Taxobox image Giantkelp2 300.jpg image width 200px image caption Macrocystis pyrifera regnum Chromalveolata divisio Heterokont ophyta classis Brown algae Phaeophyceae ordo Laminariales familia Laminariaceae genus Macrocystis subdivision ranks Species subdivision Macrocystis angustifolia br Macrocystis integrifolia br Macrocystis laevis br Macrocystis pyrifera Macrocystis is a genus of kelp algae . This genus contains the largest of all the phaeophyceae or brown algae . Macrocystis has pneumatocyst ... and north to southeast Alaska Sitka . One species, Macrocystis pyrifera , under this genus, has ... Macrocystis is a genus of kelp, some species of which are so huge that the plants may grow to up ... 76 Species There are four species of macrocystis . ref AlgaeBase http www.algaebase.org search genus detail ?genus id 35715 Genus Macrocystis ref Macrocystis angustifolia Bory de Saint Vincent Macrocystis integrifolia Bory de Saint Vincent, Great kelp Macrocystis laevis C.H.Hay Macrocystis pyrifera L. C.Ag, Giant kelp , Giant bladder kelp and M. pyrifera var. humboldtii Bomplan. Distribution Macrocystis ... species detail ?species id 4427 Species Macrocystis pyrifera ref It can grow over 45 metres long ... name Abbott 76 Macrocystis integrifolia , a smaller, intertidal species, is found on the Pacific ... Macrocystis integrifolia is much smaller, the sporangial thalli growing only to 6 m long it is found ... search species detail ?species id 4882&sk 0&from results Species Macrocystis integrifolia ref Macrocystis ... view file&file id MF9540001.pdf Macrocystis pyrifera L. Ag. in Tasmanian waters Australian Journal ..., Monterey, California. ISBN 0 930118 29 4 Further reference Lopez, James. Macrocystis pyrifera ... 2007 External links wikispecies http www.mbari.org staff conn botany browns james default.htm Macrocystis pyrifa http ucjeps.berkeley.edu guide brown61.html Macrocystis integrifolia Bushing, William W ... 2008. Chromalveolata Category Laminariales Category Seaweeds fr Macrocystis it Macrocystis ru ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Anthracobia macrocystis image image width image caption regnum Fungi phylum Ascomycota classis Pezizomycetes ordo Pezizales familia Pyronemataceae genus Anthracobia species A. macrocystis binomial Anthracobia macrocystis binomial authority Mordecai Cubitt Cooke Cooke , 1875 Anthracobia macrocystis is a species of apothecia l fungus belonging to the family Pyronemataceae . This is a Europe an species which appears as orange discs up to 3 mm across thickly clustered on burnt ground. References cite book last Jordan first Michael authorlink Michael Jordan mycologist title The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe publisher Frances Lincoln Publishers date 2004 page 35 isbn 978 0 7112 2379 0 http www.speciesfungorum.org Names GSDSpecies.asp?RecordID 120828 Anthracobia macrocystis at Species Fungorum Category Pezizales Category Fungi described in 1875 Pezizomycetes stub ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Giant kelp image CAS Macrocystis 2.JPG image width 200px image caption Macrocystis ... Laminariales familia Laminariaceae genus Macrocystis species M. pyrifera binomial Macrocsytis pyrifera ... small C. Agardh small M. pyrifera var. humboldtii small Bonplan. small Macrocystis pyrifera , commonly ... of four species in the genus Macrocystis . Giant kelp is common along the coast of the eastern Pacific ... detail ?species id 4882&sk 0&from results Species Macrocystis integrifolia ref Growth M.pyrifera ... ?species id 4427 Species Macrocystis pyrifera ref It thrives in cooler waters where the ocean water ... Macrocystis also declined ref name Gutierrez et al. 2006 . The demand for M.pyrifera is increasing ... this gallery to appropriate places within the article as the article grows. gallery File Alger, Macrocystis ... File Giantkelp2 300.jpg center Kelp fronds floating near the surface. center File CAS Macrocystis 2.JPG center Growing apex. center File CAS Macrocystis 4.JPG center Holdfast of a small individual ... of Macrocystis and Gracilaria as biofilters. Journal of Applied Phycology, 20 5 , 571 577. Buschmann ... id MF9540001.pdf Macrocystis pyrifera L. Ag. in Tasmanian waters Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater ..., C., & Ricque Marie, D. 2009 . Comparison of Ulva clathrata and the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Ascophyllum ... Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera in Southern Chile for Development of Novel Food Products. Journal ... 0 521 40334 0 Macchiavello, J., Araya, E., & Bulboa, C. Production of Macrocystis pyrifera Laminariales ... , Amsterdam, 1 37. North, W J, G A Jackson, & S L Manley. 1986 Macrocystis and its environment, knowns ... density on gametophyte growth and reproduction in the kelps Pterygophora californica and Macrocystis ... trabeculata and Macrocystis pyrifera . Aquaculture Research, 37 2 , 164 171. Westermeier, R., Pati o ... Macrocystis pyrifera and M. integrifoliat Laminariales, Phaeophyceae in Chile. Journal of Applied ..., California Chronicle Books. ISBN 0 87701 787 5 Commons category DEFAULTSORT Macrocystis Pyrifera Category ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Paratrichophaea image image width image caption regnum Fungi phylum Ascomycota classis Pezizomycetes ordo Pezizales familia Pyronemataceae genus Paratrichophaea genus authority Trigaux 1985 type species Paratrichophaea macrocystis type species authority Trigaux 1985 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Paratrichophaea is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae . External links http www.indexfungorum.org Names genusrecord.asp?RecordID 25769 Index Fungorum Category Pezizales Pezizomycetes stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An urchin barren is an area of the subtidal where the population growth of sea urchin s has gone unchecked, causing destructive grazing of kelp bed s or kelp forest s specifically the giant brown bladder kelp, Macrocystis . Sea urchins eat kelp holdfasts but also climb on kelp to graze on the stipes and fronds. This can be caused by a lack of sea otter s or other predators in the area, which makes it extremely important to protect the ecological balance in a kelp forest. DEFAULTSORT Urchin Barren Category Aquatic ecology Ocean stub ... more details
Taxobox image Anthracobia macrocystia 12453.jpg image width 240px image caption Anthracobia macrocystis regnum Fungi phylum Ascomycota classis Pezizomycetes ordo Pezizales familia Pyronemataceae genus Anthracobia genus authority Boud. 1885 type species Anthracobia melaloma type species authority Alb. & Schwein. Arnould 1893 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Anthracobia humana A. humana br Anthracobia korfii A. korfii br Anthracobia macrocystis A. macrocystis br Anthracobia maurilabra A. maurilabra br Anthracobia melaloma A. melaloma br Anthracobia muelleri A. muelleri br Anthracobia nitida A. nitida br Anthracobia rehmii A. rehmii br Anthracobia subatra A. subatra br Anthracobia uncinata A. uncinata Anthracobia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae . The genus was circumscribed by Jean Louis mile Boudier in 1885. ref name Boudier1885 Anthracobia is widely distributed in north temperate regions, and contains 15 species. ref name Kirk2008 Molecular phylogenetics Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the genus as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic . ref name Perry2007 References Reflist refs ref name Boudier1885 cite journal author Boudier JL . title Nouvelle classification naturelle des Discomyc tes charnus journal Bulletin de la Soci t Mycologique de France year 1885 volume 1 pages 97 120 language French ref ref name Kirk2008 cite book author Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. title Dictionary of the Fungi edition 10th publisher CABI location Wallingford, UK year 2008 page 39 isbn 9780851998268 ref ref name Perry2007 cite journal author Perry BA, Hansen K, Pfister DH. title A phylogenetic overview of the family Pyronemataceae Ascomycota, Pezizales journal Mycological Research year 2007 volume 111 issue 5 pages 549 71 doi 10.1016 j.mycres.2007.03.014 ref External links IndexFungorum 228 Category Pezizales Pezizomycetes stub ... more details
