two groups Integral polytopic protein s Transmembrane proteins Integral monotopic protein s Integral Polytopic Protein Main Integral polytopic protein The most common type of IMP is the transmembrane protein TM , which spans the entire biological membrane . Single pass membrane proteins cross the membrane only once, while multi pass membrane proteins weave in and out ...   more details



  1. Vesicle-associated membrane protein

    Vesicle associated membrane proteins VAMP are a family of SNARE protein SNARE proteins with similar structure, and are mostly involved in vesicle fusion . VAMP1 and VAMP2 proteins known as synaptobrevin s are expressed in brain and are constituents of the synaptic vesicles, where they participate in exocytosis neuromediator release . VAMP3 known as cellubrevin is ubiquitously expressed and participates in regulated and constitutive exocytosis as a constituent of secretory granules and secretory vesicles. VAMP5 and VAMP7 SYBL1 participate in constitutive exocytosis. VAMP5 is a constituent of secretory vesicles, myotubes and tubulovesicular structures. VAMP7 is found both in secretory granules and endosomes. VAMP8 known as endobrevin participates in endocytosis and is found in early endosomes. VAMP8 also participates the regulated exocytosis in pancreatic acinar cells. VAMP4 is involved in transport from the Golgi. ref cite journal author Steegmaier M, Klumperman J, Foletti DL, Yoo JS, Scheller RH title Vesicle associated membrane protein 4 is implicated in trans Golgi network vesicle trafficking journal Mol. Biol. Cell volume 10 issue 6 pages 1957 72 year 1999 pmid 10359608 doi pmc 25394 ref References references External links MeshName Vesicle Associated Membrane Protein 1 Membrane proteins Vesicular transport proteins Category Membrane proteins membrane protein stub ...   more details



  1. Membrane transport protein

    Refimprove date January 2009 A membrane transport protein or simply transporter is a membrane protein ref MeshName Membrane transport proteins ref involved in the movement of ion s, small molecule s, or macromolecule s, such as another protein across a biological membrane . Transport proteins are integral membrane protein s that is they exist within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport . These mechanisms of action are known as carrier mediated transport . ref http www.answers.com topic carrier mediated transport Carrier mediated transport , Answers.com ref Types Image Scheme facilitated diffusion in cell membrane en.svg right thumb 400px Facilitated diffusion Grouped by Transporter Classification database categories 1 Channels Pores facilitated diffusion 2 Electrochemical Potential driven transporters Mitochondrial membrane transport protein Glucose transporter Neurotransmitter transporter s Glutamate transporter Glutamate aspartate transporter s GABA transporter s Glycine transporter s Monoamine transporter s, including Dopamine transporter DAT Norepinephrine transporter NET Serotonin transporter SERT Vesicular monoamine transporter s VMAT Equilibrative nucleoside transporter Adenosine transporter s Vesicular acetylcholine transporter VAChT 3 Primary Active Transporters ATP binding cassette transporter genes P glycoprotein CD98 V ATPase Ion transporter s Na K ATPase Plasma membrane Ca2 ATPase Plasma membrane Ca sup 2 sup ATPase Proton pump Hydrogen potassium ... Ungrouped CD36 See also Carrier protein Co transport Cotransport Cotransporter Ion channel P loop Solute carrier family classification TC number classification Vesicular transport protein Wikipedia MeSH D12.776 MeSH D12.776.157.530 membrane transport proteins References reflist External links DorlandsDict seven 000087339 Transport protein Carrier proteins Ion channels Membrane transport proteins ...   more details



  1. Outer membrane protein G

    Pfam box Symbol Porin OmpG Name Outer membrane protein G OmpG image 2iwv.gif width 220 caption Pfam PF09381 InterPro SMART Prosite SCOP 2iwv TCDB 1.B.21 OPM family 181 OPM protein 2iwv PDB Outer membrane protein G OmpG is a porin protein porin , a channel proteins in the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria . Escherichia coli OmpG forms a 14 stranded beta barrel and in contrast to most porins, appears to function as a monomer. ref name pmid16797588 cite journal author Subbarao GV, van den Berg B title Crystal structure of the monomeric porin OmpG journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 360 issue 4 pages 750 9 year 2006 month July pmid 16797588 doi 10.1016 j.jmb.2006.05.045 url ref The central pore of OmpG is wider than other E. coli porins and it is speculated that it may form a non specific channel for the transport of larger oligosaccharide s. ref name pmid16797588 cite journal author Subbarao GV, van den Berg B title Crystal structure of the monomeric porin OmpG journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 360 issue 4 pages 750 9 year 2006 month July pmid 16797588 doi 10.1016 j.jmb.2006.05.045 url ref References reflist Category Protein domains Category Protein families Category Outer membrane proteins membrane protein stub InterPro content ...   more details



