Unreferenced date November 2006 Politics of Morocco Makhzen Moroccan Arabic lang ar is the governing elite in Morocco and in Beylik of Tunis pre 1957 Tunisia , centered around the king and consisting of royal notables, businessmen, wealthy landowners, tribal leaders, top ranking military personnel, security service bosses, and other well connected members of the The Establishment establishment . Etymology The word makhzen literally means warehouse from azana store up. ref NOAD ref , where the king s civil servants used to receive their wages but this usage of the word became in Moroccan Arabic synonymous with the elite. It is likely a metonymy related to tax es, which the makhzen used to collect the term may also refer to the state, but this usage is increasingly rare and is primarily used by the older generation. Recently, the term is also being used to describe the police. The word has also been adopted into Spanish language Spanish , Portuguese language Portuguese with a different meaning, as almac n and armazem with addition of the Arabic definite article article al , and into French language French and Italian language Italian as magasin meaning store and magazzino . It came into the English language from Middle French as magazine , originally referring to a magazine artillery storehouse for ammunition and later to magazine publications . Makhzen in Morocco The Makhzen is a very ancient notion in Morocco, it roughly coincides with the notion of the ancien feudalist state predating The French Morocco French protectorate . Resident General Hubert Lyautey General Lyautey in office 1912 25 a fervent proponent of indirect colonisation, especially in Berber languages Berber speaking areas, kept that role and even enhanced it by given an important role to local notables such as T hami El Glaoui , to act as a relay between the population and the French authorities ... Category Arabic words and phrases Category Human rights in Morocco ar de Makhzen ... more details
The Dar el Makhzen or Sultanate Palace is a historical building in Tangier , Morocco , which was the seat of residence for the List of rulers of Morocco Sultans of Morocco when staying in the city. It was built by Ismail Ibn Sharif Moulay Ismail in the 17th century, in the Kasbah on one of the highest points of the city overlooking the Medina quarter Medina and the Strait of Gibraltar . Currently it is used by two museums, the Museum of Moroccan Arts and the Museum of Antiquities. The Dar el Makhzen was the palace to which the last Sultan of independent Morocco, Abdelhafid of Morocco Moulay Hafid , was exiled when the French Morocco French Protectorate of Morocco forced him to abdicate. He moved in with his entire harem , slaves and personnel, altogether consisting of 168 people, and stayed in the Palace when his brother Yusef of Morocco Moulay Yusef took over power after the Treaty of Fez ref W. Harris, Morocco That Was , ISBN 0907871135 ref The building is built around two courtyards, which are decorated with wooden ceilings, marble fountains and arabesque s. Some of the columns used are of Ancient Rome Roman origin. Museum of Moroccan Arts and Antiquities The former Sultan s apartments are now used by the Museum of Moroccan Arts Mus e des Arts Marocains et des Antiquit s , displaying works of art from all over Morocco, amongst which are firearms decorated with marquetry, carpets, silks from Fes, Morocco Fez , and manuscripts. The Museum of Antiquities now occupies the former kitchen. It houses finds from ancient Roman sites as Lixus ancient city Lixus , Cotta and Volubilis , as well as life size Carthaginian tomb and finds from the Tangier region from prehistory until the Middle Ages. ref http www.maroc.net museums Museums of Morocco Mus es du Maroc Bot generated title ref Of note is The Voyage of Venus , a Roman mosaic from Volubilis displayed in the courtyard and reproductions ... Tangier DEFAULTSORT Dar El Makhzen Tangier Category History museums in Morocco Category Buildings ... more details