Taxobox image Koeh 214.jpg image width 200px image caption Laminaria hyperborea regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokont ophyta classis Brown algae Phaeophyceae ordo Laminariales familia Laminariaceae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision see table Laminariaceae are a Family biology family of seaweed s, classified as brown alga e. The table indicates the genera within this family. ref name Algaebase Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2006 . AlgaeBase version 4.2. World wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http www.algaebase.org. http www.algaebase.org browse taxonomy ?id 5225 Laminariaceae genera retrieved December 19, 2009. ref The family includes the largest known seaweeds Nereocystis and Macrocystis . ref name van den Hoek 95 van den Hoek, C., Mann, D.G. and Jahns, H.M. 1995. http books.google.co.uk books?id xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec frontcover Algae An Introduction to Phycology . University of Cambridge. ISBN 0 521 30419 9 ref ref http www.seaweed.ie algae laminaria.lasso Reference ref class wikitable Laminariaceae Genera ref name Algaebase ref cite journal last Lane first C.E. coauthors C. Mayes L.D. Druehl & G.W. Saunders year 2006 title A multi gene molecular investigation of the kelp Laminariales, Phaeophyceae supports substantial taxonomic re organization journal Journal of Phycology volume 42 pages 493 512 doi 10.1111 j.1529 8817.2006.00204.x ref Genus Authority Species Arthrothamnus Ruprecht 2 Costularia Petrov & Gusarova 1 Cymathere J. Agardh 2 Feditia Yu. Petrov & I. Gusarova 1 Laminaria J.V. Lamouroux 29 Macrocystis C. Agardh 4 Nereocystis Postels & Ruprecht 1 Pelagophycus Areschoug 1 Phyllariella Petrov & Vozzhinskaja 1 Postelsia Ruprecht 1 Pseudolessonia G.Y. Cho, N.G. Klochkova, T.N. Krupnova & Boo 1 Saccharina Stackhouse 20 Streptophyllopsis Kajimura 1 References Reflist External links Wikispecies Category Laminariaceae Phaeophyceae stub fr Laminariaceae no Laminariaceae ru sv Laminariaceae ... more details
Taxobox image Sterne de Kerguelen.jpg image caption Kerguelen Tern name Kerguelen Tern status NT status system IUCN3.1 regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Bird Aves ordo Charadriiformes familia Sternidae genus Sterna species S. virgata binomial Sterna virgata binomial authority Jean Cabanis Cabanis , 1875 The Kerguelen Tern Sterna virgata is a tern of the southern hemisphere . This seabird mainly breeds seabird colony colonially in the Kerguelen Islands , as its common name implies. However, smaller colonies are also found in the Prince Edward Islands i.e. Prince Edward Island South Africa Prince Edward and Marion Island Marion and Crozet Islands . The total number of individuals is from 3,500 6,500 birds, although there is no recent data from the main colony at Kerguelen. These birds do not inhabit Kerguelen proper, instead nesting on islets free of feral cat s. During bad weather, they are known to abandon their colonies. Kerguelen Terns are among the least ranging of all typical terns. They generally do not reach far into the seas near their breeding grounds. These birds eat fish and marine invertebrates , especially those found in beds of the seaweed Macrocystis Macrocystis spp. They sometimes also hunt insects on land and catch fish from rivers on Kerguelen. References http www.birdlife.org datazone sites index.html?action SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid 3273&m 0 Sterna virgata at Birdlife International accessed August 26, 2006 Charadriiformes stub FrenchSouthernTerritories stub Category Sterna Kerguelen Tern Category Antarctic birds Kerguelen Tern Category Fauna of the Kerguelen Islands Category Animals described in 1875 Category Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands az Kergelen sus p r ni cs Ryb k kerguelensk de Kerguelenseeschwalbe es Sterna virgata eo Kergelena terno fr Sterne de Kerguelen it Sterna virgata fi Kerguelenintiira ... more details
norrisi on Macrocystis pyrifera at Santa Catalina Island. Master of Science thesis, California ... norrisi is commonly seen crawling up and down stipes of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera . ref ... Macrocystis pyrifera Eisenia arborea . ref Leighton, D.L. 1966. Studies of food preference in algiverous ... of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera were slightly preferred over the feather boa kelp Egregia ... California kelp beds. In W.J. North editor , The biology of giant kelp beds Macrocystis in California ... kelp Macrocystis pyrifera . Snails use a radula to rasp away the upper layers of kelp tissue ... norrisi climbing up the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera at Pumpernickel Reef on Santa Catalina ... more details
