chembox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 400128939 Name Lactose Milk sugar ... ref name Ald Anonymous. Sigma Aldrich. Lactose Product. http www.sigmaaldrich.com catalog ProductDetail.do ... C ref name Ald Solubility 21.6 g 100 mL ref The solubility of lactose in water is 18.9049 ... Eug nia A. last3 Macedo title Solid liquid equilibrium of lactose in ethanol water url http path.web.ua.pt ... C ref name Ald Autoignition Lactose is a disaccharide sugar that is found most notably in milk and is formed from galactose and glucose . Lactose makes up around 2 8 of milk by weight , although ... sugars. It has a formula of C sub 12 sub H sub 22 sub O sub 11 sub . History Lactose was discovered ... . ref name Linko1981 citation year 1982 author Linko, P chapter Lactose and Lactitol pages 109 132 ... Science Publishers isbn 0 85334 997 5 ref Structure and reactions File Alpha lactose from xtal 3D balls.png thumb left The molecular structure of lactose, as determined by X ray crystallography . Lactose is a disaccharide derived from the condensation of galactose and glucose , which form a ... can only have the pyranose form hence lactose and lactose refer to anomer ic form of the glucopyranose ring alone. Lactose is hydrolysed to glucose and galactose, isomerised in alkaline solution ... industry. Whey is made of up 6.5 solids of which 4.8 is lactose that may be purified by crystallisation ... milk is curdled and strained, for example in the production of cheese. Lactose makes up about 2 8 of milk by weight. Lactose is purified from whey by adding ethanol. Since it is insoluble in ethanol, lactose precipitates in about 65 yield. ref Minard, R. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques A Microscale Approach. Pavia, Lampman, Kriz & Engel, Saunders. 1990. ref Catabolism Main Lactose intolerance Infant mammal s nurse on their mothers to drink milk, which is rich in lactose. The intestinal ... cleaves the lactose molecule into its two subunits, the simple sugar s glucose and galactose ... more details
Lactose synthase is an enzyme that generates lactose from glucose and UDP galactose . It is classified under EC number 2.4.1.22 . It consists of N acetyllactosamine synthase and alpha lactalbumin . Alpha lactalbumin, which is expressed in response to prolactin , increases the affinity of N acetyllactosamine synthase for its substrate, causing increased production of lactose during lactation. External links MeshName Lactose synthase Glycosyltransferases Fructose and galactose metabolism Category EC 2.4.1 biochem stub it Lattosio sintasi ja ... more details
Lactose permease has a structure that consists of two halves, each of which comprises six membrane spanning alpha helices. The two halves are well separated and are joined by a single stretch of polypeptide. The sugar lies in a pocket in the center of the protein and is accessible from a path that leads from the interior of the cell. The X ray crystal structure was solved in 2003 by J. Abramson. Function Lactose permease can be classified as a symporter , which uses the gradient of H towards the cell to transfer lactose along into the cell. Enzyme stub Category Transport proteins Category Transmembrane proteins ca Lactosa permeasa ... more details
Infobox disease Name Lactose Intolerance Image Lactose Haworth.svg Caption Lactose disaccharide of ... med eMedicineTopic 3429 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 ped 1270 MeshID D007787 Lactose intolerance , also ... metabolize lactose , a sugar found in milk. It is caused by a lack of lactase , the enzyme required to break down lactose in the digestive system, and results in symptoms including abdominal ... lactose intolerant after weaning , but some human populations have developed lactase persistence , in which ... coms2 summary 0286 27939567 ITM title Improved lactose digestion and intolerance among African ... s population loses the ability to completely digest a physiological dose of lactose after infancy work ... first5 R.B. last6 Silveira first6 T.R. title Correlation between lactose absorption and the C ... 2007 pmid 17934640 doi 10.1590 S0100 879X2007001100004 ref Terminology Lactose intolerance primarily ... lactose. Individuals may be lactose intolerant to varying degrees, depending on the severity of these symptoms. Lactose malabsorption refers to the physiological concomitant of lactase deficiency i.e. the body does not have sufficient lactase capacity to digest the amount of lactose ingested . ref ... pmid 11788828 doi 10.1038 ng826 ref It is the most common cause of lactose intolerance as a majority ... Lactose intolerance journal Am Fam Physician volume 65 issue 9 pages 1845 50 year 2002 pmid 12018807 ... Colic and lactose intolerance ref Congenital lactase deficiency is a very rare, autosomal ... Deficiency . Gastroenterology.2009. Vol.136 7 . P2295 2303. ref Lactose intolerance is not an Food ... will necessarily present symptoms when exposed to lactose. Most people with lactose intolerance can tolerate some amount of lactose in their diet and the severity of symptoms increases with the amount of lactose consumed. When they do occur, symptoms appear thirty minutes to two hours after consumption of lactose, and typically include abdominal bloating and cramps , flatulence , diarrhoea ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File A clear CLED agar plate after cultivation.jpg thumb A clear CLED agar plate after cultivation File Lactose non lactose fermenters on CLED agar.jpg thumb Colonies of lactose and non lactose fermenting bacteria on CLED agar CLED agar cystine lactose electrolyte wikt deficient deficient medium is a valuable non inhibitory growth medium used in the isolation and differentiation of urine urinary organisms. Being electrolyte deficient, it prevents the swarming of Proteus bacterium Proteus species. Cystine promotes the formation of cystine dependent dwarf colonies. Lactose fermenters produce yellow Colony biology colonies on CLED agar non lactose fermenters appear blue. It has a pH of approximately 7.3. CLED agar contains class wikitable Peptide Peptone 4g l Lab Lemco powder 3g l Tryptone 4g l Lactose 10g l L Cystine 128 mg l Bromothymol blue 20 mg l Agar No. 1 15g l Growth media DEFAULTSORT Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar Category Microbiological media ca Agar CLED de C.L.E.D. Agar es Agar CLED pt gar CLED ... more details
of lactose intolerance . As of 2011, Ritter Pharmaceuticals ceased sales of Lactagen and other ... , and abdominal pain abdominal cramping which are associated with the symptoms of lactose intolerance. ref Schaeffer, Juliann. Ice Cream for All? Lactagen and Lactose Intolerance. Todays Dietician Apr ... can relieve symptoms of lactose intolerance, but relief may not be permanent. ref name Post cite ... Ritter created a lactose intolerance treatment in 1997 as a project for the California State Science Fair . ref name Post A lactose intolerant individual himself, Ritter collaborated with doctors and researchers to create a product to help individuals better tolerate lactose . ref cite web last ... 2010 year 2008 ref Lactose intolerance main Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the naturally produced enzyme lactase in the stomach. Lactose intolerance is exemplified by the inability ... or diarrhea. ref Cite web last Bowen first R. date 28 December 2006 title Lactose Intolerance Lactase ... url http www.vivo.colostate.edu hbooks pathphys digestion smallgut lactose intol.html accessdate ... Landon, M.D., Lactagen showed a statistically significant reduction in lactose intolerance symptoms ..., California. Specifically, 79 of subjects on Lactagen reported a substantial reduction of lactose ... for Lactose Intolerance Clinical Study Proves Lactagen s Revolutionary 38 Day Program Allows Sufferers ... At the National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference on Lactose Intolerance ... data and may be useful for individuals with lactose intolerance, although additional research needs ... NIH Consensus Development Conference Lactose Intolerance and Health url http consensus.nih.gov 2010 images lactoselactose finalstatement.pdf accessdate 24 February 2010 ref A study published ... to regular lactose ingestion and the related adaption reduces lactose intolerance symptoms. ref Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance, American ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In biochemistry , a product is something manufactured by an enzyme from its enzyme substrate substrate . For example, the products of lactase are galactose and glucose , which are produced from the substrate lactose . Image lactose hydrolysis.svg thumb left 500px Reaction using lactase clear left See also Enzyme substrate DEFAULTSORT Product Biology Category Cell biology Cell biology stub large th ... more details
Notability Products date March 2011 Lactofree is a brand of lactose free ref http www.food.gov.uk multimedia pdfs publication understandfoodlabellingterms.pdf Food Standards Agency ref dairy products aimed at individuals with lactose intolerance . The brand was launched by Arla Foods UK in 2006 and is available in the UK . ref http www.just food.com news arla launches lactose free dairy drink id87826.aspx Just Food, January 27, 2006 ref In September 2010, Lactofree began licensing its lactose removing patent to other producers. ref http www.foodmanufacture.co.uk Manufacturing Arla offers licence for lactose free dairy expertise Food Manufacture, Sep 1 2010 ref Up to September 2010, Lactofree had seen a 37 growth year on year. ref http www.foodmanufacture.co.uk Business News Lactofree sales up 37 as Arla posts profit surge Food Manufacture, September 1, 2010 ref References Reflist External links http www.lactofree.co.uk Lactofree Category Food brands of the United Kingdom Category Companies based in Leeds ... more details
galactoside permease is a cell membrane membrane bound Membrane transport protein transport protein that active transport pumps lactose into the cell biology cell . See also lac operon permease galactoside External links MeshName Permease, beta galactoside Category Transport proteins enzyme stub ... more details
N acetyllactosamine synthase is a galactosyltransferase enzyme. It is a component of lactose synthase . It is classified under EC number 2.4.1.90 . See also N Acetylglucosamine External links MeshName N acetyllactosamine synthase Glycosyltransferases Category EC 2.4.1 biochem stub it N acetillattosammina sintasi sr N acetillaktozamin sintaza ... more details