dablink See also Chef Various chef titles sous chef . Image Argania spinosa habitat2.jpg thumb 300px The Sous, here northeast of Taroudant , with Argan trees interplanted with cereal crops The Sous or Souss Berber languages Berber Tamazirt n Sus , Arabic language Arabic bil d as S s is a region in southern Morocco . Geologically, it is the alluvial basin of the Oued Sous Asif n Sus , separated from the Sahara by the Anti Atlas Mountains. The natural vegetation in the Sous is savanna dominated by the Argan Argania spinosa , a local endemic ecology endemic tree found nowhere else part of the area is now a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve to protect this unique habitat. A well irrigated area, this has been one of Morocco s most fertile regions for centuries, known since at least the eleventh century for its cultivation and export of sugar . The golden age of the Sous was in the seventeenth century during the era of the kingdom of Tazerwalt , when the region enjoyed autonomy and profited from both the trans Saharan gold trade and the sale of sugar to Portuguese, Dutch and English traders. The centre for foreign trade during this time was Agadir , a city 10 km north of the mouth of the Sous river. The Sous is inhabited by Berber peoples aside from some Arabic speaking tribes, the main inhabitants are the Chleuh a l i , Shilha, Sousis , speakers of a distinct Berber language called Shilha language Shilha or Sous Berber Tashelhiyt or Tasoussit . External links http www.euratlas.net history europe 1600 entity 15001.html Kingdom of the Souss Souss , Tazerwalt . Depends on Morocco Bibliography Boogert, Nico van den 1997 . The Berber Literary Tradition of the Sous with an edition and translation of The Ocean of Tears by Mu ammad Awzal d. 1749 , Leiden NINO. chapter 1, The Sous Montagne, R. 1930 . Les Berb res et le Makhzen dans el Sud du Maroc , Paris. http www2.unesco.org mab br brdir directory biores.asp?code MOR 01&mode all UNESCO Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve coord ... more details
Image Government of Morocco.svg thumb right 150px Moroccan Government Insigna The Equity and Reconciliation Commission lang ar French language French Instance Equit et R conciliation IER is a Morocco Moroccan human rights and truth commission created on January 7, 2004 by Mohammed VI King Mohammed VI in order to reconcile victims of human rights abuses, such as torture and atrocities committed by Makhzen the governing elite during the Years of Lead Morocco Years of lead , with the State. IER is composed of a president and 16 members of various institutions and establishments, half of them from Conseil Consultatif des Droits de l Homme CCDH . The proclaimed objectives of the commission are the protection and the promotion of the human rights in Morocco . IER aim is to rehabilitate the victims, and pay compensation for state outrages against them. ref http www.ictj.com mena morocco.asp ICTJ Activity in Morocco International Center for Transitional Justice ICTJ ref This has been hailed internationally as a big step forward, and an example to the Arab world . However, the IER has also come under attack from parts of the human rights community, since its mission is not to reveal the identities of or prosecute human rights offenders, which most of the victims were requesting. ref http hrw.org reports 2005 morocco1105 6.htm Toc119468378 Morocco s Truth Commission Honoring Past Victims during an Uncertain Present V. Constraints on the ERC Human Rights Watch HRW.org ref it is not allowed to mention Mohammed s predecessor, King Hassan II it is not allowed to report about human rights violations since 1999, when Mohammed VI was enthroned. it cannot criticize the violation of freedom of speech, which according to human rights organisations still exists in Morocco. The IER completed its mandate by delivering its final report to the King of Morocco in December 2005. ref cite web title Instance quit et r conciliation Le devoir accompli publisher Le Matin ... more details
Wikify date December 2010 Image M hammed Djellouli.jpg upright thumb Portrait of M hammed Djellouli M hammed Djellouli February 1826 Tunis June 1908 was a Tunisian politician and Prime Minister. He was born into a patrician family of the Tunis aristocracy affiliated with the Beylical Makhzen. He began his career in 1872 as an official in the Methelith tribe. In 1874, he was appointed vice president of the Capital s City Council, while also leading Djerba and Methelith starting in 1875 , when he became a brigadier general. In 1876, he became responsible for reviewing any cases between subjects of the Bey of Tunis and European nationals. ref Mohamed El Aziz Ben Achour, Society s categories of the Capital of Tunisia in the second half of the XIXth century , ed. National Institute of Archaeology and Art, Tunis, 1989, pp. 195 197 ref In 1880, he became governor of Kef Wanifa and Agha Odjak and ca d of Sfax and South Agha Odjak after the expulsion of his predecessor and uncle, Hassouna Djellouli . In 1890, he was replaced in Sfax by his nephew, Sadok Djellouli . ref Mohamed El Aziz Ben Achour, Company s categories of the Capital of Tunisia in the second half of the XIXth century , ed. National Institute of Archaeology and Art, Tunis, 1989, pp. 195 197 ref After proving his loyalty to France, he was appointed in 1881 by the French authorities to succeed Mohammed Aziz Bouattour as Minister of the Pen and Minister of Justice for the first government of the French Protectorate of Tunisia. In April 1887, he received a palace in Tunis M dina on the rue du Riche named in honor of his grandfather Mahmoud Djellouli from Jules Ferry during his visit. Serving from 1882 to 1906, he succeeded Bouattour as grand vizier from 1907 to his death in June 1908. He is among the ministers buried in the Tourbet El Bey mausoleum located in Medina of Tunis ref http www.lapresse.tn 28082010 11489 promenade within peat Tunis Adel Latrech, Walk in the peat Tunis, La Presse de Tunisie, 28 August 2010 ... more details