File CAS Macrocystis 2.JPG thumb 300px right Giant kelp Giant kelp , Macrocystis pyrifera , has been utilized for many years as a food source ref name Abbott Abbott 1996 ref ref name Gutierrez et al. 2006 Gutierrez et al. 2006 ref it contains many compounds such as iodine , potassium , other minerals vitamins and carbohydrates and thus has also been used as a dietary supplement. ref name Bushing 2000 Bushing 2000 ref ref name Connor 1989 Connor 1989, p. 58 ref In the beginning of the 20th century California kelp beds were harvested as a source for potash . ref name Abbott Abbott 1996 ref ref name Neushul 1987 Neushul 1987 ref ref name Druehl et al. 1988 Druehl et al. 1988 ref With commercial interest increasing significantly during the 1970s and the 1980s this was primarily due to the production of alginate s, and also for biomass production for animal feed due to the energy crisis during ... Macrocystis also declined. ref name Gutierrez et al. 2006 Present The demand for M.pyrifera ... to produce hybrids between this species and Macrocystis integrifolia M.integrifolia in efforts to produce ... the physiological capabilities of Macrocystis and Gracilaria as biofilters. Journal of Applied ... ?act view file&file id MF9540001.pdf Macrocystis pyrifera L. Ag. in Tasmanian waters ... Macrocystis pyrifera and Ascophyllum nodosum as ingredients in shrimp feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition ..., C., et al. 2006 . Farming of the Giant Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera in Southern Chile for Development ... of Macrocystis pyrifera Laminariales Phaeophyceae in northern Chile on spore based culture. Journal ..., Elsevier Science Publishers , Amsterdam, 1 37. North, W J, G A Jackson, & S L Manley. 1986 Macrocystis ... californica and Macrocystis pyrifera Phaeophyceae . Journal of Phycology 27 361 366. Simenstad ... gametophyte cultures of Lessonia trabeculata and Macrocystis pyrifera . Aquaculture Research, 37 ... between the giant kelp species Macrocystis pyrifera and M. integrifoliat Laminariales, Phaeophyceae ... more details
Image Sonoma Coast SMCA 3513.jpg 350px right thumb Sonoma Coast State Marine Conservation Area is a Marine Protected Area protected area along the coast of northern California , part of the North Central Coast Study Region. It is bounded by the mean high tide line, the 3 fathom depth contour, and several points along convert 3 mi km of coast between Mussel Point and Schoolhouse Beach in Sonoma County, California Sonoma County . ref cite web url http www.dfg.ca.gov mlpa coordinates.asp sonomacoast title Existing Marine Protected Area Coordinates accessdate 2009 01 14 ref Within this Area, the recreational taking of all marine aquatic plant s and some invertebrate s is prohibited. Commercial taking of Macrocystis giant kelp and bull kelp is also prohibited. ref cite web url http www.dfg.ca.gov mlpa mpa regs.asp title Existing Marine Protected Areas in California Regulations accessdate 2009 01 14 ref Coord 38.3492 N 123.068 W region US CA dim 5000 type landmark display title See also Sonoma Coast State Park References Reflist External links http www.dfg.ca.gov mlpa pdfs nccsr map1.pdf locator map http www.dfg.ca.gov mlpa pdfs bodega.pdf closeup map Protected Areas of California SWA Category Protected areas of Sonoma County, California Category Marine sanctuaries in California ... more details
Monterey Bay Aquarium.jpg thumb right Sebastidae Rockfish swimming around Macrocystis pyrifera giant ... recognized species are the giant kelps Macrocystis spp. , although there are numerous other genera ... by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera . Marine Biology 56 103 110. ref Water clarity affects the depth to which sufficient light can be transmitted. In ideal conditions, giant kelp Macrocystis spp. can ... is found in Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa and Macrocystis occurs throughout the northeastern ... species and often constitute floating canopies that extend to the ocean surface e.g., Macrocystis and Alaria ... a forest the term understory canopy refers to the stipitate and prostrate kelps. For example, a Macrocystis .... Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 63 133 141. ref For example, in California Macrocystis pyrifera .... ref Jackson, G.A. 1977. Nutrients and production of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , off southern ... and L.G. Jones. 1993. History of kelp beds Macrocystis in Orange and San Diego Counties, California ..., A. Santiba ez, R. Marcos, C. C ceres and A.H. Buschmann. 2006. Farming of the giant kelp Macrocystis ... kelp forests as an ecosystem. The nudibranch Melibe leonina on a Macrocystis frond California ... more details
