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Encyclopedia results for Latitudinal gradients in species diversity

Latitudinal gradients in species diversity





Encyclopedia results for Latitudinal gradients in species diversity

  1. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity

    159, 2006 . Ecology Letters 10 E4 E8. Pianka, E. R. 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity ... gradients in species diversity the search for the primary cause, Oikos, 65, 514 527. Rohde, K. 1997. The larger area of the tropics does not explain latitudinal gradients in species diversity ... . On this view, if latitudinal gradients of species richness were determined solely by MDE, observed ... is not a valid explanation for the latitudinal species diversity gradient Rohde 1997, Hawkins ... cause of the latitudinal diversity gradient as they fail to explain why species interactions ... that the latitudinal diversity gradient depends on is What causes patterns in species richness ? Species .... J. Gaston. 2001. Latitudinal gradients in diversity real patterns and random models. Ecography 24 ..., M. L. 1992. Species diversity gradients we know more and less than we thought. Journal of Mammalogy ..., M. R., and S. K. Lyons. 1998. An analytical model of latitudinal gradients of species richness with an empirical ... http knol.google.com k klaus rohde latitudinal gradients in species Latitudinal gradients in species ... to as the latitudinal diversity gradient LDG , is one of the most widely recognized patterns ... ref Explaining the latitudinal diversity gradient is one of the great contemporary challenges ... What determines patterns of species diversity? was among the 25 key research themes for the future ... 2005 , and suggested the hypothesis that MDE might contribute to the latitudinal gradient in species ... gradients of species richness, particularly for wide ranging species e.g. Jetz and Rahbek 2001, Koleff ... of removing tropical species on latitudinal patterns in avian species richness in the New World and found ... climate related hypothesis is the climate harshness hypothesis, which states the latitudinal diversity ... harshness hypothesis, climate stability is suggested to be the reason for the latitudinal diversity ... in more detail below suggests that temperate regions are thus expected to have less species diversity ...   more details



  1. Species diversity

    Beta diversity Gamma diversity Abundance ecology Relative species abundance Species area curve Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Biodiversity Genetic diversity clear Notes Reflist modelling ...Species diversity is the effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals ... of interest where all species may not be equally abundant . Species diversity consists of two components .... 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4 853 860. doi 10.1007 s00442 010 1812 0 ref Calculation of diversity Species diversity in a dataset ... proportional abundance. Consequently, large values of q lead to smaller species diversity than small ... the value of q has no effect, but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness. Negative values of q are not used, because then the effective number of species diversity would exceed the actual ... the diversity in relation to any classification, not only species. If the individuals are classified ... indices to quantify species diversity. Such indices include species richness , the Shannon index ... diversity, the dataset used for the calculations can be obtained in different ways. Although species diversity can be calculated for any dataset where individuals have been identified to species, meaningful .... In practice, the interest is usually in the species diversity of areas so large that not all individuals ..., because the species diversity of the available sample generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in the entire population. Applying different Sample statistics sampling methods ... introduce a species that was not yet represented. How much this increases species diversity depends on the value of q when q 0, each new actual species causes species diversity to increase by one ... species diversity. ref Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept ... species diversity than sets with fewer individuals. When species diversity values are compared among ...   more details



  1. Diversity

    wiktionary diversity wikiquote Science and technology Biodiversity , the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Diversity Index , a statistic intended to assess the diversity of any population in which each member belongs to a unique group, type or species. Diversity scheme , a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using multiple communications channels. Antenna diversity , a method of wireless communication that use two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of the link. Sociology, economics, law, and politics Multiculturalism , or ethnic diversity, the promotion of multiple ethnic cultures Diversity business , the business tactic which encourages diversity to better serve a heterogeneous customer base Diversity politics , the political and social policy of encouraging tolerance for people of different backgrounds Diversity jurisdiction , a concept under which U.S. federal courts can hear suits between parties from different states Diversification finance involves spreading investments Diversification marketing strategy is a corporate strategy to decrease market penetration Team composition Other Diversity dance troupe , an English dance troupe who won the third series of Britain s Got Talent Diversity training , the process of educating employees, students or volunteers to function in a diverse environment disambig ar bg da Diversitet de Diversit t nl Diversiteit ja pt Diversidade tr e itlilik ...   more details