  1. Outer membrane protein OpcA

    Pfam box Symbol OpcA Name Outer membrane protein OpcA image 1k24.gif width 200 caption Pfam PF07239 InterPro IPR009876 SMART Prosite SCOP 1k24 TCDB OPM family 27 OPM protein 1k24 PDB PDB3 1k24 A 2 245 Outer membrane adhesin OpcA protein family consists of several Neisseria species specific outer membrane proteins. Neisseria meningitidis causes meningococcal meningitis and septicemia . Opc formerly called 5C is one of the major outer membrane proteins and has been shown to play an important role in meningococcal adhesion and invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells, mediating attachment to host cells by binding proteoglycan cell surface receptor s ref name PUB00013057 cite journal author Zhu P, Klutch MJ, Derrick JP, Prince SM, Tsang RS, Tsai CM title Identification of opcA gene in Neisseria polysaccharea interspecies diversity of Opc protein family journal Gene volume 307 issue pages 31 40 year 2003 pmid 12706886 doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 02 01208 8 ref . OpcA forms a 10 stranded beta barrel with five highly mobile extracellular loops that protrude above the surface of the membrane ref name PUB00028792 cite journal author Derrick JP, Prince SM, Achtman M title Crystal structure of the OpcA integral membrane adhesin from Neisseria meningitidis journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 99 issue 6 pages year 2002 pmid 11891340 doi 10.1073 pnas.062630899 pmc 122538 ref . These extracellular loops combine to form a crevice in the external surface that is lined by positively charged residues, which is predicted to be a binding site for proteoglycan polysaccharides involved in pathogenesis. Conformational changes in the extracellular loops modulate the surface of OpcA, which ... changes could also lead to pore opening. References reflist Category Protein domains Category Protein families Category Outer membrane proteins InterPro content IPR009876 ... JP, Bond PJ title Membrane simulations of OpcA gating in the loops? journal Biophys. J. volume 92 ...   more details



  1. Mitochondrial membrane transport protein

    Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins are protein s which exist in the plasma membrane membranes of mitochondria and which serve to transport ref MeshName Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins ref molecule s and other factors such as ion s into or out of the organelles. Examples Examples of mitochondrial transport protein s include the following The mitochondrial permeability transition mitochondrial permeability transition pore , which opens in response to increased mitochondrial calcium Ca sup 2 sup load and oxidative stress ref name Crompton Crompton M. 1999. http www.biochemj.org bj 341 0233 bj3410233.htm The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death . Biochemical Journal . Volume 341, Pages 233 249. PMID 10393078. Retrieved on January 23, 2007. ref The mitochondrial calcium uniporter which transports calcium in biology calcium from the cytosol of the Cell biology cell into the mitochondrial matrix ref name Crompton ref name Nicholls Nicholls DG. 2005. Mitochondria and calcium signaling. Cell Calcium , Volume 38, Issues 3 4, Pages 311 317. PMID 16087232. Retrieved on January 23, 2007. ref The mitochondrial sodium calcium exchanger , which carries Ca sup 2 sup ions out of the matrix in exchange for sodium Na sup sup ions. These transport proteins serve to maintain the proper electrochemical gradient electrical and chemical gradient s in mitochondria by keeping ions and other factors in the right balance between the inside and outside of mitochondria. See also Mitochondrial carrier Membrane transport protein References references Membrane transport proteins Mitochondrial proteins Category Transport proteins Category mitochondria Category transmembrane proteins membrane protein stub ...   more details