, much of the administrative Makhzen is available to the mayors and governors. these are the found ... armed. The auxiliary forces are divided into two parts The administrative Makhzen, a sort of administrative police posted in front of or inside public buildings. The Makhzen mobile ... more details
Other uses GUS disambiguation Groupes urbains de s curit GUS also known as Croatia ref in reference to the use of caps in red and white squares similar to those on the flag of Croatia ref lang en Urban Security Groups is a defunct Morocco Moroccan special police unit which dealt with Urban area urban matters basing on rapid intervention approach . Background GUS was established by the Direction G n rale de la S ret Nationale Morocco Direction G n rale de la S ret Nationale DGSN the main national police body on October 17, 2005. The initiative lies within the scope of a general reform whose principle was the Police force, near to you for your safety . As of October 2006, GUS comprised between 4,000 and 5,000 agents. ref http www.lematin.ma journal Article.asp?id natio&ida 66274 Les GUS partent, la police nationale reste fr icon ref The GUS are considered first aid workers and all members speak English language English . They were attached to arrondissement s. Because of its nature as an auxiliary police , GUS, for example did not have the right to confiscate driver licence s or to file official reports. ref http www.casafree.com modules newbb viewtopic.php?topic id 5638&forum 3 Croatia ou les Groupes Urbains de Securit GUS fr icon ref GUS were equipped with Peugeot Partner vans and Honda motorcycles . The body was disbanded exactly one year later on October 16, 2006. Before its disbanding, GUS comprised 6 groups. The action came as a result of the reforms which started to be executed within the national police and army bodies. The members of the GUS are to be redeployed to other police departments such as criminal investigation departments and judiciary police. Criticism and disbanding While many Moroccans regarded the presence of GUS as a relief, many others considered it as a step back to the rule of the Makhzen . ref The Moroccan authoritative system during the rule of former King Hassan II ref The disbanding came after many criticisms about Police misconduct ... more details
Image Maroc Marrakech Agdal Luc Viatour 2.JPG thumb The Dar El Hana pavilion stands next to the Sahraj el Hana . Image Marrakesh, devensive wall.jpg thumb Wall around the gardens The Agdal Gardens or Aguedal Gardens are gardens, of about convert 400 ha km2 sqmi of surface, to the south of Dar El Makhzen , the Royal Palace , and the medina in Marrakech , Morocco . Their name derives from the Berber language for walled meadow . Extending for some convert 3 km mi , the gardens include groves of orange fruit orange , lemon , ficus fig , apricot and pomegranate trees in rectangular plots, linked by olive lined walkways. Together with the medina of Marrakech and the Menara Gardens , the Agdal Gardens were listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1985. History The gardens were created as an orchard by Abd al Mu min of the Almohad dynasty in the 12th century. File Marrakech, Agdal Gardens, 2007 08 01 retouched.jpg thumb Aerial view They were renovated by the Saadi dynasty and then enlarged during the reign of Abderrahmane of Morocco Moulay Abderrahmane in the 19th century, when they were enclosed with pis walls. Irrigation System The gardens are irrigated using a number of pools and ditches. A network of underground channels and ditches, known as khettera , bring water down from the High Atlas mountains many kilometres away, via Aghmat in the Ourika Valley to the south. The Dar El Hana , a small pavilion or minzah , stands beside the largest pool, the Sahraj el Hana Tank of Health , which was used to train troops to swim. Sultan Mohammed IV of Morocco Mohammed IV died in the pool when his steam launch capsized there in 1873. ref The Rough Guide to Morocco , p.370. ref His successor, Sultan Hassan I of Morocco Moulay Hassan , housed his harem in another pavilion in the gardens, the Dar al Baida . See also Menara Garden Majorelle Garden Palmeraie Notes reflist References commonscat http www.gardenvisit.com garden aguedal gardens Page at gardenvisit.com http www.footprint ... more details