  1. Histogram of oriented gradients

    FeatureDetectionCompVisNavbox Histogram of Oriented Gradients HOG are feature descriptors used in computer vision and image processing for the purpose of object detection . The technique counts occurrences of gradient orientation in localized portions of an image. This method is similar to that of edge orientation histogram s, scale invariant feature transform descriptors, and shape context s, but differs in that it is computed on a dense grid of uniformly spaced cells and uses overlapping local contrast normalization for improved accuracy. Navneet Dalal and Bill Triggs , researchers for the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control INRIA , first described Histogram of Oriented Gradient descriptors in their June 2005 paper to the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern ... and shape within an image can be described by the distribution of intensity gradients or edge ... aceMedia files document wp7 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients ... aceMedia files document wp7 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients ... found that unsigned gradients used in conjunction with 9 histogram channels performed best in their human ... aceMedia files document wp7 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients ... files document wp7 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection ... of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection, pg. 6 ref SVM classifier The final step in object recognition ... 2005 cvpr05 inria.pdf title Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection, pg. 4 ref Deleted ... slides dalal.pdf title Object Detection using Histograms of Oriented Gradients ref Deleted image ... Pedestrian Detection using Infrared images and Histograms of Oriented Gradients ref At the IEEE Conference ... papers IntegralHoG.pdf title Fast Human Detection Using a Cascade of Histograms of Oriented Gradients ... title Fast Human Detection Using a Cascade of Histograms of Oriented Gradients ref See also Corner ...   more details



  1. Species

    . Hawksworth title The magnitude of fungal diversity the 1 5 million species estimate revisited journal ..., The magnitude of fungal diversity the 1 5 million species estimate revisited Mycological Research ...Wiktionary species pp move indef Other uses Biological classification In biology , a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank . A species is often defined as a group ... species into subspecies . Species that are believed to have the same ancestors are grouped together, and this group is called a genus . A species can only belong to one genus that it was grouped into. The belief ... properties are used. For plants similarities of flowers are used. All species are given a binomial ... genus generic name , the genus of the species. The second part is either the specific name ... of four species of the Boa genus Boa genus. The first part of the name is capitalized, and the second ... species and reliable methods of identifying particular species are essential for stating and testing ..., S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. year 2010 title Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land journal Biology Letters doi 10.1098 rsbl.2009.1024 volume 6 pages 544 547 format PDF issue 4 pmid 20106856 pmc 2936204 ref Extinct species known only ... issue 1636 pmc 2596898 ref The total number of non bacterial species in the world has been estimated ... million species, scientists estimate url http www.guardian.co.uk environment 2011 aug 23 species ... name SciDaily Cite web date 2003 05 26 title Just How Many Species Are There, Anyway? url http www.sciencedaily.com ... working definition A usable definition of the word species and reliable methods of identifying particular species is essential for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring biodiversity . Traditionally, multiple examples of a proposed species must be studied for unifying characters before it can be regarded as a species. It is generally difficult to give precise taxonomic rankings ...   more details



  1. Gamma diversity

    , it needs to be taken into account that the species diversity in the dataset generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in a larger area. The smaller the available sample in relation ... of underestimation can be estimated from a species area curve . Different gamma diversity concepts Researchers have used different ways to define species diversity diversity , which in practice ... by one or more Diversity index diversity indices , such as species richness , the Shannon index or the Simpson .... 2002 The additive partitioning of species diversity recent revival of an old idea. Oikos, 99, 3 9 ... measure of species diversity. This measure allows weighting rare and abundant species in different ... all species may not be equally abundant . ref name Tuomisto2010a ref Hill, M. O. 1973 Diversity ..., H. 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia ... terminology for species diversity? Yes, if we choose to use it. Oecologia, 167, 903 911. ref Calculating gamma diversity Suppose species diversity is equated with the effective number of species in a dataset. Then gamma diversity can be calculated by first taking the weighted mean of species proportional ... abundance of the i th species is math p i math . Large values of q lead to smaller gamma diversity ...The term gamma diversity diversity was introduced by R. H. Whittaker ref name Whittaker1960 Whittaker ..., 279 338. ref together with the terms alpha diversity diversity and beta diversity diversity . Whittaker s idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites or habitats at a more local scale and the differentiation among those habitats . According to this reasoning, alpha diversity and beta diversity constitute independent components of gamma diversity math gamma alpha times beta math Scale considerations ... has been reached on what spatial scales are appropriate to quantify gamma diversity. ref Whittaker ...   more details