  1. Peripheral membrane protein

    Peripheral membrane proteins are protein s that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated. These molecules attach to integral membrane protein s, or penetrate the peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer . The regulatory protein subunits of many ion channel s and transmembrane receptor s, for example, may be defined as peripheral membrane proteins. In contrast to integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins tend to collect in the water soluble component, or fraction, of all the proteins extracted during a protein purification procedure. Proteins ... of integral membrane protein s. The reversible attachment of proteins to biological membranes has .... ref name Cafiso1 David S. Cafiso Structure and interactions of C2 domain s at membrane surfaces. In cite book author Tamm LK Editor title Protein Lipid Interactions From Membrane Domains to Cellular ... . At the cell surface, on the opposite side of the cell membrane lipid anchored protein ... in a protein s hydrophobic binding pocket after dissociation from the membrane. This process occurs .... ref name Cho cite journal author Cho, W. and Stahelin, R.V. year 2005 title Membrane protein ... occurs via specific membrane targeting structural domains that occur within the protein and have specific ... interactions play an important role in Protein targeting membrane targeting of electron carriers ... Marsh D title Protein lipid interactions with peripheral membrane proteins. In Protein lipid interactions ... labeling, measurement of membrane binding affinities of protein mutagenesis mutants , ref name Spencer ... lymphocyte s and neurons neuronal cell s. See also Membrane protein s Lipoprotein s Transmembrane ... cite book author Lukas K. Tamm Editor title Protein Lipid Interactions From Membrane Domains to Cellular ... 2005 title Membrane protein interactions in cell signaling and membrane trafficking journal Annual ... Category Peripheral membrane proteins ar de Membranst ndiges Protein es Prote na ...   more details



  1. Outer membrane protein W family

    Pfam box Symbol OmpW Name image 2f1v.gif width 200 caption Outer membrane protein W Pfam PF03922 InterPro IPR005618 SMART Prosite SCOP TCDB 1.B.39 OPM family 26 OPM protein 2f1v PDB PDB3 2f1v B 23 212 PDB3 2f1t A 23 212 Outer membrane protein W OmpW family is a Protein family family of evolutionarily related proteins from the outer bacterial membrane. This family includes outer membrane protein W OmpW proteins from a variety of bacterial species. This protein may form the receptor for S4 colicin s in Escherichia coli ref name PUB00008474 cite journal author Braun V, Pil sl H, Smajs D title Characterization of colicin S4 and its receptor, OmpW, a minor protein of the Escherichia coli outer membrane journal J. Bacteriol. volume 181 issue 11 pages 3578 3581 year 1999 pmid 10348872 pmc 93827 ref . References reflist Category Protein domains Category Protein families Category Outer membrane proteins membrane protein stub ...   more details



  1. FadL outer membrane protein transport family

    Pfam box Symbol Toluene X Name Outer membrane transport proteins OMPP1 FadL TodX image 1t16 opm.gif width 200 caption Structure of the bacterial fatty acid transporter FadL. ref name pmid15178802 cite journal author van den Berg B, Black PN, Clemons WM, Rapoport TA title Crystal structure of the long chain fatty acid transporter FadL journal Science volume 304 issue 5676 pages 1506 9 year 2004 month June pmid 15178802 doi 10.1126 science.1097524 url ref Pfam PF03349 Pfam clan CL0193 InterPro IPR005017 SMART Prosite SCOP TCDB 1.B.9 OPM family 30 OPM protein 1t16 PDB PDB3 1t1l B 28 446 PDB3 1t16 B 28 446 Outer membrane transport proteins OMPP1 FadL TodX Protein family family includes several proteins that are involved in toluene catabolism and degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. This family also includes protein FadL involved in translocation of long chain fatty acid s across the outer membrane. It is also a receptor for the bacteriophage T2. Notes reflist References Identification of a membrane protein and a truncated LysR type regulator associated with the toluene degradation pathway in Pseudomonas putida F1. Wang Y, Rawlings M, Gibson DT, Labbe D, Bergeron H, Brousseau R, Lau PC Mol Gen Genet 1995 246 570 579. PMID 7535376 Characterization and role of tbuX in utilization of toluene by Ralstonia pickettii PKO1. Kahng HY, Byrne AM, Olsen RH, Kukor JJ J Bacteriol 2000 182 1232 1242. PMID 10671442 p Cymene catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas putida F1 cloning and characterization of DNA encoding conversion of p cymene to p cumate. Eaton RW J Bacteriol 1997 179 3171 3180. PMID 9150211 Category Protein domains Category Protein families Category Outer membrane proteins ...   more details