Droits de l Homme Col break Royal institute of the Amazigh culture Makhzen Tazmamart Years of Lead Morocco ... in Morocco List of United States ambassadors to Morocco Makhzen Tazmamart Col break Monarchy ... more details
money found its way to the Makhzen. No one certainly not the nationalists, who were mostly commoners ... Larbi El Alaoui, a member of the Makhzen had reportedly primed the Sultan to expect trouble .... ref name glaoui In addition, the Makhzen was dominated by Fassis those from the city of Fes Fez ... Makhzen during the reigns of Abdelaziz of Morocco Moulay Abdelaziz and Abdelhafid of Morocco Moulay ... more details
Hassan I redirects here. It can also refer to Hassan I of the Maldives . Infobox royalty type monarch name Hassan I of Morocco succession Sultan of Morocco moretext List of rulers of Morocco more.. image Hassan I of Morocco.jpg reign 1873 1894 predecessor Mohammed IV of Morocco Mohammed IV successor Abdelaziz of Morocco Abdelaziz house Alaouite dynasty House of Alaoui birth place Fes , Morocco death date 7 June 1894 death place Marrakech , Morocco place of burial Rabat , Morocco Hassan I of Morocco lang ar b. 1836 d. 7 June 1894 was Sultan of Morocco from 1873 to 1894. ref M. Th. Houtsma http books.google.de books?id sP hVmik QYC&pg PA602&dq 22kasba tadla 22&hl de&ei 0N9cTa39JIKo8APlz43hCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 7&ved 0CEoQ6AEwBg v onepage&q 22kasba 20tadla 22&f false E.J. Brill s first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936. S. 603 also http www.telegraph.co.uk news obituaries 1444749 Princess Lalla Fatima Zohra.html Anmerkung ber den Todesort and in The Daily Telegraph at the death of his daughter Lalla Fatima Zohra, 22. October 2003, English Marrakesch is mistakenly stated as the place of his death in http www.usa morocco.org alaoui.htm Beitrag ber die Familie der Alawiden English ref Biography History of Morocco He was a member of the Alaouite dynasty . Mulay Hassan was among the most successful sultans. He increased the power of the makhzen in Morocco and at a time when so much of the rest of Africa was falling under foreign control, he brought in military and administrative reforms to strengthen the regime within its own territory, and he carried out an active military and diplomatic program on the periphery. Particularly well known is the journey Hassan I undertook in 1893. He went from Fes, Morocco Fez leaving on 29 June to Marrakech , passing through the Tafilalt , the sand dunes of Erg Chebbi , the valley of the Dad s Gorges Dades with the majestic gorges of the Todra, Ouarzazate , the Kasbah of A t Benhaddou , the high passage along ... more details
Infobox TV channel name 2M TV logofile 2MTV.gif logoalt 2M logosize 199px launch March 4, 1989 share 27.3 share as of March 2010 share source http www.lesoir echos.com 2010 04 14 television l E2 80 99audience d E2 80 99al aoula toujours en baisse broadcast area MAR web http www.2m.ma www.2m.ma 2M TV is a Morocco Moroccan television service. It was established by the largest Moroccan economic Conglomerate company conglomerate , ONA Group ONA , before being sold to the Moroccan state. It is based in Casablanca . It is available free of charge locally on analog signal with coverage over all Morocco and on satellite television via Globecast , Nilesat and Arabsat . 2M offers services in Arabic language Arabic , French language French , Berber languages Amazigh and Spanish language Spanish . 2M was rebranded 2M Monde in 2007 and is now available worldwide. Background 2M was set up as a second national television channel with the aim of promoting competition and diversity in Moroccan audio visual broadcasting. 2M started its programmes officially on March 4, 1989. It used to be a cable channel broadcasting uncoded twice a day. After 7 years of activity, SOREAD ONA group , the major shareholder, withdrew from the management of this TV channel due to financial reasons. The Moroccan state took over the control of 2M with a participation in 68 in its capital. This takeover was supported by a major effort to develop the audio visual sector. Radio 2M is the companion radio channel to 2M, presenting music, news, and information direct from Morocco in Arabic and French. Content 2M challenged taboo s by debating controversial issues and established a reputation for itself as a symbol of freedom of speech in Morocco. The channel regularly broadcasts news, films, sports and music. It remains a public TV station and has close ties with the political power and the Makhzen , and has been used as an indirect means to attack independent newspapers as Le Journal Morocco Le Journal . 2M has ... more details