  1. Alpha diversity

    and gamma diversity diversity . Whittaker s idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape gamma diversity is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites ... and species richness towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography ... into account that the species diversity in the subunits generally gives an underestimation of the species ... definitions of alpha diversity. Whittaker himself used the term both for the species diversity in a single subunit and for the mean species diversity in a collection of subunits. ref name Whittaker1960 ... subunits is preferable, because it agrees better with Whittaker s idea that total species diversity ... have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Yes, if we choose to use it. Oecologia, 167, 903 911. ref Definitions of alpha diversity can also differ in what they assume species diversity diversity to be. Often researchers use the values given by one or more diversity indices, such as species ... and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among multiple communities. Oikos, 76, 5 13. ref ref Veech, J. A. et al. 2002 The additive partitioning of species diversity recent revival ... number of species as the universal measure of species diversity. This measure allows weighting rare and abundant species in different ways, just as the diversity indices collectively do, but its ... species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4 853 860. doi 10.1007 s00442 010 1812 0 ref Calculating alpha diversity Suppose species diversity is equated with the effective number of species, and alpha diversity with the mean species diversity per subunit. Then alpha diversity can be calculated .... The second approach is to calculate the species diversity for each subunit separately, and then take ... q sup D sub j sub values, which represent the effective species density species diversity per subunit ... proportional abundance and to those subunits with the lowest species diversity. ref name ...   more details



  1. Beta diversity

    was that the total species diversity in a landscape is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity at the habitat level and the differentiation among habitats . Whittaker ..., R. 2011 Commentary Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? The fallacy of true ... species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4 853 860. doi 10.1007 s00442 010 1812 0 ref ref Jurasinski, G. and Koch, M. 2011 Commentary do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity .... E and Rodr guez, P. 2011 Commentary Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Back ... ref Tuomisto, H. 2011 Commentary do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Yes, if we ... and alpha diversity can be calculated directly from species inventory data. ref name Tuomisto2010a ... s original definitions of beta diversity is Here gamma diversity is the total species diversity of a landscape, and alpha diversity is the mean species diversity per habitat. Because the limits ... be quantified whenever the dataset is divided into subunits. Then gamma diversity is the total species diversity in the dataset and alpha diversity the mean species diversity per subunit. Beta diversity quantifies how many subunits there would be if the total species diversity of the dataset and the mean species diversity per subunit remained the same, but the subunits shared no species. ref name Tuomisto2010a ref name Tuomisto2010c Other meanings of beta diversity Absolute species turnover Some ... components. ref Lande, R. 1996 Statistics and partitioning of species diversity, and similarity among ... of species diversity recent revival of an old idea. Oikos, 99, 3 9. ref Then beta diversity becomes sub A sub This quantifies how much more species diversity the entire dataset contains than an average ... by alpha diversity, a measure is obtained that quantifies how many times the species composition ..., R. H. 1972 Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 21, 213 251. ref so it has ...   more details



  1. Ecosystem diversity

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image BlueMarble 2001 2002.jpg thumb right 300px alt Two views of the Earth from space. The Earth has many diverse ecosystems and ecosystem diversity. These are NASA composite images of the Earth 2001 left , 2002 right , titled The Blue Marble . seealso Ecosystem Biome Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystem s. The term differs from biodiversity , which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems. Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings. Examples Some examples of ecosystems that are rich in diversity are Refbegin 3 Deserts Forests Large marine ecosystem s Marine ecosystem s Old growth forest s Rainforest s Tundra Coral Reef s Refend See also Portal box Environment Ecology Earth sciences Sustainable development Refbegin 2 Bioregion Ecology Evolutionary biology Genetic diversity Nature Natural environment Species diversity Sustainable development Refend modelling ecosystems expanded other DEFAULTSORT Ecosystem Diversity Category Biodiversity Category Systems ecology Ecology stub es Diversidad ecol gica sl Ekosistemska diverziteta zh ...   more details