  1. EBV latent membrane protein 2

    EBV latent membrane protein 2 LMP 2 refers to two viral protein s associated with Epstein Barr virus . ref name pmid11961256 cite journal author Lynch DT, Zimmerman JS, Rowe DT title Epstein Barr virus latent membrane protein 2B LMP2B co localizes with LMP2A in perinuclear regions in transiently transfected cells journal J. Gen. Virol. volume 83 issue Pt 5 pages 1025 35 year 2002 month May pmid 11961256 doi url http vir.sgmjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11961256 ref LMP 2A LMP 2B are transmembrane proteins that act to block tyrosine kinase signaling. It is believed that they act to inhibit activation of the viral lytic cycle. It s unknown whether LMP 2B is required for EBV mediated growth transformation, while different groups have reported that LMP 2A alternatively is, or is not needed for transformation. References reflist virus stub Viral proteins Category Viral proteins ...   more details



  1. Virulence-related outer membrane protein family

    2958.1991.tb02135.x ref Rck outer membrane protein of the S. typhimurium virulence plasmid ref name ... membrane protein OmpX journal J. Bacteriol. volume 173 issue 1 pages 156 160 year 1991 pmid 1987 115 ref a Bacteriophage lambda outer membrane protein, Lom ref name PUB00002159 cite journal author Pulkkinen WS, Miller SI title A Salmonella typhimurium virulence protein is similar to a Yersinia enterocolitica invasion protein and a bacteriophage lambda outer membrane protein journal J. Bacteriol ... that the membrane spanning part of the protein is much better conserved than the extracellular loops ... related outer membrane protein A OmpA InterPro IPR000498 , their barrels differ with respect to the shear ... 874. PMID 2144037 Category Protein domains Category Protein families Category Outer membrane proteins membrane protein stub ... enterocolitica Ail protein is a known virulence factor. Proteins in this family are predicted ... domain. The phage protein Lom is expressed during lysogeny, and encode host cell envelope proteins. Lom is found in the bacterial outer membrane, and is homologous to virulence proteins of two other ... ail gene and characterization of the Ail protein product journal J. Bacteriol. volume ... ref name PUB00006456 cite journal author Schulz GE, Vogt J title The structure of the outer membrane protein OmpX from Escherichia coli reveals possible mechanisms of virulence journal Structure ... to the membrane interior. The core of the barrel consists of an extended hydrogen bonding network ...   more details



  1. EBV latent membrane protein 1

    EBV latent membrane protein 1 LMP 1 is a viral protein associated with Epstein Barr virus . ref name pmid9359753 cite journal author Gires O, Zimber Strobl U, Gonnella R, et al. title Latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein Barr virus mimics a constitutively active receptor molecule journal EMBO J. volume 16 issue 20 pages 6131 40 year 1997 month October pmid 9359753 pmc 1326297 doi 10.1093 emboj 16.20.6131 ref ref name pmid10409763 cite journal author Izumi KM, Cahir McFarland ED, Ting AT, Riley EA, Seed B, Kieff ED title The Epstein Barr virus oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 engages the tumor necrosis factor receptor associated proteins TRADD and receptor interacting protein RIP but does not induce apoptosis or require RIP for NF kappaB activation journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 19 issue 8 pages 5759 67 year 1999 month August pmid 10409763 pmc 84426 doi url http mcb.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 10409763 ref LMP 1 is a six span transmembrane protein that is also essential for EBV mediated growth transformation. LMP 1 mediates signaling through the Tumor necrosis factor alpha CD40 pathway. It is often found in Reed Sternberg cell s. ref name pmid12796376 cite journal author Herling M, Rassidakis GZ, Medeiros LJ, et al. title Expression of Epstein Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 in Hodgkin and Reed Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin s lymphoma associations with presenting features, serum interleukin 10 levels, and clinical outcome journal Clin. Cancer Res. volume 9 issue 6 pages 2114 20 year 2003 month June pmid 12796376 doi url http clincancerres.aacrjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12796376 ref ref name pmid16732997 cite journal author Andersson J title Epstein Barr virus and Hodgkin s lymphoma journal Herpes volume 13 issue 1 pages 12 6 year 2006 month May pmid 16732997 doi url http openurl.ingenta.com content nlm?genre article&issn 0969 7667&volume 13&issue 1&spage 12&aulast Andersson ref References reflist 2 Viral proteins virus stub ...   more details