terms such as the makhzen , government, caliph and other terms have been used intentionally or unintentionally ... Having been raised and primarily educated in the palace, Belbachir was partly influenced by the makhzen ... is Abdellah Guennoun Similarly, Reference necessary Belbachir was the makhzen politician from Spanish ..., Secretary General of the Privy Council of the Caliph and Secretary General of the makhzen. Other ... name Ofensiva p. 1 The accumulation of high positions together with his makhzen background and Spanish ... to the United Kingdom, he helped Algeria gain its independence by serving as the makhzen arms coordinator ... more details
Royal Palace, Meknes.jpg thumb 250px Dar El Makhzen royal palace. Image Bab Mansour gate.jpg thumb ... 2010 Dar El Makhzen palace, located in El Mechouar Stinia. It is sided by a 2 km long corridor ... more details
Ahmed Benchemsi lang ar is a Morocco Moroccan journalist .He is the founder and was the publisher and editor of TelQuel and Nichane Nishan magazines. Education Benchemsi attended high school in Casablanca . He spent his freshman years in Rabat s Mohammed V University , before joining Paris 8 University , from which he received a Bachelor of arts B.A in Finance. He later received an Master of Arts postgraduate M.A in Development Economics from the Sorbonne , and an MPhil in Political Science from Paris Institut d Etudes Politiques, aka Sciences Po . Career He began as a reporter and polemicist in the Moroccan weekly La Vie Eco La Vie Economique in 1996. After briefly serving as communication advisor for a cabinet member, he was editor in chief of T l plus magazine in 1999. After the passing of King Hassan II of Morocco Hassan II , he was the correspondent in Morocco for Jeune Afrique magazine. In October 2001, he founded TelQuel , a weekly news magazine of which he became the publisher and editor. Under the editorial line Morocco As It Is , TelQuel covers monarchy, politics, business and culture and advocates democracy, secularism and individual freedoms. Its http www.lemonde.fr web recherche breve 1,13 0,37 1093175,0.html independent, liberal stand made it since its inception a resolute critic of the Makhzen autocratic monarchic system as much as of the islamism Islamists . Both strongly attacked it in return. In 2005, TelQuel became the http ojd.ma site ma chifadh.php?id 40 1 weekly in Morocco . In 2006, Benchemsi founded Nichane Nishan , the Arabic version of TelQuel, defending the same values and editorial line. In 2008, Nishan became the http www.lemonde.fr actualite medias article 2010 10 02 nichane premier hebdo arabophone du maroc disparait victime d un boycott persistant 1419215 3236.html 1 Arabic weekly in Morocco . In October 2010, after 4 years of confrontation with the authorities see section legal record Benchemsi was forcibly driven to htt ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 Infobox National Military country Morocco name Moroccan Royal Armed Forces native name image Image Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie.png 120px caption image2 caption2 founded 1956 current form disbanded branches Royal Moroccan Air Force br Royal Moroccan Army Royal Army br Royal Moroccan Navy Royal Navy br Royal Gendarmerie br Auxiliary Forces br Moroccan Royal Guard Royal Guard headquarters Leadership commander in chief King Mohammed VI commander in chief title Supreme Commander and Chief of Staff minister minister title commander commander title Manpower age conscription manpower data 2005 manpower age 18 49 available 7,908,864 available f 7,882,879 fit 6,484,787 fit f 6,675,757 reaching 353,377 reaching f 341,677 active 196,300 2006 ranked 25th reserve 150,000 2002 est. deployed Financial amount 4.43 billion american dollar https www.cia.gov library publications the world factbook geos mo.html Military percent GDP 5 Industrial domestic suppliers foreign suppliers FRA br ESP br USA imports exports Related aricles history Military history of Morocco ranks The Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie Arabic is the Gendarmerie body of Morocco , and comes under the authority of the Ministry of Defence. History Image with unknown copyright status removed Image moroccan.gif thumb 200px The Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie was founded in 1957 by the late King Mohammed V . The structure of its functions has been determined by the two major different but complementary traditions. One of them has its roots in the history and culture of Morocco . The gendarmerie was born of Moroccan administrative and political system which has ensured public security and maintenance of public order for centuries. The second tradition Makhzen is much newer. Description Like other members of the FIEP organization, the legislation which founded the Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie describes it as a public force designed to guarantee public security and public or ... more details
