Merge Human pharynx date July 2010 Infobox Anatomy Name Hypopharynx Latin pars laryngea pharyngis GraySubject 244 GrayPage 1142 Image Illu pharynx.jpg Caption Laryngopharynx labeled at bottom right. Image2 Gray994.png Caption2 Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. Laryngeal part of pharynx labeled at left, third from the bottom. Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve pharyngeal plexus Lymph MeshName Hypopharynx MeshNumber A04.623.490 DorlandsPre h 22 DorlandsSuf 12439493 This article deals with human anatomy for the non homologous structure in insects, see Insect mouthparts . In human anatomy, the hypopharynx or laryngopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx , and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus . The superior boundary of the hypopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone with the inferior border being the lower level of the cricoid cartilage. It can be divided into three sub sites piriform sinus postcricoid area posterior pharyngeal wall The vascular supply to the hypopharynx includes the Superior Thyroid Artery, the Lingual Artery and the Ascending Pharyngeal Artery. The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve provides a branch termed Arnolds Nerve which also supplies the external auditory canal, thus hypophayrngeal cancer can result in referred otalgia. This nerve is also responsible for the ear cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing. External links SUNYAnatomyLabs 31 st 14 01 eMedicineDictionary laryngopharynx Digestive tract System and organs digestive stub respiratory stub Category Digestive system Category Head and neck ar es Laringofaringe fr Hypopharynx sv Laryngopharynx ... more details
The cervical vertebra 6 C6 is a vertebra of the spinal column . The cervical spinal nerve 6 C6 passes out above it. The first cricoid ring is directly opposite C6. C6 is the vertebral level that the Esophagus oesophagus becomes continuous with the laryngopharynx and also where the larynx becomes continuous with the Vertebrate trachea trachea . It is also the level where the carotid pulse can be palpated against the transverse process of the C6 vertebrae. References reflist Bones of torso musculoskeletal stub Category Bones of the torso ... more details
, and laryngopharynx or larynx can be seen clearly in this Sagittal plane sagittal section ... volume 53 year 2004 pages 1029&ndash 35 doi 10.1099 jmm.0.45648 0 pmid 15358827 issue Pt 10 ref Laryngopharynx The laryngopharynx or hypopharynx Latin pars laryngea pharyngis is the caudal part of the pharynx ... esophagus pathways. At that point, the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly ... to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae, the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone . The laryngopharynx includes three major sites the piriform ... above it, the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Internal laryngeal nerve Latin ramus internus nervi laryngei superioris GraySubject 205 GrayPage 912 Image Gray793.png Caption Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. Internal branch of superior laryngeal labeled at center right. Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom superior laryngeal nerve BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12690381 The internal laryngeal nerve is the internal branch ramus internus of the superior laryngeal nerve . It descends to the thyrohyoid membrane , pierces it in company with the superior laryngeal artery , and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the larynx . Of these sensory branches some are distributed to the epiglottis , the base of the tongue , and the epiglottic glands others pass backward, in the aryepiglottic fold , to supply the mucous membrane surrounding the entrance of the larynx, and that lining the cavity of the larynx as low down as the vocal folds. A filament descends beneath the mucous membrane on the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage and joins the recurrent nerve . Above the vocal folds the sensory innervation of the larynx is via the internal laryngeal nerve. Below the vocal folds it is by way of branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve . The vocal fold itself receives dual innervation from both nerves. Pathology Irritation of the internal laryngeal nerve results in uncontrolled coughing usually as a result of food or water in the laryngopharynx . Additional images gallery Image Larynx external en.svg The ligaments of the larynx. Antero lateral view. gallery External links GPnotebook 563412934 NormanAnatomy cranialnerves NormanAnatomyFig X Cranial nerves Category Cranial nerves neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin recessus piriformis, sinus piriformis GraySubject 244 GrayPage 1142 Image illu07 larynx01.jpg Caption Piriform sinus, a part of