Majoritarianism is a traditional political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a majority sometimes categorized by religion , language , social class or some other identifying factor of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. This traditional view has come under growing criticism and democracies have increasingly included constraints in what the parliamentary majority can do, in order to protect citizens fundamental rights. ref A Przeworski, JM Maravall, I NetLibrary http books.google.com books?id EMB .... Majoritarianism is sometimes pejorative ly referred to by its opponents as ochlocracy literally, mob rule or tyranny of the majority . Majoritarianism is often referred to as majority rule , but which ... process called majority rule . Concept in depth Advocates of majoritarianism argue that majority ... today s. One critique of majoritarianism is that systems without supermajority requirements for changing ... process. It should be noted, as it is often a subject of misunderstanding, that majoritarianism .... Among critiques of majoritarianism is that most decisions in fact take place not by majority rule, but by plurality ... Types Majoritarianism, as a concept of government, branches out into several forms. The classic form includes unicameral ism and a unitary state . Qualified majoritarianism is a more inclusionary form, with degrees of decentralization and federalism. Integrative majoritarianism incorporates several ... staunchly opposed majoritarianism, because decisions based on the will of the uneducated and or uninformed ... 2004 p.89 ref Majoritarianism as a theory , similar to democracy, has often been used as a pretext ... forms of majoritarianism have come under intense attack from liberalism liberal reformers in many countries ... on public property. clarifyme How is this an attack on majoritarianism? date December 2011 The movement ... This has provoked a backlash from some advocates of majoritarianism, who lament the Balkanization ... more details
A standing rule is a rule that relates to the details of the Administration of business administration of a society and which can be adopted or changed the same way as any other Act document act of the deliberative assembly . ref cite parl title RONR pages 18 ref Standing rules can be suspended by a Majoritarianism majority vote for the duration of the session, but not for longer. ref cite parl title ronr pages 86 ref References reflist Category Parliamentary procedure government stub ... more details
unreferenced date August 2009 TWCleanup2 Dubitante Latin doubting is used in law report s of a judge who is doubtful about a legal proposition but hesitates to declare it wrong. E.g., Justice X acquiesces in the Court s opinion and judgment dubitante on the question of Constitutional preemption. Some judges use this term after their names in separate opinions, as if analogous to concurring or dissenting. Doing so may signal that the judge has doubts about the soundness of the Majoritarianism majority opinion , but not so grave as to cause him to dissent. law term stub https www.uakron.edu law lawreview v39 docs Czarnezki391.pdf Law review article the dubitante opinion . 16. Majors v. Abell, 361 F.3d 349, 358 7th Cir. 2004 Easterbrook, J., dubitante . In Majors, Judge Posner s opinion ignored 4 controlling cases from the supreme court protecting anonymous speech. This was pointed out by Judge Easterbrook in a dubitante opinion. He is one of only 4 to 6 judges who occasionally use this format. Category Legal terms ... more details
The counter majoritarian difficulty sometimes counter majoritarian dilemma is a perceived problem with judicial review of legislative or popularly created laws. As the term suggests, some oppose or see a problem with the judicial branch s ability to invalidate, overrule or countermand laws that reflect the will of the majority. The counter majoritarian difficulty is often raised in discussions of United States constitutional law particularly in discussing the powers of the three branches of the Federal government of the United States . Origins Alexander Bickel , a law professor at Yale Law School , coined the term counter majoritarian difficulty in his 1961 book, The Least Dangerous Branch . He used the term to describe the argument that judicial review is illegitimate because it allows unelected judges to overrule the lawmaking of elected representatives, thus undermining the will of the majority. The problem stems from the understanding that a democracy s legitimacy arises from the fact that it implements the will of the majority majoritarianism . Responses Majoritarianism is based on the view that a democracy can be defined by only its procedural aspects. However, the definition of democracy is contentious. The argument is often made that substantive rights must be protected in a democracy to truly have a democracy, even when those undermine the majoritarian nature of the democracy. Under this view, when judges enforce such substantive rights, such as those agreed upon in a constitution , the judges are actually engaged in furthering democracy. Political theorists have also argued that in some cases, elected representatives pass laws that do not reflect the will of the people, and in those cases, judicial review is a valid means by which to correct the democratic process. On the other hand, in 2008, Judge John E. Jones III , a Republican Party United States Republican serving on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania , stated tha ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 United States Deputy Undersecretary of Defense is the title for several high ranking posts in the United States Department of Defense U.S. Department of Defense . Officials are appointed Deputy Undersecretary of Defense by the President of the United States President and are confirmed by the United States Senate Senate by