of species can thrive. Citation needed date May 2009 Gallery gallery Image Giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera 01.jpg Macrocystis pyrifera Giant kelp in the Monterey Bay Aquarium . Image Kelp in Neskowin.jpg ... net s. Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , the largest seaweed. Found in the Pacific coast of North ... sessile C.Ag. Setch Alaska, California America Macrocystis angustifolia Bory Australia Tasmania ... more details
the two foot tall sea palm Postelsia to the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera , which grows to over .... year 1953 title Macrocystis pyrifera L. Ag. in Tasmanian waters journal Australian Journal of Marine ... the algal body as in Sargassum or Macrocystis . In the most structurally differentiated brown algae ... that part of the alga buoyant. The stipe may be relatively flexible and elastic in species like Macrocystis ..., the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera bears many blades along its stipe, with a pneumatocyst at the base ... of seaweeds. ref name Connor1989 Fronds of Macrocystis may grow as much as convert 50 cm in sigfig .... ref cite journal last Coyer first J. A. coauthors G. J. Smith, R. A. Anderson title Evolution of Macrocystis ... more details
italic title Taxobox image Picoroco.JPG image width 240px image caption Picture of a Chilean sea urchin and a Austromegabalanus psittacus Picoroco name Loxechinus albus regnum Animalia phylum Echinodermata subphylum Eleutherozoa superclassis Cryptosyringida classis Echinoidea subclassis Euechinoidea superordo Echinacia ordo Echinoida familia Parechinidae genus Loxechinus species L. albus binomial Loxechinus albus binomial authority Juan Ignacio Molina Molina , 1782 ref http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 160809 Loxechinus albus Molina, 1782 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011 08 26. ref Loxechinus albus or Chilean sea urchin is an echinoderm of the family biology family Parechinidae , native to the coasts of Chile and Peru . It is found shallowly buried in fine sand, and muddy sand, beaches at and below low tide level. Description L. albus has a Test biology test flattened dorso ventrally and densely covered in small spines. The maximum width is 100 mm. It is usually greenish, occasionally with red ambulacres and interambulacres, but large specimens from deep waters can occasionally be white. There are 6 to 11 ambulacral plates each bearing a single short primary spine and many longer secondaries. The globiferous pedicellaria e have a neck between the stem and head, large valves and several lateral teeth. ref name FAO http www.fao.org fishery species 3621 Species Fact Sheets Loxechinus albus Molina, 1782 Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Retrieved 2011 08 26. ref Biology L. albus is mostly found on rocky coasts associated with the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera . It is more numerous in exposed locations. It is a herbivore and seems to feed on whatever species of alga grow nearby. Juveniles feed on crustose coralline alga e, diatom s and algal detritus. In the Northern Hemisphere, some urchin species have large population swings and may create barren ground around them. In contrast, L. albus seems to be in balance with its food supply and ... more details
epifauna on the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera L. C Agardh. Hydrobiologia 560 373 384. ref Additionally ... in light and nitrogen modify the impact of sessile epifauna on the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera ... more details