hypopharynx Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 05 DorlandsSuf 12696766 On either side of the Larynx laryngeal orifice is a recess, termed the piriform sinus also piriform recess , pyriform sinus , or piriform fossa , which is bounded medially by the aryepiglottic fold , laterally by the thyroid cartilage and hyothyroid membrane . The fossae are involved in speech. The term piriform, which means pear shaped, is also sometimes spelled pyriform as in the diagram on this page. Deep to the mucous membrane of the piriform fossa lie the recurrent laryngeal nerve as well as the internal laryngeal nerve , a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve . ref Moore, K.L., & Agur, A.M.R 2007 . Essential Clinical Anatomy Third Edition. Baltimore Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781762748 ref The internal laryngeal nerve supplies sensation to the area, and it may become damaged if the mucous membrane is inadvertently punctured. The piriform sinus is a subsite of the hypopharynx . This distinction is important for head and neck cancer staging and treatment. ref AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook From the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Sixth Edition. Ed. Frederick L. Greene, M.D. page 48. ref Clinical significance It is a common place for food to become trapped if foreign material becomes lodged in the piriform fossa of an infant, it may be retrieved nonsurgically. If the area is injured eg., by a fish bone , it can give the sensation of food stuck in the throat. The persistency of the piriform sinus specially on the left side is a common cause of acute thyroiditis in children and adolescents. References Reflist External links SUNYAnatomyLabs 31 17 01 05 Pharynx The Laryngopharynx Gray s Anatomy stub Digestive tract Category Head and neck Category Human throat ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin pars nasalis pharyngis GraySubject 244 GrayPage 1141 Image Illu pharynx.jpg Caption Image2 Gray1029.png Caption2 Front of nasal part of pharynx, as seen with the laryngoscope. Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve maxillary nerve pharyngeal nerve Lymph MeshName Nasopharynx MeshNumber A04.623.557 DorlandsPre p 07 DorlandsSuf 12617279 The nasopharynx nasal part of the pharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx . It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate ref Clinical Head and Neck and Functional Neuroscience Course Notes, 2008 2009, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland ref it differs from the oropharynx oral and laryngopharynx laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent open . Anterior In front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities . Lateral On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube , somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane . Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening vertical fold of mucous membrane, the salpingopharyngeal fold , stretches from the lower part of the torus it contains the Salpingopharyngeus muscle . second and smaller fold, the salpingopalatine fold , stretches from the upper part of the torus to the palate it contains the levator veli palatini muscle. The tensor veli palatini is lateral to the levator and does not contribute the fold, since the origin is deep to the cartilaginous opening. Behind the ostium of the auditory tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess fossa of Rosenm ller . Posterior On the posterior wall is a prominence, best marked in childhood, produced by a mass of lymphoid tissue, which is known as the pharyngeal tonsil . Above the pharyngeal tonsil, in the middle line, an irregular ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve Latin plexus pharyngeus nervi vagi GraySubject 204 GrayPage 909 Image Gray1031.png Caption Muscles of the pharynx, viewed from behind, together with the associated vessels and nerves. Pharyngeal plexus visible but not labeled. Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 24 DorlandsSuf 12648279 The pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerve fibers innervating most of the palate , larynx , and pharynx . It is located on the surface of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle . ref GPnotebook 946208709 ref Sources Although the Terminologia Anatomica name of the plexus has vagus nerve in the title, other nerves make contributions to the plexus. It has the following sources ref name isbn0 7817 2166 0 cite book author Jerry L. Gadd James L., PhD. Oschman Hiatt, James L. Leslie P., PhD. Gartner Gartner, Leslie P. title Textbook of head and neck anatomy publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2001 isbn 0 7817 2166 0 oclc doi page 229 ref CN IX pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve sensory CN X pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve motor superior cervical ganglion