self CC by sa 3.0 GFDL Information Description The Album Cover to Milkman s debut album Lactose and THC Source self made Date January 22nd, 2008 Author Milkman Music other versions Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot Orphan image ... more details
Lactosylceramide is a type of ceramide incorporating lactose . ref MeshName Lactosylceramides ref An example is CDw17 antigen . See also Lactosylceramide 1,3 N acetyl beta D glucosaminyltransferase Lactosylceramide alpha 2,3 sialyltransferase GAL3ST1 ST3GAL5 References Reflist Category Lipids biochem stub Sphingolipids ... more details
unreferenced date June 2011 A diauxic growth curve refers to the growth curve generated by an organism which has two growth peaks. The theory behind the diauxic growth curve stems from Jacques Monod Jacques Monod s Ph.D. research in 1940. A simple example involves the bacterium Escherichia coli E. coli , the best understood bacterium. The bacterium is grown on a growth media containing two types of sugars , one of which is easier to metabolism metabolize than the other for example glucose and lactose . First, the bacterium will metabolize all the glucose, and grow at a higher speed. Eventually, when all the glucose has been consumed, the bacterium will begin the process of expressing the gene genes to metabolize the lactose. This will only occur when all glucose in the media has been consumed. For these reasons, diauxic growth occurs in multiple phases. The first phase is the fast growth phase , since the bacterium is consuming in the case of the above example exclusively glucose, and is capable of rapid growth. The second phase is a lag phase while the genes used in lactose metabolism are expressed and observable cell growth stops. This is followed by another growth phase which is slower than the first because of the use of lactose as the primary energy source. The final stage is the saturation phase . Category Cell biology ... more details
Sorbitol MacConkey agar is a variant of traditional MacConkey agar used in the detection of E. coli O157 H7 E. coli O157 H7. ref name pmid10655343 cite journal author Novicki TJ, Daly JA, Mottice SL, Carroll KC title Comparison of sorbitol MacConkey agar and a two step method which utilizes enzyme linked immunosorbent assay toxin testing and a chromogenic agar to detect and isolate enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli journal J. Clin. Microbiol. volume 38 issue 2 pages 547 51 year 2000 month February pmid 10655343 pmc 86145 doi url http jcm.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 10655343 ref Traditionally, MacConkey agar has been used to distinguish those bacteria that ferment lactose from those that do not. This is important because gut bacteria, such as Escherichia coli , can typically ferment lactose, while important gut pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica and most shigellas are unable to ferment lactose. Shigella sonnei can ferment lactose, but only after prolonged incubation, so it is referred to as a late lactose fermenter . During fermentation of the sugar, acid is formed and the pH of the medium drops, changing the color of the pH indicator. Different formulations use different indicators neutral red is often used. For example, lactose fermenters turn a deep red when this pH indicator is used. Those bacteria unable to ferment lactose, often referred to as nonlactose fermenters , or NLFs for short, use the peptone in the medium. This releases ammonia, which raises the pH of the medium. Although some authors refer to NLFs as being colourless, in reality they turn neutral red a buffish color. E. coli O157 H7 E. coli O157 H7 differs from most other strains of E. coli in being unable to ferment sorbitol . In sorbitol MacConkey agar, lactose is replaced by sorbitol. Most strains of E. coli ferment sorbitol to produce acid E. coli O157 H7 can not ferment sorbitol, so this strain uses peptone to grow. This raises the pH of the medium, allowing the O157 H7 strain to ... more details
Image MacConkey agar with LF and LF colonies.jpg thumb right Macconkey agar with lactose left and non lactose right fermenters Image Proteus McConkey.jpg thumb right A MacConkey agar plate with an active bacterial culture. Image Lactose3.png thumb Lactose Alfred Theodore MacConkey MacConkey agar is a Microbiological culture culture Selective medium medium designed to grow Gram negative bacteria and Staining stain them for lactose industrial fermentation fermentation . ref name url cite web url http medic.med.uth.tmc.edu path macconk.htm title tmc.edu work accessdate ref Contents It contains bile salts to inhibit most Gram positive bacteria, except Enterococcus and some species of Staphylococcus i.e. Staphylococcus aureus , crystal violet dye which also inhibits certain Gram positive bacteria , neutral red dye which stains microbes fermenting lactose , lactose and peptone . Composition ref http www.microbelibrary.org index.php component resource laboratory test 2855 macconkey agar plates protocols ref Peptone 17 g Proteose peptone 3 g Lactose 10 g Bile salts 1.5 g Sodium chloride 5 g Neutral red 0.03 g Agar 13.5 g Water add to make 1 litre adjust pH to 7.1 0.2 There are many variations of MacConkey agar depending on the need. If the spreading or swarming of Proteus species is NOT required ... negative bacteria that can ferment the sugar lactose Lac from those that cannot Lac . This medium is also ... swarming by Proteus species. Lac By utilizing the lactose available in the medium, Lac bacteria ... to become hazy. ref cite journal author MacConkey AT year 1905 title Lactose Fermenting Bacteria .... journal J Hyg Lond volume 8 pages 322 34 pmid 20474363 issue 3 ref Lac Non Lactose fermenting ... cannot utilize lactose, and will use peptone instead, with the exception of Shigella sonnei , which is a late lactose fermentor. ref http microbewiki.kenyon.edu index.php Shigella sonnei ref This forms ... colonies and arranged randomly. Slow Some organisms ferment lactose slowly or weakly, and are sometimes ... more details