of giant brown algae the kelp Macrocystis pyrifera , which form true underwater forests, and the cochayuyo Durvillaea antarctica , which covers most of the rock coasts. The Macrocystis are one ... more details
Image Ano Nuevo seals.jpg thumb 200px Elephant seals at A o Nuevo during the mating season in early February A o Nuevo State Marine Conservation Area SMCA is one of two adjoining marine protected areas off the coast of San Mateo County, California San Mateo and Santa Cruz County, California Santa Cruz Counties, on California s central coast.The area is approximately 55 miles south of San Francisco. The SMCA is 11.07 square miles. Except for limited taking of Macrocystis giant kelp , all living marine resources are protected. ref California Department of Fish and Game. http www.dfg.ca.gov mlpa pdfs ccmpas guide.pdf Online Guide to California s Central Coast Marine Protected Areas . Retrieved on December 18, 2008 ref History The A o Nuevo SMCA was established in September 2007 by the California Department of Fish and Game . It was one of 29 marine protected areas adopted during the first phase of the Marine Life Protection Act Marine Life Protection Act Initiative . The Marine Life Protection Act Initiative or MLPAI is a collaborative public process to create a statewide network of marine protected areas along the California coastline. The SMCA was designed to protect marine life while keeping nearby favored recreational fishing grounds open to fishing . Important fishing grounds to the north of Point A o Nuevo and from Moss Landing to Davenport remain open to fishing. Geography and natural features GeoGroup A o Nuevo SMCA is adjacent to Ano Nuevo State Park , and includes the waters surrounding Point Ano Nuevo and Ano Nuevo Island . Greyhound Rock State Marine Conservation Area adjoins the site to the south. This marine protected area is bounded by the mean high tide line and a distance of 200 feet seaward of mean lower low water between the following two points ref California Department of Fish and Game. http www.dfg.ca.gov mlpa ccmpas list.asp Central Coast Marine Protected Areas . Retrieved December 18, 2008. ref Coord 37 10.00 N 122 21.80 W type landmark region U ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 459827917 ImageFile Algins ure.svg ImageSize 250px IUPACName OtherNames Alginic acid OtherNames E400 Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 9005 32 7 EINECS 232 680 1 ATCCode prefix A02 ATCCode suffix BX13 UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII 8C3Z4148WZ PubChem SMILES ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID NA Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 6 sub H sub 8 sub O sub 6 sub sub n sub MolarMass 10,000 600,000 Appearance white to yellow, fibrous powder Density 1.601 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility pKa 1.5 3.5 Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Image Giantkelp2 300.jpg 250px right Alginic acid , also called algin or alginate , is an anionic polysaccharide distributed widely in the cell wall s of brown algae , where it, through binding water, forms a viscous natural gum gum . In extracted form it absorbs water quickly it is capable of absorbing 200 300 times its own weight in water. ref citation first Raymond last Roew contribution Adipic Acid title Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients year 2009 pages 11 12 ref cite quote Its colour ranges from white to yellowish brown. It is sold in wikt filamentous filamentous , granular or powdered forms. Structure It is a linear copolymer with homopolymer ic blocks of 1 4 linked D mannuronate M and its C 5 epimer L guluronate G residues, respectively, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks. The monomer s can appear in homopolymeric blocks of consecutive G residues G blocks , consecutive M residues M blocks or alternating M and G residues MG blocks . Forms Commercial varieties of alginate are extracted from seaweed , including the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera , Ascophyllum nodosum , and various types of Laminaria . It is also produced by two bacteria l genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter , which played a major role in the unravelling of its biosynthesis pathway. Bacterial ... more details
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