sympathetic fibers vasomotor Because the cranial part of accessory nerve CN XI leaves the jugular foramen along with CN IX and X, it is sometimes considered part of the plexus as well. ref name isbn0 7817 2166 0 Innervation Sensory The pharyngeal plexus provides sensory innervation of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx from CN IX and CN X. The nasopharynx is innervated by Maxillary nerve CN V sub 2 sub Motor The pharyngeal plexus, with fibers from CN IX, CN X, and cranial part of CN XI, innervates all the muscles of the pharynx except stylopharyngeus , which is innervated directly by a branch of CN IX . This includes the following muscles palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus , musculus uvulae , the pharyngeal constrictor s, salpingopharyngeus plus others. Note that the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Upper respiratory tract Latin GraySubject PinkPage Image Illu conducting passages.svg Caption Conducting passages. Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The upper respiratory tract or upper airway primarily refers to the parts of the respiratory system lying outside of the thorax ref name AlcamoBergdahl2003 cite book author1 I. Edward Alcamo author2 John Bergdahl title Anatomy Coloring Workbook url http books.google.com books?id NiTLf7g1n04C&pg PA238 accessdate 26 April 2010 date 29 July 2003 publisher The Princeton Review isbn 9780375763427 pages 238 ref or above the sternal angle. Another definition commomly used in medicine is the airway above the glottis or vocal cords. Some specify that the glottis vocal cords is the defining line between the upper and lower respiratory tracts ref name PerkinSwift2007 cite book author1 Ronald M. Perkin author2 James D Swift author3 Dale A Newton title Pediatric hospital medicine textbook of inpatient management url http books.google.com books?id Q0qll7J2XKMC&pg PA473 accessdate 26 April 2010 date 1 September 2007 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9780781770323 pages 473 ref yet even others make the line at the cricoid cartilage . ref name WardWard2006 cite book author1 Jeremy P. T. Ward author2 Jane Ward author3 Charles M. Wiener title The respiratory system at a glance url http books.google.com books?id PQZT2OFZtVoC&pg PA11 accessdate 26 April 2010 year 2006 publisher Wiley Blackwell isbn 9781405134484 pages 11 ref Upper respiratory tract infections are amongst the most common infections in the world. Components Human nose Nose , nasal cavity , and paranasal sinus es Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Citation needed date December 2009 Larynx The larynx can be considered part of the upper respiratory tract, ref name Sircar2008 cite book author Sabyasachi Sircar title Principles of medical physiology url http books.google.com books?id zFl7y5xqHj4C&pg PA309 ... more details
Image HorseNose.jpg thumb The nostrils of a horse In biology , the respiratory system of the horse is the means by which a horse circulates air around its internal organs. Anatomy The respiratory system begins with the nares , commonly known as the nostrils , which can expand greatly during intense exercise. The nostrils have an outer ring made of cartilage the Greater alar cartilage alar cartilage , which serves to hold them open during inhalation . Additionally, a small pocket within them, called the nasal diverticulum, filters debris with the help of the hairs lining the inner nostril. The nasal cavity contains the nasolacrimal duct , which drains tears from the eyes and out the nose. The nasal passages contain two Turbinate conchae on either side, which help to increase the surface area to which the air is exposed. Additionally, the sinuses within the skull are able to drain through the nasal passage. The nasal passage join to the larynx via the pharynx . The pharynx is about 15 cm long in an adult, and includes the naspharynx, which protect the entrance to the auditory tubes, the oropharynx, which contains tonsillar tissue, and the laryngopharynx. Image Pferdesch del.jpg right thumb 350px 1 Concha nasalis dorsalis, 2 Concha nasalis media, 3 Concha nasalis ventralis, 4 Os ethmoidale, 5 Os pterygoideum, 6 Sinus frontalis, 7 Sinus sphenoidalis In parallel to the main nasal passages, the horse has a complex system of paranasal sinuses air filled spaces within the head which communicate with the respiratory tract, and serve to reduce the weight of the head. These consist of Frontal sinus es Occupy the dorsal top part of the skull, between the eyes. There are two, one on each side, divided by a bony septum. These communicates with the inside of the conchae , forming the concho frontal sinuses . Drainage into the nasal passages is via the caudal maxillary sinus. Maxillary sinus es Within the maxilla, above the Horse teeth tooth roots . Each is divided into two co ... more details
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