  1. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8

    PBB geneid 8673 Vesicle associated membrane protein 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAMP8 ... cite web title Entrez Gene VAMP8 vesicle associated membrane protein 8 endobrevin url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... associated protein SNAP25 are the main components of a protein complex involved in the docking and or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the vesicle associated membrane protein VAMP synaptobrevin family. It is associated with the perinuclear ... membrane protein 8 endobrevin url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 8673 accessdate ref Interactions Vesicle associated membrane protein 8 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with STX4 , ref name pmid10820264 cite journal last Paumet first .... title Soluble NSF attachment protein receptors SNAREs in RBL 2H3 mast cells functional role of syntaxin 4 in exocytosis and identification of a vesicle associated membrane protein 8 containing secretory ... Sul Hee, Reed Guy L year 2002 month Aug. title Vesicle associated membrane protein 3 VAMP 3 and VAMP ... membrane protein VAMP 8, and VAMP7 in b16 melanoma cells journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue ... role of syntaxin 4 in exocytosis and identification of a vesicle associated membrane protein 8 containing ... tail interactor 1b, syntaxin 6, vesicle associated membrane protein VAMP 8, and VAMP7 in b16 melanoma ... Polg r J, Chung SH, Reed GL title Vesicle associated membrane protein 3 VAMP 3 and VAMP 8 are present ... VAMP like protein preferentially associated with the early endosome journal Mol Biol Cell ... template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates ... interacts specifically with the soluble NSF attachment protein alpha SNAP , most likely through an VAMP8 ... in rat parotid acinar cells SNARE complexes on the apical plasma membrane journal Arch. Oral Biol ... in vesicle associated membrane proteins. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 274 issue 52 pages 36876 ...   more details



  1. Membrane

    A Membrane may refer to In biology Biological membrane Cell membrane , a biological type of Membrane selective barrier Inner membrane Outer membrane The two fetal membranes amnion chorion Basement membrane Mucous membrane Serous membrane Tympanic membrane Other Non biological Membrane selective barrier Artificial membrane Polymeric membrane Membrane M Theory Membrane keyboard Tensile structure Structural membrane architecture The Membranes punk band disambig bg cs Membr na de Membran es Membrana fr Membrane io Membrano id Membran it Membrana he lv Membr na nl Membraan pl Membrana ru sk Membr na tr Membran uk ...   more details



  1. Protein

    the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm , where protein biosynthesis protein synthesis then takes ... protein s, fibrous protein s, and membrane protein s. Almost all globular proteins are soluble and many ... tissue, or keratin , the protein component of hair and nails. Membrane proteins often serve ... tissues . Others are membrane protein s that act as receptor biochemistry receptors whose main function ...About a class of molecules protein as a nutrient Protein nutrient other uses pp semi indef pp move indef File Myoglobin.png thumb right 250px A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing colored alpha helix alpha helices . This protein was the first to have its structure solved ... compound compounds consisting of one or more polypeptide s typically folded into a globular protein globular or fibrous protein fibrous form in a biologically functional way. A polypeptide is a single ... acids in a protein is defined by the DNA sequence sequence of a gene , which is encoded in the genetic ... or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post translational ... together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complex complex ... to be single structure. Other proteins undergo large rearrangements from one protein conformation ... signaling event . Thus, the structure of a protein serves as a medium through which to regulate either the function of a protein or activity of an enzyme. Not all proteins requiring a folding process ... ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism. Proteins were first described ... Jakob Berzelius in 1838. Early nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von Voit believed that protein ... urease was in fact a protein. ref name Sumner1926 The first protein to be protein sequencing .... The first protein structure s to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin , by Max Perutz and John ... may be protein purification purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation ...   more details



