orphan date February 2009 notability Organizations date October 2008 The Portland LinuxUnix Group , also called the Portland Linux Users Group , PLUG is a group of Linux enthusiasts in Portland, Oregon . The group was started in early 1994 as a venue to discuss and promote Linux, and is one of the oldest Linux User Group s in existence. Note that this is not the same group as http www.pdxlug.org PDXLUG . PLUG s activities include the following http www.pdxlinux.org mail Active mailing lists The group s general list averages between 800 and 1000 messages a month As of 2004 lc on . http www.pdxlinux.org meeting Linux Advanced Topic Talk A monthly meeting covering subjects that are considered too technical for average users. http www.pdxlinux.org PLUG s Linux Clinic A monthly install fest http www.riverdale.k12.or.us linux PLUG for Education A group dedicated to promoting Linux for use in education. Other groups and projects associated with PLUG include http crime.zotconsulting.com CRIME LinuxFund The LinuxFund gives grants to worthy Open Source projects. Free Geek a not for profit community organization that recycles used technology to provide computers, education, Internet access and job skills training to those in need in exchange for community service. Personal Telco a wireless community project. PersonalTelco is the reason Portland was declared http www.intel.com pressroom archive releases 20030304corp.htm the most Un wired city in America in 2003. http www.mwvlug.org MWVLUG The Mid Willamette Valley Linux Users Group. External links http www.pdxlinux.org PLUG s home page Category Organizations based in Portland, Oregon Category Linux User Groups ... more details
, Unix like operating systems such as Linux and BSD descendants FreeBSD , NetBSD , and OpenBSD are commonly ..., We don t believe there is Unix in Linux . ref cite web url http www.groklaw.net staticpages ... owns Unix copyrights ref See also SCO Linux controversies In 2005, Sun Microsystems released the bulk ... systems, particularly Linux. Components see also List of Unix programs The Unix system is composed ... central roles in other free Unix systems as well. Linux distributions , comprising Linux and large ... Linux , Slackware Linux and Gentoo Linux Gentoo . A free derivative of BSD Unix, 386BSD , was also ... utilities. This notation is also used to describe other Unix like systems, e.g. Linux , BSD , etc ... http www.unix systems.org The Open Group UNIX System Homepage http www.unix.com The Unix and Linux ...Infobox OS name Unix logo screenshot Image Unix history simple.svg 250px caption Evolution of Unix and Unix ... source software closed source , now some Unix projects Berkeley Software Distribution BSD family ... & Graphical user interface Graphical X Window System family Unix released 1969 programmed in C programming ... Proprietary software Proprietary working state Active Unix officially trademarked as UNIX , sometimes also written as span style font variant small caps Unix span is a Computer multitasking multitasking ... , Dennis Ritchie , Brian Kernighan , Douglas McIlroy , and Joe Ossanna . The Unix operating system ... to other hardware. Today s Unix systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T ... consortium, owns the UNIX trademark. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark others might be called Unix system like or Unix like though the Open Group disapproves of this term . ref http www.unix.org questions answers faq.html 7a Unix.org ref However, the term Unix is often used informally to denote any ..., the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large scale adoption of Unix particularly of the Berkeley ... more details
Other uses AT disambiguation lowercase In Unix like computer operating system s, the code at code command is used to schedule command computing command s to be executed once, at a particular system time time in the future. More precisely, it reads a series of commands from standard input and collects them into one at job which is carried out at a later date. The at job inherits the current environment, so that it is executed in the same working directory and with the same environment variable s set as when it was scheduled. It differs from code cron code which is used for recurring executions e.g. once an hour, every Tuesday, January 1 every year . As with code cron code , many Unix systems allow the administrator to restrict access to the code at code command. code at code can be made to mail a user when done carrying out a scheduled job of theirs, can use more than one job queue, and can read a list of jobs to carry out from a file instead of standard input. A sample command to compile a C programming language C program at 11 45 a. m. on January 31 sup st sup and e mail the results Standard streams STDOUT and STDERR to your user ID would be source lang bash echo cc o foo foo.c at 1145 at 1145 jan 31 at cc o foo foo.c at D press Control D while at the beginning of a line source In some Unix like computer operating system s it uses a Daemon computer software daemon , code atd code , which waits in the background periodically checking