  1. Phylogenetic diversity

    Image Sphenodon punctatus in Waikanae, New Zealand.jpg thumb widthpx The two species of Tuatara are separated from all other species by over 200 million years Phylogenetic diversity is a measure of biodiversity which incorporates taxonomic difference between species. It is defined and calculated as the sum of the lengths of the all the branches that are members of the corresponding minimum spanning path , ref DP Faith. 1992. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biological Conservation 61 1 10 ref in which branch is a segment of a cladogram , and the minimum spanning path is the mimimum distance between the two nodes. This definition is distinct from earlier measures which attempted to incorporate phylogenetic diversity into conservation planning, such as the measure of taxic diversity introduced by Vane Wright, Humphries, and William. ref Vane Wright, R. I., Humphries, C. J. & Williams, P. H. 1991. 1991 . What to protect systematics and the agony of choice. Biological Conservation, 55, 235 54. ref The concept of phylogenetic diversity has been rapidly adopted in conservation planning, with programs such as the Zoological Society of London s EDGE of Existence programme focused on evolutionary distinct species. Similarly, the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF s Global 200 also includes unusual evolutionary phenomena in their criteria for selecting target ecoregion s. Some studies have indicated that alpha diversity is a good proxy for phylogenetic diversity, so suggesting that term has little use, ref Rodrigues, A. S. L. & Gaston, K. J. 2002. Maximising phylogenetic diversity in the selection of networks of conservation areas. Biol. Conserv. 105, 103 111 ref but a study in the Cape Floristic Region showed that using phylogenetic diversity led to selection of different conservation priorities than using species richness. It also demonstrated that PD led to greater preservation of feature diversity than species richness alone. ref Forest, F. et al. 2007. Preserving ...   more details



  1. Genetic diversity

    Science Foundation found that genetic diversity and biodiversity are dependent upon each other that diversity within a species is necessary to maintain diversity among species, and vice versa. According ..., the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single species. ref name enn http www.enn.com animals article 23391 Study Loss Of Genetic Diversity Threatens Species Diversity ... diversity lead to changes in the environment, leading to adaptation of the remaining species. Changes in genetic diversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biological diversity. ref name .... A species that has a large degree of genetic diversity among its population will have more variations from which to choose the most fit alleles. Increase in genetic diversity is also essential for a species ... ref Cheetah s are a threatened species . Extremely low genetic diversity and resulting poor sperm ...Genetic diversity , the level of biodiversity , refers to the total number of Genetics genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability , which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations ... Cite web title National Biological Information Infrastructure work Introduction to Genetic Diversity ... includes several hypotheses and theories regarding genetic diversity. The neutral theory of evolution proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral substitutions. Disruptive selection Diversifying selection is the hypothesis that two subpopulations of a species live in different ..., if a species has a large range relative to the mobility of individuals within it. Frequency dependent .... Importance of genetic diversity There are many different ways to measure genetic diversity. The modern causes for the loss of animal genetic diversity have also been studied and identified. ref ... 2003 title Socioeconomic causes of loss of animal genetic diversity analysis and assessment url journal ...   more details