  1. Protein S

    membrane. These negatively charged phospholipids are recognized by phagocytes such as macrophages . Protein ...PBB geneid 5627 Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms a free form and a complex form bound to complement system complement protein C4b. In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene . ref name pmid2944113 ... J, Wydro R title Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation ... in Seattle, Wash, first discovered protein S and arbitrarily named it after the city of its ... title A comparison of human prothrombin, factor IX Christmas factor , factor X Stuart factor , and protein ... of protein S, a gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human plasma ... bi00572a026 ref Function The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of factor V Factors ... journal author Castoldi E, Hackeng TM title Regulation of coagulation by protein S journal Curr. Opin ... url ref Protein S can bind to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated Gla domain GLA domain . This property allows Protein S to function in the removal of cells which are undergoing ... actively manage the distribution of phospholipids in their outer membrane and hence begin to display ... the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein S enhances the phagocytosis ... occurring. Pathology Mutations in the PROS1 gene can lead to Protein S deficiency ... of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population ... Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N title Molecular basis of protein S deficiency journal Thromb. Haemost ... Protein S has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with Factor V . ref name pmid10593904 ... J, Tans G, Griffin J H year 1999 month Dec. title C terminal residues 621 635 of protein S are essential ...   more details



  1. Protein A

    Protein A is a 40 60 Atomic mass unit kDa MSCRAMM surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus . It is encoded by the spa gene and its regulation is controlled by DNA topology, cellular osmolarity, and a two component regulatory system two component system called ArlS ArlR. It has found use in biochemical research because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins . It binds proteins from many of mammalian species, most notably IgG s. It binds with the Fc region ... antibody function on their surface which disrupts opsonization and phagocytosis . Protein A antibody .... Protein A binds with moderate affinity to human IgM , IgA and IgE as well as to mouse IgG3 and IgG1 .... Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A, other immunoglobulin binding bacterial proteins such as Protein G , Protein A G and Protein L are all commonly used to purify, immobilize or detect immunoglobulins. Role in pathogenesis As a pathogen Staphylococcus aureus utilizes Protein .... Protein A helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise. Mutants of S. aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed in vitro, and mutants in infection models ... 197 1125 1139. ref Research Recombinant Staphylococcal Protein A is often produced in E. coli for use in immunology and other biological research. One recombinant form of Protein A is called MabSelect ... 18114994AE.pdf ref . Protein A is often coupled to other molecules such as a fluorescent dye , enzyme ... widely utilized coupled to magnetic, latex and agarose beads. Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein mixtures ... of antibodies. Immunoprecipitation studies with protein A conjugated to beads are also commonly used to purify proteins or protein complexes indirectly through antibodies against the protein or protein complex of interest. References reflist Category Proteins Category Staphylococcaceae de Protein ...   more details



  1. Membrane glycoproteins

    Membrane glycoproteins are membrane protein s which play important roles in cell recognition. Examples include Fibronectin Laminin Osteonectin See also Glycocalyx External links MeshName Membrane glycoproteins membrane protein stub Glycoproteins Cell membranes Category Glycoproteins ...   more details



  1. Inner membrane

    also For eukaryotes Intermembrane space Chloroplast membrane For bacteria periplasmic space outer membrane DEFAULTSORT Inner Membrane Category Membrane biology cs Vnit n membr na ...   more details



  1. Membrane topology

    Unreferenced date December 2009 In biochemistry , the membrane topology of an transmembrane protein describes which portions of the amino acid amino acid sequence of the protein lie within the plane of the surrounding lipid bilayer and which portions protrude into the watery environment on either side. More succinctly, the membrane topology describes which regions of the polypeptide chain span the membrane. Description Because biochemists know the hydrophobicity of amino acids individually, the membrane topology of a protein and indeed whether or not it is an integral membrane protein in the first place often may be predicted accurately on the basis of a protein s sequence alone which of course in turn may be predicted solely from the DNA sequence nucleotide sequence of a gene . Such predictions are most reliably based on the assumption that the lipid bilayer spanning portions of a transmembrane protein will assume an transmembrane helix alpha helical secondary structure . Since membrane topology is frequently the first available structural information about a protein after sequencing, integral membrane proteins are often classified or grouped according to this feature. In classifying proteins in this way, biologists look at the number of times the peptide chain is predicted to cross the membrane and may in fact name a class on this basis e.g. G protein coupled receptor 7TM receptors . Membrane topology predictions also can be invaluable for developing antibodies, drugs or other reagents that will bind and or affect the function of the protein. DEFAULTSORT Membrane Topology Category Integral membrane proteins Category Membrane biology ...   more details