the list of jobs to do and executing those ... of Unix programs External links man cu at SUS execute commands at a later time man 1 at queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution unix commands unix stub Category Standard Unix programs At Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ca At Unix cs At Unix de At Unix el At Unix es At Unix fr At Unix it At Unix hu At Unix ja At UNIX pl At Unix pt At Unix ro At Unix ru At uk At ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Expert subject Telecommunications date November 2008 infobox software name As latest release version latest release date platform website as is a generic name for an assembly language Assembler assembler on Unix . The GNU Project s assembler is named GNU assembler Gas . Category Assemblers Category Unix programming tools Unix stub ru As ... more details
lowercase Image Pg Unix screenshot.png thumbnail Example output of the tt pg tt command in xterm . pg is a terminal pager program on Unix and Unix like systems for viewing text file s. It can also be used to page through the output of a command via a pipe Unix pipe . pg uses an interface similar to vi , but commands are different. ref http www.computerhope.com unix upg.htm LinuxUnix pg command ref more command more , and less Unix less are more commonly used paging programs. See also less Unix less more command more References reflist Unix commands unix stub Category Terminal pagers ... more details
Sound on Unix may refer to The Open Sound System OSS , a standard interface for audio on in Unix operating systems. On Linux systems, OSS has been largely replaced by other audio interfaces. See also The Advanced Linux Sound Architecture ALSA , the default Linux Kernel OSS replacement. PulseAudio , a sound server. List of Linux audio software Disambig Category Unix ... more details
saved book title Unix subtitle cover image Poundexclam.svg cover color Black Unix Introduction UnixUnix wars Historically significant corporations AT&T Bell Labs Hewlett Packard IBM Novell SCO Group Sun Microsystems Unix standards and organizations The Open Group X Open POSIX Single UNIX Specification Unix operating systems Berkeley Software Distribution 1977 Berkeley Software Distribution Version 7 Unix 1979 Version 7 Unix SunOS 1982 SunOS UNIX System V 1983 UNIX System V HP UX 1984 HP UX IBM AIX 1986 AIX IRIX 1988 IRIX SCO OpenServer 1989 SCO OpenServer Solaris operating system 1992 Solaris Tru64 UNIX 1992 Tru64 UNIX UnixWare 1992 UnixWare Mac OS X 2001 Mac OS X Unix like operating environments Unix like Cygwin FreeBSD GNU Interix Linux NetBSD NeXTSTEP OpenBSD OpenSolaris Plan 9 from Bell Labs Legal battles and controversies SCO Linux controversies SCO v. IBM SCO v. Novell SCO and SGI Red Hat v. SCO USL v. BSDi Category Wikipedia books books without categories Category Wikipedia books on computer science ... more details
lowercase title clear Unix Image Clear gnulinux.gif thumb Clear being used on GNU LInux under uxterm code clear do not subst template code tag breaks popups is a standard Unix computer operating system command which is used to clear the screen. Depending on the system, tt clear tt uses the terminfo or termcap database, as well as looking into the environment for the terminal type in order to deduce how to clear the screen. The Unix command tt clear tt takes no arguments and is roughly analogous to the MS DOS command tt Cls computing cls tt . External links http invisible island.net ncurses man clear.1.html The manual tt man tt page for tt clear tt See also List of Unix programs unix commands Unix stub Category Unix software fa Clear fr Clear Unix hu Clear Unix ... more details
lowercase tac is a Linux command that allows you to see a file line by line backwards. It is named by analogy with cat Unix cat . Its standard Unix equivalent is code tail r code . Usage pre Usage tac OPTION ... FILE ... Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is , read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. b, before attach the separator before instead of after r, regex interpret the separator as a regular expression s, separator STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline help display this help and exit version output version information and exit pre See also cat Unix cat External links Manual pages man 1 tac unix commands Category Unix text processing utilities Unix stub hu Tac Unix pl Tac Unix ru Tac uk Tac ... more details
lowercase bg is a job control Unix job control command in Unix and Unix like operating systems that resumes execution of a suspended Process computing process without bringing it to the foreground ref name bg man page http pwet.fr man linux commandes posix bg bg man page ref the resumed process continues to execute in the background without receiving user input from the Computer terminal terminal . bg is required to be included in an operating system in order for it to be POSIX compliant. ref name POSIX commands http manuals.fujitsu siemens.com servers bs2 man man us posix v6 0 posix k.pdf POSIX BS2000 OSD Commands User Guide ref See also fg Unix fg , the complementary command that brings a process to the foreground References Reflist Unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities unix stub ca Bg Unix el Bg Unix fr Bg Unix zh Bg Unix ... more details