Majoritarianism majority vote . The Deputy Undersecretaries of Defense report to the Undersecretary of Defense in charge of their department the Undersecretaries of Defense, in turn, report to the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense and the United States Secretary of Defense Secretary of Defense . All United States Assistant Secretary of Defense Assistant Secretaries of Defense report to a Deputy Undersecretary of Defense. Current Deputy Undersecretary of Defense positions are Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Deputy Undersecretary for Intelligence Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Deputy Undersecretary for Policy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Deputy Undersecretary for Personnel and Readiness Under Secretary of Defense for Management Reform Deputy Undersecretary for Management Reform Under Secretary of Defense for Financial Management Deputy Undersecretary for Financial Management Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Deputy Undersecretary for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Under Secretary of Defense for Logistics Deputy Undersecretary for Logistics Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment Deputy Undersecretary for Installations and Environment DEFAULTSORT United States Deputy Undersecretary Of Defense Category United States Department of Defense officials Deputy Undersecretary of Defense US mil stub ... more details
Inline date January 2011 David R. Mayhew Born May 18, 1937 is a political scientist and Sterling Professor in the Political Science Department at Yale University . He is the author of several influential books on American politics. In Congress The Electoral Connection , Mayhew argued that much of the organization of the United States Congress can be explained as the result of re election seeking behavior by its members. In Divided We Govern , he disputed the previously accepted notion that, when Congress and the presidency are controlled by different parties, less important legislation is passed than under unified government. Citation needed date January 2011 His most recent book, Partison Balance Why Political parties Don t Kill the U.S. Constitutional System Princeton University Press, 2011 contends that majoritarianism largely characterizes the American system. The wishes of the majority tend to nudge institutions back toward the median voter. ref David Mayhew Wins the 2011 Leon D. Epstein Award, PUP Blog, May 16, 2011 ref Partisan Balance won the 2011 Leon D. Epstein Outstanding Award from the American Political Science Association. Mayhew earned another Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1964. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 2004, he received the Samuel J. Eldersveld Award for lifetime achievement from the American Political Science Association . Citation needed date January 2011 Quotes If a group of planners sat down and tried to design a pair of American national assemblies with the goal of serving members reelection needs year in and year out, they would be hard pressed to improve on what exists. As an expressive institution Congress, in short, is noisy, versatile, and effective. Probably half the adverse criticism of Congress by elites is an indirect criticism of the public itself. References reflist External links http www.yale.edu polisci people dmayhew.html Yale University profile http www.yale.edu opa v33.n4 story10.html M ... more details
orphan date February 2009 In 1961, the Washington State Legislature authorized port commissioners to designate The Washington Public Ports Association WPPA as a port coordinating agency. WPPA s many purposes are outlined in RCW Chapter 53.06.030 http apps.leg.wa.gov RCW default.aspx?cite 53.06.030 to initiate and carry on the necessary studies, investigations and surveys required for the proper development and improvement of the commerce and business generally common to all port districts both within and without the Washington U.S. state state of Washington , and other operators of terminal and transportation facilities for this purpose, and to make such expenditures as are necessary for these purposes, including the proper promotion and advertising of all such properties, utilities and facilities to establish coordinating and joint marketing bodies of association members, including but not limited to establishment of a federation of Washington ports as described in RCW 53.06.070 http apps.leg.wa.gov RCW default.aspx?cite 53.06.070 , as may be necessary to provide effective and efficient marketing of the state s trade, tourism and travel resources to exchange information relative to port construction, maintenance, operation, administration and management to promote and encourage port development along sound economic lines to promote and encourage the development of transportation commerce and industry to operate as a clearinghouse for information, public relations and liaison for the port districts of the state and to serve as a channel for cooperation among the various port districts and for the assembly and presentation of information relating to the needs and requirements of port districts to the public. Organization and Structure The Association is governed by a Trustee Board of Trustees , consisting of one representative from each member port. This Board meetings twice annually, and Trustees serve until replaced by a Majoritarianism majority vote of their respe ... more details