  1. Vitelline membrane

    Infobox Embryology Name Vitelline membrane Latin m. vitellina GraySubject 5 GrayPage 45 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage Days Precursor GivesRiseTo MeshName Vitelline membrane MeshNumber A16.631.886 DorlandsPre m 08 DorlandsSuf 12523303 The vitelline membrane is a structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum . It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding which, in turn, are bound to sperm plasma membrane receptors. The species specificity between these receptors contributes to prevention of breeding between different species. It is called zona pellucida in mammal s. As soon as the spermatozoon fuses with the ovum , signal transduction occurs, resulting in an increase of cytoplasmic calcium ions. This itself triggers the cortical reaction , which results in depositing several substances onto the vitelline membrane through exocytosis of the cortical granules, transforming it into a hard layer called the fertilization membrane , which serves as a barrier inaccessible to other spermatozoa. This phenomenon is the Egg activation Fast and slow block to polyspermy slow block to polyspermy . See also Zona pellucida Egg activation Cortical reaction Perivitelline space Gray s Embryology Category Embryology developmental biology stub ...   more details



  1. Semipermeable membrane

    Image Semipermeable membrane.png thumb 250px Scheme of semipermeable membrane during hemodialysis , where red is blood, blue is the dialysing fluid, and yellow is the membrane. A semipermeable membrane , also termed a selectively permeable membrane , a partially permeable membrane or a differentially permeable membrane , is a membrane that will allow certain molecule s or ion s to pass through it by diffusion ... side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depending on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility , properties, or chemistry. How the membrane .... An example of a semi permeable membrane is the lipid bilayer , on which is based the plasma membrane ... than a membrane are also semipermeable. One example of this is the thin film on the inside of an Egg biology egg . Another example of a semipermeable membrane which is very specific in its permeability ... in the inside of the membrane. The phospholipid bilayer is the most permeable to small, uncharged solutes. Protein channels float through the phospholipids, and, collectively, this model is known as the fluid mosaic model . In the process of reverse osmosis , thin film composite membrane s TFC or TFM ... membrane is dialysis tubing . Other types are cellulose ester membrane CEM , charge mosaic membrane CMM , bipolar membrane BPM , anion exchange membrane AEM ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 18547927?dopt Abstract Effect of the type of ion exchange membrane on performance, ion transport, and pH in biocatalyzed electrolysis of wastewater ref alkali anion exchange membrane AAEM and proton exchange membrane PEM . The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis . References reflist External links http www.euromemhouse.eu EuroMemHouse European Membrane House http www.iupac.org publications pac 1996 pdf 6807x1479.pdf Membrane terminology. International ... Filters Category Membrane biology bs Polupropusna membrana ca Membrana semipermeable cs Polopropustn ...   more details



  1. Cell membrane

    many integral membrane protein s, which pepper the entire surface. These structures, which can be visualized ..., the outside, or Transmembrane protein membrane spanning . These may include integrins , cadherins ... to examine various membrane protein functions. Carbohydrates Plasma membranes also contain carbohydrates ... protein s br or transmembrane proteins Span the membrane and have a hydrophilic cytosol ic protein ... hydrophobically insert into the cell membrane and anchor the protein. The protein itself is not in contact with the membrane. G protein s Peripheral protein s Attached to integral membrane proteins ... membrane plays host to a large amount of protein that is responsible for its various activities. The amount ..., where the vesicle fuses with the target membrane. Variation The cell membrane has different lipid and protein ... membrane protein extraction protocol http www.phys.unsw.edu.au jw tension.html Membrane homeostasis ...pp semi protected small yes pp move indef Image Cell membrane detailed diagram 4.svg thumb 400px Illustration of a Eukaryote Eukaryotic cell membrane The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates ... Membranes ref The cell membrane is semipermeable membrane selectively permeable to ions and organic ... Science location New York ref It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded protein s. Cell ... wall and intracellular cytoskeleton . Function The cell membrane surrounds the protoplasm of a cell ... and precludes passage of the macromolecule larger molecules . The cell membrane also plays ... is Semipermeable membrane differentially permeable and able to regulate what enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating the membrane transport protein transport of materials needed for survival. The movement of substances across the membrane can be either passive , occurring without the input of cellular energy, or active, requiring the cell to expend energy in moving it. The membrane also maintains the cell potential . Prokaryotes Main Prokaryote Gram negative bacteria have plasma membrane ...   more details




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