Portal Free software Bastille Unix is an interactivity interactive Hardening computing hardening script computer programming script for selected Linux distribution s and other operating system s. It is free software licensed under the GNU General Public License GPL . It does not appear to be updated or maintained any longer. Bastille Linux renamed to Bastille Unix As of 11 September 2007, Bastille Linux has been renamed to Bastille Unix. A http www.bastille unix.org press release newname.html press release indicates that this has been due for some time, but an unfortunate mishap with the domain pushed the change forward. Distributions As of 27 January 2005, Bastille hardens these distributions Debian Linux Debian Fedora operating system Fedora Core Gentoo Linux Gentoo Mandriva Linux Mandriva Red Hat Linux Red Hat and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Red Hat Enterprise SuSE and SuSE Enterprise TurboLinux Other operating systems supported are HP UX and Mac OS X . The lead developer is Jay Beale . The name most likely comes from the Bastille Citation needed date March 2008 . Functionality Bastille presents a series of console based screens that present a short description and a multiple choice prompt. This makes Bastille an interactive security tutorial for Linux beginners. Other Linux hardening projects GrSecurity kernel protections, MAC, and more Security Enhanced Linux MAC labeling http www.lids.org LIDS External links http www.bastille unix.org Bastille Unix and http www.bastille unix.org osx.html Bastille on Mac OS X updated 12 September 2007 per http www.bastille unix.org press release newname.html . Category Operating system security unix stub fr Bastille Linux ... more details
22 author Eric S. Raymond coauthors Guy L. Steele Jr. work The Jargon File ref or nix , since Unix like systems often have Unix like names such as AIX operating system AIX , HP UX , IRIX , Linux , Minix ... like systems such as Linux are de facto Unix systems. ref http www.linuxfocus.org English July1999 ..., this can refer to systems such as Linux or Minix that behave similarly to a UNIX system ... 4.4BSD , Linux , and Minix . Some of these have in turn been the basis for commercial Unix like ... Software Distribution Linux distribution List of Linux distributions List of Unix utilities List of operating ... by The Linux Information Project LINFO http www.levenez.com unixUNIX history a history time ...Image Unix history simple.svg thumb Diagram of the relationships between the major Unix like systems A Unix like sometimes shortened to UN X or nix to circumvent Unix Branding trademark issues operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . There is no Technical standard ... a given OS is Unix like . The term can include free and open source software free and open source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs Unix or designed to emulate its features, commercial and proprietary work alikes, and even versions based on the software license licensed UNIX source code which may be sufficiently Unix like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark . Free and open ... Unix like and the UNIX trademark The Open Group owns the UNIX trademark and administers the Single UNIX Specification, with the UNIX name being used as a certification mark . They do not approve of the construction Unix like , and consider it a misuse of their trademark. Their guidelines require UNIX to be presented in uppercase or otherwise distinguished from the surrounding text, strongly encourage ... Group. ref Other parties frequently treat Unix as a genericized trademark . Some add a wildcard ... more details
based on this combination. Linux derivatives are not compatible enough to qualify for the Unix ...Refimprove date December 2009 Image Unix history.svg thumb 450px Unix genealogy tree The Unix wars were the struggles between vendor s of the Unix computer operating system in the late 1980s and early 1990s to set the standard for Unix thenceforth. Origins In the mid 1980s, the two common versions of Unix were BSD , from the University of California, Berkeley , and UNIX System V System V , from AT&T . Both were derived from the earlier Version 7 Unix , but had diverged considerably. Further, each vendor s version of Unix was different to some degree. A group of vendors formed the X Open open standard ... s. They chose to base their system on Unix. X Open caught AT&T s attention. To increase the uniformity of Unix, AT&T and leading BSD Unix vendor Sun Microsystems started work in 1987 on a unified system ... Laboratory s System V environment for BSD Unix. This was eventually released as System V Release 4 SVR4 . While this decision was applauded by customers and the trade press, certain other Unix licensees .... The same year, AT&T and another group of licensees responded by forming UNIX International . Technical ... versions of Unix, with X Open holding the middle ground. The move towards open source code In March ..., effectively marking the end of the most significant era of the Unix wars. In June, AT&T sold its UNIX assets to Novell , and in October Novell transferred the Unix brand to X Open. In 1996, X Open and the new OSF merged to form the Open Group . COSE work such as the Single UNIX Specification , the current standard for branded Unix, is now the responsibility of the Open Group. However, the damage to Unix s market reputation had been done. Since then, occasional bursts of Unix factionalism have broken ... Caldera . The Berkeley Software Distribution emerged as an independent Unix like operating system, with the purging ... . OpenBSD emerged in 1995 as a fork of NetBSD. Rise of GNU and Linux During BSD s period of legal ... more details