Infobox officeholder name Beji Caid el Sebsi Romanized name only. His name in Arabic is already in the main body of text image Beji Caid el Sebsi at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 006.jpg office Prime Minister of Tunisia president Fouad Mebazaa small Acting small br Moncef Marzouki term start 27 February 2011 term end 24 December 2011 predecessor Mohamed Ghannouchi successor Hamadi Jebali office2 List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Tunisia President of Chamber of Deputies president2 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali term start2 14 March 1990 term end2 9 October 1991 predecessor2 Slaheddine Baly successor2 Habib Boular s office3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Tunisia Minister of Foreign Affairs primeminister3 Mohammed Mzali br Rachid Sfar term start3 15 April 1981 term end3 15 September 1986 predecessor3 Hassen Belkhodja successor3 H di Mabrouk birth date birth date and age 1926 11 26 df y birth place Sidi Bou Said , French protectorate of Tunisia Tunisia death date death place party Independent politician Independent small 2011 present small otherparty Constitutional Democratic Rally small Before 2011 small religion Sunni Islam Beji Caid el Sebsi lang ar , transl ar DIN al B j Q id al Sibs born 29 November 1926 is a Tunisia n lawyer and politician. From 27 February 2011 to 24 December 2011, he was the Prime Minister of Tunisia . ref http www.bbc.co.uk news world africa 12591445 Tunisian PM Mohammed Ghannouchi resigns over protests , BBC News , 27 February 2011 ref ref Tarek Amara, http www.swissinfo.ch eng news international Tunisia appoints Beji Caid Sebsi as prime minister.html?cid 29599896 Tunisian prime minister resigns amid protests , Reuters , 27 February 2011 ref Personal life Born in Sidi Bou Said in a family from the Beylik of Tunis beylical agricultural makhzen , he is the direct great grandson of Ismail Caid Essebsi , a mamluk of Ottoman Tunisia Corsair enterprise Tunisian corsairs in Sardinia in the beginning of the 19th century, r ... more details
morefootnotes date October 2008 Infobox National Military country Morocco name Royal Moroccan Armed Forces native name image Image Armed Forces of Morocco.svg 125px caption image2 caption2 founded 1956 current form disbanded branches Royal Moroccan Air Force br Royal Moroccan Army br Royal Moroccan Navy br Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie br Auxiliary Forces br Moroccan Royal Guard headquarters Leadership commander in chief King Mohammed VI commander in chief title Supreme Commander and Chief of Staff minister minister title commander General de Corps d Armee Abdelaziz Bennani February 2010 ref U.S. Embassy Rabat, http www.wikileaks.ch cable 2010 02 10RABAT126.html Commandant of the Marine Corps focuses on exercises and peacekeeping during Morocco visit , 12 February 2010, 10RABAT126, via United States diplomatic cables leak ref commander title Inspector General Manpower age conscription active 185,800 2010 ranked 25th reserve 150,000 2002 est. deployed Financial amount 26.605 billion Moroccan Dirham MAD 3.256 billion american dollar ref http milexdata.sipri.org result.php4 ref percent GDP 4.3 Industrial domestic suppliers foreign suppliers FRA br USA br RUS br ESP br imports exports Related aricles history Military history of Morocco ranks Military ranks of Morocco The Royal Moroccan Armed Forces are the summation of the armed forces of the kingdom of Morocco . It was founded in 1956 except the Royal Navy founded in 1960 after History of Morocco Morocco s independence from France and Spain. Before the French protectorate of Morocco French and Spanish Protectorate of Morocco Spanish occupation of Morocco , which started in 1912, the country s defence force was made of a regular Makhzen army, and of a less organized but much more powerful Berber people Berber tribes militias. These Berber militias were able to resist the French and Spanish armies for over 30 years, from 1907 to 1933. The U.S. Embassy in Rabat commented in 2008 that Civilian control, ... more details
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