  1. Diversity index

    . For example, species richness of a dataset is the number of different species in the corresponding species list. Richness is a simple measure, so it has been a popular diversity index in ecology ... of q gives the R nyi entropy corresponding to the same value of q . See also Species diversity Qualitative ... EEST 10 P429.pdf Nonparametric estimation of Shannon s index of diversity when there are unseen species ...A diversity index is a statistic that increases when the number of types into which a set of entities ... are represented by the same number of entities. When diversity indices are used in ecology , the entities of interest are usually individual plants or animals, and the types of interest are species ... the different letters of the alphabet. The most commonly used diversity indices are simple transformations of the effective number of types also known as true diversity , but each diversity index ... one for each diversity index . ref name Hill1973 Hill, M. O. 1973 Diversity and evenness ... Entropy and diversity. Oikos, 113, 363 375 ref ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography, 33, 2 22. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.05880.x ref ref name Tuomisto2010c Tuomisto, H. 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4 853 860. doi 10.1007 s00442 010 1812 0 ref True diversity The effective number of types True diversity, or the effective number of types, refers to the number of equally ... of interest where all types may not be equally abundant . The true diversity in a dataset ... q math The term inside the parentheses is called the basic sum. Some popular diversity indices correspond to the basic sum as calculated with different values of q . ref name Jost2006 Richness Species ... not take the abundances of the types into account, it is not the same thing as diversity, which does ...   more details



  1. Cultural diversity

    Cultural diversity is having different cultures respect each other s differences. fact date November ... promotion of multiple cultures whereas cultural diversity is a recognition of the diversity ... of morality , and in the ways they interact with their environment. Cultural diversity can be seen ... to be essential to the long term survival of life on earth, it can be argued that cultural diversity ... s may be as important to humankind as the conservation of species and ecosystem s is to life in general ... Declaration on Cultural Diversity that ...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind ... 127160m.pdf UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity , 2001 ref This position is rejected ... accounts of human nature , the importance of cultural diversity for survival may be an un testable ... world. In the same way it is unethical to promote poverty in underdeveloped nations as cultural diversity ... diversity. Particularly, there are some practices that are recognized by the WHO and UN as unethical ... social changes that some observers would consider detrimental to cultural diversity by seeking ... culture diversity. Their goal is to broaden their horizontal and develop themselves from learning overseas ... the culture diversity and those make our world more colorful. For students who go abroad for education ... between American students and Chinese students greatly enlarged. Quantification Cultural diversity ... through a period of precipitous decline in the world s cultural diversity. Research carried out ... on Cultural Diversity adopted by UNESCO in 2001 is regarded By whom date June 2011 as a legal instrument recognizing for the first time, cultural diversity as common heritage of humanity and considers ... and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions , adopted in October 2005, is also regarded ... themes cultural diversity 2005 convention the convention what is the convention UNESCO 2005 Convention ... for Cultural Diversity ref To date, 116 member states as well as the European Union have ratified ...   more details



  1. Nucleotide diversity

    Nucleotide diversity is a concept in molecular genetics which is used to measure the degree of polymorphism biology polymorphism within a population. ref cite journal title Mathematical Model for Studying Genetic Variation in Terms of Restriction Endonucleases journal PNAS date October 1, 1979 first last coauthors Masatoshi Nei and Wen Hsiung Li volume 76 issue 10 pages 5269 73 pmid 291943 pmc 413122 url doi 10.1073 pnas.76.10.5269 author Nei, M. ref One commonly used measure of nucleotide diversity was first introduced by Nei and Li in 1979. This measure is defined as the average number of nucleotide differences per site between any two DNA sequences chosen randomly from the sample population, and is denoted by . It is given by the formula math pi sum ij x i x j pi ij 2 sum i 1 n sum j 1 i 1 x i x j pi ij math where x sub i sub and x sub j sub are the respective frequencies of the i th ... the i th and j th sequences, and n is the number of sequences in the sample. Nucleotide diversity ... diversity, and is similar to http www.nbii.org portal server.pt?open 512&objID 403&&PageID 1118 ... diversity within or between ecological populations, to examine the genetic variation in crops and related species, ref cite journal title Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum Einkorn domestication ... evolutionary relationships. ref cite journal title Nucleotide diversity in gorillas journal Genetics ... cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15082556 author Yu, N. ref Nucleotide diversity can be calculated ... Amplified Polymorphic DNA RAPD data ref cite journal title Estimating nucleotide diversity from ... Length Polymorphism AFLP data. ref cite journal title A method for estimating nucleotide diversity ... of nucleotide diversity and a variety of other statistical tests for intra population and inter ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Nucleotide Diversity Category Molecular genetics genetics stub ar ...   more details