lowercase two other uses the Unix command Unix s means of representing points in time Unix time the Unix function call time.h code time code is a command in the Unix operating systems. It is used to determine the duration of execution of a particular command computing command . Usage To use the command, simply precede any command by the word code time code , such as source lang bash time ls source When the command completes, code time code will report how long it took to execute the code ls code command in terms of user CPU time , system CPU time, and real time. The output format varies between different versions of the command, and some give additional statistics, as in this example source lang bash time host wikipedia.org wikipedia.org has address 207.142.131.235 0.000u 0.000s 0 00.17 0.0 0 0k 0 0io 0pf 0w source time 1 can exist as a standalone program such as GNU time or as a Unix shell shell builtin e.g. in tcsh or in zsh . User Time vs System Time The term user CPU time can be a bit misleading at first. To be clear, the total time real CPU time is the combination of the amount of time the CPU spends performing some action for a program and the amount of time the CPU spends performing system call s for the kernel computer science kernel on the program s behalf. When a program loops through an array, it is accumulating user CPU time. Conversely, when a program executes a system call such as code exec code or code fork code , it is accumulating system CPU time. Method of operation .... See also List of Unix programs System time Unix time Cron process for scheduling jobs to run at a particular time. References man cu time SUS time a simple command man 1 time Linux time a simple command or give resource usage GNU unix commands unix stub Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ar ca Time Unix de Time Unix it Time Unix la Time programma hu Time Unix ja Time UNIX pl Time Unix pt Time Unix ru Time Unix tr Time unix ... more details
Inappropriate tone date December 2007 Bell Unix Research Unix is a term used to refer to versions of the Unix ... to as Department 1127 . History The term Research Unix first appeared in the Bell System Technical ... Labs such as PWB UNIX and Multi Environment Real Time MERT whose code base had diverged from the primary CSRC version. However, that term was little used until Version 8 Unix , but has been retcon retroactively ... called simply UNIX in caps or the UNIX Time Sharing System. Because both the early versions and the last ... Unix versions are often referred to by the edition of the Unix manual manual that describes them. So, the first Research Unix would be the First Edition, and the last the Tenth Edition. Another common way of referring to them is Version x or V x Unix, where x is the manual edition. All modern editions of Unix excepting implementations from scratch like Coherent operating system Coherent , Minix , and Linux , usually referred to as Unix like derive from the 7th Edition. Versions class wikitable Manual Edition Release date Description 1st Edition Nov. 3, 1971 First edition of the Unix manual, based on the version that ran on the PDP 11 at the time. Unix was actually 2 years old at the time and had ... the C programming language C programming language and Unix pipe pipes total number of installations was 16. 4th Edition Nov. 1973 First Unix written in C programming language C . It also introduced Group identifier Unix groups . Number of installations was listed as above 20 . The manual was formatted ... above 50 . Version 6 Unix 6th Edition May 1975 First Unix to see widespread distribution outside ... UNIX, a cut down v6 for the low end PDP 11 10. Version 7 Unix 7th Edition Jan. 1979 The ancestor of all modern UNIX systems and the last release of Research Unix to see widespread external distributions. Merged together most of the utilities of PWB UNIX with an extensively modified kernel with almost 80 more lines of code than V6. In February, a port called UNIX 32V 32V was made to DEC s VAX hardware ... more details