Wikify date May 2011 Merge to Voting system date June 2010 unreferenced date June 2010 Electoral systems A Semi proportional voting system is a multi winner voting system whose proportionality lies between that of majoritarianism majoritarian systems like bloc voting and fully proportional methods like the Sainte Lagu method or Single transferable vote STV ref cite web url http www.mtholyoke.edu acad polit damy BeginnningReading semiproportional.htm title Semiproportional voting systems accessdate 19 June 2011 author Douglas J. Amy ref . The choice to use a semi proportional voting system may be a deliberate attempt to find a balance between majority rule and proportional representation semi proportional systems can allow for fairer representation of those parties that have difficulty gaining individual seats while still keeping the possibility of one party gaining a majority when there is a landslide victory . On the other hand, the semi proportional nature of a legislature may arise unintended, from the dynamics of the system itself. Because there are many measures of proportionality ref cite web url http www.votingmatters.org.uk ISSUE20 I20P4.PDF title Apportionment and Proportionality A Measured View author P. Kestelman accessdate 19 June 2011 date June 2005 ref ref name WeingastWittman2006 cite book author1 Barry R. Weingast author2 Donald A. Wittman title The Oxford handbook of political economy url http books.google.com books?id TTw9Ar4a2uEC&pg PA105 accessdate 19 June 2011 date 19 October 2006 publisher Oxford University Press isbn 9780199272228 pages 105 ref , and because there is no objective threshold, opinions on what constitutes a semi proportional method rather than a majoritarian or a fully proportional one, may differ. Methods where parties can only achieve proportionality by coordinating their voters are usually considered to be semi proportional ref cite web url http prfound.org basics related semi proportional title Semi Proportional Electoral Me ... more details
Majority Madison, Calhoun, and the Problem of Majoritarianism in American Political Thought, The Journal ... Majoritarianism Minoritarianism Minority rights Social anarchism Tragedy of the commons Utilitarianism ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2010 Politics of Northern Ireland 1972 98 After the Northern Ireland Assembly 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly elections of 1973, negotiations between the pro agreement parties on the formation of a power sharing Executive began. The most contentious issues were internment , policing and the question of a Council of Ireland . On 21 November, agreement was reached on a voluntary coalition of pro agreement parties, and the Executive took office on 1 January 1974. Prominent members of the executive included former Unionist Prime Minister Northern Ireland Prime Minister Brian Faulkner as Chief Executive, then SDLP leader Gerry Fitt as Deputy Chief Executive, future Nobel Laureate and SDLP leader John Hume as Minister for Commerce and then leader of the Alliance Party Oliver Napier as Legal Minister and head of the Office of Law Reform . Again, the UUP was deeply divided its Standing Committee voted to participate in the executive by a margin of only 132 to 105. Since the partition of Ireland , unionists had been opposed to sharing power with the nationalist minority, and the end of majoritarianism caused great strife in the UUP. After opposition from within the UUP and the Ulster Workers Council strike , the executive and Assembly collapsed on 28 May 1974 when Brian Faulkner resigned as Chief Executive. Chief Executive In January 1974 Brian Faulkner became Chief Executive Northern Ireland Chief Executive in the power sharing executive with the SDLP and the middle of the road Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Alliance Party , a political alliance cemented at the Sunningdale Agreement Sunningdale Conference that year. After opposition from within the UUP and the Ulster Workers Council Strike , the executive and assembly collapsed on 28 May 1974 when Faulkner resigned as Chief Executive. Members of the Northern Ireland Executive class wikitable style margin 1em auto 1em auto bgcolor cccccc Department Minister Party Chief Executive style backgroun ... more details
linkrot date October 2011 Forms of government Libertarianism sidebar expanded all A constitutional republic is a State polity state in which the head of state and other officials are Representation politics representatives of the people and must govern according to existing constitutional law that limits the government s jurisdiction power over all of its citizens. Because the head of the state is elected, it is a republic and not a monarchy. In a constitutional republic , executive government executive , legislature legislative , and judiciary judicial powers are separation of powers separated into distinct branches . ref cite web title Three Branches of Government url http www.trumanlibrary.org whistlestop teacher lessons 3branches 1.htm work Harry S. Truman Library and Museum publisher National Archives and Records Adminstration accessdate 12 03, 10 January 2011 ref The fact that a constitution exists that limits the government s power makes the state constitutional . That the head s of state and other officials are chosen by election, rather than inheriting their positions, and that their decisions are subject to judicial review makes the state a republic . Purpose and scope John Adams defined a republic as a government of laws, and not of men. ref Levinson, Sanford. Constitutional Faith . Princeton University Press , 1989, p. 60 ref Constitutional republics attempt to weaken the threat of majoritarianism and protect dissenting individuals and minority group minority groups from the tyranny of the majority by placing checks on the power of the majority of the population. ref House, Wayne H. Christian and American Law . Kregel Publications. p. 101 & Honohan, Iseult. Republicanism in Theory and Practice. Routledge UK 2006. p. 115 ref The power of the majority of the people is limited to electing representatives who legislate within the limits of an overarching constitutional law that a simple majority cannot modify. No single individual is allowed to exercise Exec ... more details
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