  1. Center of diversity

    A center of diversity is an area that has a high degree of genetic variation for a particular species or genus of plants that can also be the center of origin for that species. The two areas often, but not always, coincide the degree of coincidence remains the subject of debate. ref name aps cite web title Knowledge Test Questions and Answers for Discussion publisher The American Phytopathological Society url http www.apsnet.org education InstructorCommunication Restricted Advanced discussion population genetics.html accessdate 2008 12 18 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref ref name osu cite web title Centers of Diversity, Crop Adaptation publisher Oregon State University url http oregonstate.edu instruct css 330 two accessdate 2008 12 18 ref In both areas, organisms have had the opportunity over many generations to evolve resistance, via mutation , to their pathogen s. ref name aps The term was created by the Russian scientist Nikolai Vavilov and the U.S. scientist Jack Harlan . ref name ac cite book author George Acquaah title Principles of plant genetics and breeding year 2006 publisher Blackwell Publishing url http books.google.com books?id Xrwvjo2myTMC&pg PA19&dq 22center of diversity 22 vavilov concept&ei kSRISb6sDZCqkATO 9jwDw isbn 9781405136464 ref Vavilov published a study in 1926 Studies on the Origin of Cultivated Plants describing ten such centers 1 China for lettuce , rhubarb , soybean , and turnip 2 India for cucumber , rice , mango , and Asian cotton 2a Indochina for banana , coconut , and rice 3 Central Asia north India , Afghanistan , and Turkmenistan for almond , flax , and lentil 4 Near East for alfalfa , apple , cabbage , and rye 5 Coastal and adjacent areas of the Mediterranean Sea for celery , chickpea s, and durum wheat 6 Ethiopia for coffee ... modified the concept to include secondary centers of diversity. ref name osu References reflist See also Biodiversity hotspot Coevolution Domestication Crop diversity Category Ecological definitions ...   more details



  1. Functional diversity

    Functional diversity is a politically and socially correct term for special needs , disability , impairment and handicap , which began to be used in Argentina in scientific writing, at the initiative of those directly affected, in 2005. ref cite paper title Functional diversity, a new term in the struggle for dignity in the diversity of the human being author Javier Roma ach and Manuel Lobato work Independent Living Forum Spain &mdash May 2005 format PDF url http www.leeds.ac.uk disability studies archiveuk zavier Functional 20Diversity 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 fv 20Roma F1ach.pdf ref This term is intended to replace other ones with pejorative semantics. It proposes a shift towards non negative, non disparaging and non patronizing terms. The formal justification of the term can be found in the book El Modelo de la Diversidad by Agustina Palacios and Javier Roma ach, 2007, ISBN 978 84 964 7440. Examples of usage people with functional diversity instead of people with special needs physical functional diversity mobility functional diversity , person who uses a wheelchair , wheelchair user motor functional diversity dexterity functional diversity visual functional diversity , people who use screen readers as their primary means of accessing a computer people with a visual processing functional diversity auditory functional diversity mental functional diversity intellectual functional diversity cognitive functional diversity organic functional diversity circumstantial and or temporary functional diversity person with a functional diversity persons without functional diversity rather than normal or healthy people without functional diversity , typically developing children References reflist Further reading cite journal journal Disabil Rehabil. date 2007 Oct 30&ndash Nov 15 volume 29 issue 20&ndash 21 pages 1625&ndash 1633 title Constructive Functional Diversity a new paradigm beyond disability and impairment. author Patston P. pmid 17896220 doi 10.1080 09638280701618778 ...   more details