lowercase In most Unix like operating systems , the code ps code program displays the currently running process computing processes . A related Unix utility named Top Unix top provides a real time view of the running processes. The code ps code command is analogous to the Microsoft Windows code tasklist code command. In Windows PowerShell , code ps code is a predefined Alias command command alias for the code Get Process code cmdlet which basically serves the same purpose. Examples For example source lang bash ps PID TTY TIME CMD 7431 pts 0 00 00 00 su 7434 pts 0 00 00 00 bash 18585 pts 0 00 00 00 ps source Users can also utilize the tt ps tt command in conjunction with the code grep code see the tt pgrep tt and tt pkill tt commands command to find information about one process, such as its process id source lang bash Trying to find the PID of firefox bin which is 2701 ps A grep firefox bin 2701 ? 22 16 04 firefox bin source and the easier version with tt pgrep tt source lang bash pgrep l firefox bin 2701 firefox bin source To see every process running as root real & effective ID in user ... s that support the Single UNIX Specification SUS and POSIX standards, ps commonly runs with the options ... about the process including all parameters. See also code top Unix top code code pstree Unix pstree code code pgrep code code kill command kill code List of Unix programs External links http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 009695399 utilities ps.html ps Specification from the Single Unix Specification http www.cyberciti.biz faq show all running processes in linux Show all running processes in Linux using ps command man 1 ps report a snapshot of the current processes unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software bg Ps Unix ca Ps UNIX cs Ps Unix de Ps Unix el Ps Unix es Ps Unix fa Ps fr Ps Unix ko Ps it Ps Unix ka Ps hu Ps Unix nl Ps Unix ja Ps UNIX pl Ps Unix pt Ps Unix ru Ps uk Ps ... more details
lowercase pr is used to paginate or columnate files for printing. It is a required program in a POSIX compliant environment and has been implemented by GNU as part of the GNU Core Utilities . External links http www.linuxmanpages.com man1 pr.1.php The program s manpage http linux documentation.com en man man1p pr.html POSIX standard for pr Category Unix SUS2008 utilities el Pr Unix ... more details
Refimprove date July 2008 A Unix architecture is a computer operating system system architecture that embodies the Unix philosophy . It may adhere to standards such as the Single UNIX Specification SUS or similar POSIX Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE standard. No single published standard describes all Unix architecture computer operating systems this is in part a legacy of the Unix wars . Description There are many systems which are Unix like in their architecture. Notable among these are the Linux GNU Linux distributions. The distinctions between Unix and Unix like systems have been the subject of heated Timeline of SCO Linux controversies legal battles , and the holders of the UNIX brand, The Open Group , object to Unix like and similar terms. For distinctions between SUS branded UNIX architectures and other similar architectures, see Unix like . Kernel A Unix kernel computer science kernel &mdash the core or key components of the operating system &mdash consists of many kernel subsystems like Process management computing process management , memory management , file management, device management and network management . Each of the subsystems has some features Concurrency computer science Concurrency As Unix is a multiprocessing OS, many processes run concurrently to improve the performance of the system. Virtual memory VM Memory management subsystem implements the virtual memory concept and a user need not worry about the executable program size and the RAM ... of the Unix architecture concept are Unix systems use a centralized operating system Kernel ... into separate, kernel managed processes. Unix systems are preemptively multitasking multiple processes ... as everything s a file . The UNIX operating system supports the following features and capabilities ref http technet.microsoft.com en us library bb496993.aspx Functional Comparison of UNIX ... or inetd. See also Architecture of Windows NT References reflist Category UnixUnix stub ... more details
lowercase tt getty tt , short for get teletype , is a Unix program running on a host computer that manages physical or virtual Computer terminal terminals tty . When it detects a connection, it prompts for a username and runs the logging computer security login program to authenticate the user. Originally, on traditional Unix systems, getty handled connections to serial terminals often teletype machines connected to a host computer. The tty part of the name stands for teletype, but has come to mean any type of text terminal . One getty process serves one terminal. In some systems, for example Solaris operating system Solaris , getty was replaced by ttymon. Personal computer s running Unix like operating system s, even if they do not provide any remote login services, may still use getty as a means of logging in on a local Virtual console PC virtual console . Instead of the login program getty may also be set up by the system administrator to run any other program, for example a Point to Point Protocol PPP Daemon computer software daemon to provide dial up Internet access. See also tt setterm tt tt stty tt tt tset tt tt Tty Unix tty tt tt Tty Unix tty tt External links http www.freebsd.org cgi man.cgi?getty getty BSD Unix man Unix man page http docs.sun.com app docs doc 816 5166 ttymon 1m?l en&a view&q ttymon ttymon Solaris man Unix man page http www.tin.org bin man.cgi?section 8&topic getty agetty 8 alternative Linux agetty http www.linuxcommand.org man pages mgetty8.html mgetty 8 mgetty modem aware getty http www.linuxcommand.org man pages mingetty8.html mingetty 8 mingetty minimal getty http riemann.fmi.uni sofia.bg ngetty ngetty minimal getty one process controls all ttys http qingy.sourceforge.net Qingy Qingy Is Not GettY vgetty an extension to mgetty Unix stub Category Unix software fr Getty Unix it Getty Unix pt Getty Unix ru Getty ... more details
lowercase The tt lp tt command is used on many Unix like systems to assign jobs to printer queues. The name derives from lineprinter l ine p rinter , though it has become the commonly used command for any sort of printer. The command originally appeared as part of the System V printing system , and for some time served as a shibboleth to distinguish between SysV and Berkeley Software Distribution BSD systems. tt lp tt is the standard name for the UNIX System V System V printing system printer command. The Common Unix Printing System , used on Linux and Mac OS X among other systems, uses tt lp tt as the primary program for job assignment. The LPRng project provides tt lp tt as a simple wrapper to the tt lpr tt command. Plan 9 from Bell Labs uses a command called tt lp tt for printing, though its functionality is somewhat different and simplified from the System V version. It is actually written as an rc shell script. See also lpr print command External links http www.linuxmanpages.com man1 lp.1.php The program s manpage as implemented on CUPS systems unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities hu Lp Unix pl Lp Unix ru Lp ... more details
lowercase tt wc tt short for w ord c ount is a command in Unix like operating systems. The program reads either standard input or a list of files and generates one or more of the following statistics number of bytes, word count number of words , and number of lines specifically, the number of newline characters . If a list of files is provided, both individual file and total statistics follow. Sample execution of tt wc tt wc foo bar 40 149 947 foo 2294 16638 97724 bar 2334 16787 98671 total The first column is the count of newlines, meaning that the text file tt foo tt has 40 newlines while tt bar tt has 2294 newlines resulting in a total of 2334 newlines. The second column indicates the number of words in each text file showing that there are 149 words in tt foo tt and 16638 words in tt bar tt giving a total of 16787 words. The last column indicates the number of characters in each text file, meaning that the file tt foo tt has 947 characters while tt bar tt has 97724 characters 98671 characters all in all. Newer versions of tt wc tt can differentiate between byte and character computing character count. This difference arises with Unicode which includes multi byte characters. The desired behaviour is selected with the tt c tt or tt m tt switch. GNU tt wc tt used to be part of the GNU textutils package it is now part of GNU coreutils . Usage tt wc l filename tt print the line count ... of Unix programs External links man 1 wc from linux.die.net http man.cat v.org unix 1st 1 wc wc 1 Original Unix First Edition manual page for wc . http www.linuxmanpages.com man1 wc.1.php wc The program s manpage http www.linfo.org wc.html The tt wc tt Command by The Linux Information Project LINFO Unix commands unix stub Category Unix text processing utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Wc Unix el Wc Unix es Wc Unix fr Wc Unix it Wc Unix hu Wc ja Wc UNIX pl Wc Unix pt Wc Unix ro Wc Unix ru Wc fi Wc Unix uk Wc ... more details
Original research date August 2008 Infobox OS name Amiga UNIX logo screenshot caption developer Commodore International Commodore Amiga, Inc. family UNIXUnix System V System V R4 source model primarily closed source latest release version 2.01 latest release date 1992 kernel type Monolithic kernel Monolithic ... Motorola 68030 Commodore International Commodore Amiga, Inc. , in 1990, did a full port of AT&T Unix System V Unix System V Release 4 for the Amiga computer family in addition to the proprietary AmigaOS ... 3000UX , Commodore s Unix was one of the first ports of SVR4 to the 68k architecture. The Amiga ... date June 2007 Unlike Apple Computer Apple s A UX , Amiga Unix contained no compatibility layer to allow AmigaOS applications to run under Unix. With few native applications available to take ... competitive Unix workstation market of the early 1990s. The A3000UX s price tag of approximately 7,000 Fact date August 2008 was also not very attractive compared to other Unix workstations at the time ... of its RISC based competitors. Fact date August 2008 Unlike typical commercial Unix distributions of the time, Amiga Unix included the source code to the vendor specific enhancements and platform ... license terms as the binary part of the system it was open source but not free software . Amiga Unix ... Window System , and included their source code. Like many other Unix variants with small market shares, Amiga Unix vanished into the mists of computer history when its vendor, Commodore, went out of business. Today, Unix like operating systems such as Minix , NetBSD , and Linux are available for the Amiga platform, but the commercial and AT&T licensed Amiga Unix has not been revived. External links ... The Very Unofficial Commodore Amiga Unix AMIX Wiki Unix like AmigaOS Amiga hardware Category Amiga Category System V Category Discontinued operating systems unix stub de AMIX es Amiga Unix it Amiga Unix pl Amiga Unix ru Amiga UNIX ... more details