  1. Crop diversity

    and species sustainability . ref Jarvis, Devra I. and Camplain, Dindo M. Crop genetic diversity ...Crop diversity is the variance in genetics genetic and phenotype phenotypic characteristics of plants ..., it can often be found in a wild relative of the crop a plant that has similar species that have not been .... Bioversity International, Dec 5 2008 ref Diversity in a crop can also result from different growing ... fertile soil. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, diversity of a harvested plant can be the result .... The practical use of crop diversity goes back to early agricultural methods of crop rotation and fallow ... continually draw on the irreplaceable resource of genetic diversity to ensure productive harvests, as genetic ... plant species could face extinction . ref Associated Press. Threat seen to half of Earth s plant species. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Milwaukee, WI . November 1, 2002 ref Among the many threatened species are wild relatives of our crops species that could contribute invaluable traits to future ..., sorghum etc. are under threat as are 18 of legume species the wild relatives of beans, peas and lentils and 13 of species within the botanical family that includes potato, tomato, eggplant, and pepper ... genetic diversity in plant breeding can contribute significantly to protecting the environment ... of crop diversity for sustainable landscape development. Management of Environmental Quality. Vol ... lands to create more farmland for food production. Crop diversity and the economy Agriculture is the economic ... solutions is crop diversity the diversity that enables farmers and plant breeders to develop ... and better insulating poor farmers from risk. ref Smale, Melinda and King, Amanda. What is Diversity ... in fighting poverty is complex, but without the genetic diversity found within crops, it cannot fulfill its potential. Disease threats to crops with low genetic diversity One particular threat to mass producing plants for harvest is their susceptibility to diseases. Generally speaking, a species has ...   more details



  1. Transmit diversity

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Transmit diversity is radio communication using signals that originate from two or more independent sources that have been modulation modulated with identical information bearing signals and that may vary in their transmission characteristic s at any given instant. It can help overcome the effects of fading , outages, and Electronic circuit circuit failures. When using diversity transmission and reception, the amount of received signal improvement depends on the independence of the fading characteristics of the signal as well as circuit outages and failures. See also Antenna diversity Diversity gain Diversity scheme Dynamic Single Frequency Networks DSFN Macro diversity Multiple input multiple output communications MIMO Single frequency networks SFN Space time block coding based transmit diversity STTD Soft handover DEFAULTSORT Transmit Diversity Category Radio resource management Wireless stub ...   more details



  1. Diversity coding

    Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ...   more details



  1. Diversity gain

    In wireless communications, diversity gain is the increase in signal to interference ratio due to some diversity scheme , or how much the transmission power can be reduced when a diversity scheme is introduced, without a performance loss. Diversity gain is usually expressed in decibel , and sometimes as a power ratio. An example is soft handoff gain. For selection combining N signals are received, and the strongest signal is selected. When the N signals are independent and Rayleigh distributed, the expected diversity gain has been shown to be math sum k 1 N frac 1 k math , expressed as a power ratio. ref D.G. Brennan, Linear diversity combining techniques, Proc. IRE , vol.47, no.1, pp.1075 1102, June 1959 ref See also Array gain Diversity combining References references Category radio resource management Wireless stub ...   more details



  1. Biocultural diversity

    Biocultural diversity diversity of life in all its manifestations biology biological , culture cultural , and linguistics linguistic which are interrelated within a complex socio ecological adaptive system. ref http portal.unesco.org education en ev.php URL ID 18391&URL DO DO TOPIC&URL SECTION 201.html UNESCO web page on biocultural diversity ref See also Portal box Ecology Environment Sustainable Development Biocultural anthropology Biocultural evolution Conservation movement Cultural landscape Ecology Ecosystem Environmental protection Terralingua http www.terralingua.org bcdconservation Biocultural Diversity Conservation References Reflist External links http www.unesco.org mab doc iyb icbcd working doc.pdf UNESCO web page on biocultural diversity http www.terralingua.org Terralingua http www.terralingua.org bcdconservation Biocultural Diversity Conservation Category Biodiversity Category Anthropology environment stub anthropology stub ...   more details



  1. Diversity scheme

    configured for space diversity In telecommunications , a diversity scheme refers to a method for improving ... channels with different characteristics. Diversity plays an important role in combatting fading and co .... Diversity techniques may exploit the multipath propagation , resulting in a diversity gain , often measured in decibels . The following classes of diversity schemes can be identified Time diversity .... Frequency diversity The signal is transmitted using several frequency channels or spread over ... or DS CDMA . Space diversity The signal is transmitted over several different propagation paths. In the case ... of wireless transmission, it can be achieved by antenna diversity using multiple transmitter antennas transmit diversity and or multiple receiving antennas reception diversity . In the latter case, a diversity ... macrodiversity or site diversity . If the antennas are at a distance in the order of one ... diversity Multiple versions of a signal are transmitted and received via antennas with different polarization. A diversity combining technique is applied on the receiver side. Multiuser diversity Multiuser diversity is obtained by opportunistic user scheduling at either the transmitter or the receiver ... quality information to the transmitter with the limited level of resolution. Cooperative diversity Achieves antenna diversity gain by using the cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to each node. See also Space time coding STC Antenna diversity Macrodiversity Diversity combining Aperture synthesis Cooperative diversity Channel access method Fresnel zone Tropospheric scatter External links http www.radioblvd.com DiversityDD1.html Diversity reception Background information of the development of Diversity reception devices. http www.antenna theory.com arrays diversity.php Antenna Diversity Tutorial www.Antenna Theory.com K. T. Wong http www.eie.polyu.edu.hk enktwong & A. K. Y. Lai ... diversity 2 in mobile handsets technologies , see Christian Le Floc h, Regis Duval,Gerard ...   more details



  1. Diversity FM

    notability date March 2011 Radio station name Diversity FM frequency 103.5 MHz area City of Lancaster Lancaster format Community owner YMCA website http www.diversityfm.co.uk Diversity FM Diversity FM is a Community radio in the United Kingdom community radio station based in City of Lancaster Lancaster , north Lancashire , which covers the Lancaster and Morecambe district. It broadcasts a mixture of live and pre recorded shows and music playlisting 24 7 on 103.5FM and via the Internet . At the start of September Diversity FM launched a new website and started to play announcements on air that a change was happening on 3rd October 2011. External links http www.diversityfm.co.uk Official Website http www.diversityfm.co.uk listen Listen Live http www.facebook.com diversityfm Diversity FM on Facebook Categories coord missing Lancashire Category Community radio stations in the United Kingdom Category Radio stations in Lancashire ...   more details



  1. Diversity factor

    Multiple issues wikify December 2010 confusing December 2006 Expert subject Mathematics date November 2008 Diversity factor The probability that a particular piece of equipment will come on at the time of the facility s peak load. It is the ratio of the sum of the individual non coincident maximum demands of various subdivisions of the system to the maximum demand of the complete system. The diversity factor is always greater than 1. The unofficial term diversity , as distinguished from diversity factor refers to the percent of time available that a machine, piece of equipment, or facility has its maximum or nominal load or demand a 70 diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum load level 70 of the time that it is connected and turned on . Diversity factor is commonly used for a number of mathematics related topics. One such instance is when completing a coordination study for a system. This diversity factor is used to estimate the load of a particular node in the system. Diversity Factor Sum of Individual Max. Demand Max. Demand on Power Station References IEEE Standard 141 TM 1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants , Red Book. Handbook for Electricity Metering , Edison Electric Institute, Tenth Edition. simple word in diversity factor which means ratio sum of the individual max demand to total max demand of the power station. External links http www.davmark.co.uk group services electric diversity.html davmark.co.uk group services electric diversity.html http www.ise.ufl.edu capehart papers diversity.html ise.ufl.edu capehart papers diversity.html http www.nfpa.org assets files PDF necdigest CodeIssues072704.pdf nfpa.org assets files PDF necdigest CodeIssues072704.pdf please do not categorize this into a math category, just because it has a fraction it does not mean this is math. DEFAULTSORT Diversity Factor Category Electricity ...   more details



  1. Site diversity

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Site diversity is a technique to limit the effect of rain fade in satellite communications , mainly in the Ka band . The downlink transmissions of satellites cover very large areas, that will have different weather. The site diversity technique consists of linking two or more ground stations receiving the same signal this way, if the signal is heavily attenuated in one area, another ground stations can compensate it. These intense rain areas, for example supercell s, often have a horizontal length of no more than a few kilometres putting the ground stations at a sufficient distance the possibility of rain fade in the downlink signal will be reduced. The configuration works when the attenuation is not great at the two stations simultaneously. This is usually a valid assumption. Site diversity systems have been known to minimize disruption of service by major satellite carriers. See also Diversity scheme Diversity combining DEFAULTSORT Site Diversity Category Satellite television Comm stub zh ...   more details




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