Other uses Fold disambiguation Folding Fold is a Unix command used for making a file computing with long lines more readable on a limited width terminal. Most Linux terminals have the default screen width of 80, and therefore reading files with long lines could get annoying. The fold command puts a line feed every X characters if it doesn t reach a new line before that point. If the w argument is set, the fold command allows the user to set the maximum length of a line. To fold a file to have 30 characters max per line, simply run the following command in your unix shell fold w 30 file.txt See also fmt Par command par List of Unix commands Category Unix ... more details
lowercase tr abbreviated from tr anslate or tr ansliterate is a command in Unix like operating systems. When executed, the program reads from the standard input and writes to the standard output. It takes as Command line argument parameters two sets of characters, and replaces occurrences of the characters in the first set with the corresponding elements from the other set. For example, source lang bash tr abcd jkmn source maps a to j , b to k , c to m , and d to n . Sets of characters may be abbreviated by using character ranges. The previous example could be written source lang bash tr a d jkmn source In POSIX compliant versions of tr the set represented by a character range depends on the locale s collating order, so it is safer to avoid character ranges in scripts that might be executed in a locale different from that in which they were written. Ranges can often be replaced with POSIX character sets such as alpha . The c flag complements the first set of characters. source lang bash tr cd alnum source therefore removes all non alphanumeric characters. The s flag causes tr to compress sequences of identical adjacent characters in its output to a single token. For example, source lang bash tr s n n source replaces sequences of one or more newline characters with a single newline ... characters, thereby converting a file in DOS Windows format to one in Unix format. source lang bash tr d r source Most versions of tr, including GNU tr and classic Unix tr, operate on single byte characters ... strings to strings while tr maps characters to characters. See also Sed List of Unix programs External links http man.cat v.org unix 8th 1 tr tr 1 Unix 8th Edition manual page. http www.linfo.org tr.html The tr Command by The Linux Information Project LINFO http www.linuxmanpages.com man1 tr.1.php ... tr tr examples unix commands Category Unix text processing utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities ca Tr Unix fr Tr Unix hu Tr Unix ja Tr UNIX pl Tr Unix pt Tr Unix ru Tr fi Tr Unix ... more details
lowercase code join code is a command in Unix like operating systems that merges the lines of two sorted text file s based on the presence of a common Field computer science field . It is similar to the join operator used in relational database s but operating on text files. The code join code command takes as input two text files and a number of options. If no command line argument is given, this command looks for a pair of lines from the two files having the same first field a sequence of characters that are different from space , and outputs a line composed of the first field followed by the rest of the two lines. The program arguments specify which character computing character to be used in place of space to separate the fields of the line, which field to use when looking for matching lines, and whether to output lines that do not match. The output can be stored to another file rather than printing using Redirection computing redirection . As an example, the two following files list the known fathers and the mothers of some people. Note that both files have been sorted on the join field this is a requirement of the program. george jim mary john albert martha george sophie The join of these two files with no argument would produce george jim sophie Indeed, only george is common as a first word of both files. See also Textutils Join SQL Relational algebra List of Unix programs External links http www.die.net doc linux man man1 join.1.html man page http www.albany.edu ig4895 join.htm join examples unix commands unix stub Category Unix text processing utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities fr Join Unix it Join Unix pl Join Unix ru Join Unix ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