Image Lac operon.png thumb 400px Lac operon. Catabolite Activator Protein is labeled cAMP activator protein. Catabolite Activator Protein or CAP is a transcriptional activator that exists as a homodimer in solution, with each subunit comprising a Ligand biochemistry ligand binding domain at the N terminus CAP sup N sup , residues 1 138 , which is also responsible for the dimerization of the protein, and a DNA binding domain at the C terminus DBD, residues 139 209 . Two cAMP cyclic AMP molecules bind dimeric CAP with negative cooperativity and function as allosteric effectors by increasing the protein s Affinity pharmacology affinity for DNA . Cytosol ic cAMP levels rise when the amount of glucose transported into the cell is low, but lactose is readily available. CAP has a characteristic helix turn helix structure which allows it to bind to successive major groove s on DNA. The two helices are reinforcing each causing a 43 turn in the structure so overall causing a 94 degree turn in the DNA. ref cite pmid 1653449 ref This opens the DNA molecule up, allowing RNA polymerase to bind and Transcription genetics transcribe the genes involved in lactose catabolism . CAP thus enhances the expression of the lac operon when lactose is present but not glucose. This requirement reflects the greater simplicity with which glucose may be metabolized in comparison to lactose. The cell prefers glucose, and if it is available, the lac operon is not activated, even when lactose is present. This is an effective way of integrating the two different signals. CAP is responsible for catabolite repression , a well known example of a modulon . External links MeshName Catabolite Activator Protein References Reflist Transcription factors g0 Category DNA Cell biology stub ... more details
and texture to traditional dairy ice cream . ref Doris E. Pitz. Lactose Free Synthetic Ice Cream ... lactose. Soy beverages are developed by extracting the liquid from ground up soybeans . It comes ... more details
Hektoen enteric agar HEK or HE or HEA is a selective and differential agar ref name pmid4584576 cite journal author Goo VY, Ching GQ, Gooch JM title Comparison of brilliant green agar and Hektoen enteric agar media in the isolation of salmonellae from food products journal Appl Microbiol volume 26 issue 3 pages 288 92 year 1973 month September pmid 4584576 pmc 379776 doi url ref primarily used to recover Salmonella and Shigella from patient specimens. HE contains indicators of lactose fermentation and H sub 2 sub S production as well as inhibitors to prevent the growth of gram positive bacteria . The pattern of lactose fermentation and H sub 2 sub S production aids in the identification of the organism subbed to the plate. Specifically, Salmonella produces black colonies, whereas Shigella produces translucent green colonies. The color of the agar itself is green. Sugars in media usually include lactose, sucrose, and salicin. See also Microbiology Agar plate References reflist External links http www.mpbio.com product info.php?products id 10047 More details of HEK Growth media Category Microbiological media ar id Hektoen Enteric Agar th Hektoen enteric agar ... more details
unphosphorylated form. This leads to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and lactose permease , therefore Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP levels are low and lactose can not be transported inside the bacteria ... lactose has to be used by bacteria. Absence of glucose will turn off catabolite repression. Furthermore ... on the lac operon . However, this is not enough for the lactose genes to be transcribed. Lactose must be present inside the cell to remove the lactose repressor from the operator sequence transcriptional ... is absent and lactose is available. Next, bacteria start to transcribe lactose gene and produce galactosidase enzymes for lactose metabolism. The example above is a simplification of a complex process ... more genes rather than just lactose gene transcription. ref Cite journal doi 10.1016 j.mib.2008.02.007 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Lauryl tryptose broth LSB is a selective growth medium for coliform s. The American Public Health Association APHA recommends that lauryl tryptose broth should be used for the Mean Probable Number Presumptive Test of coliforms in waters, effluent or sewage as a confirmatory test of lactose industrial fermentation fermentation with gas production for milk samples.Sodium lauryl sulfate inhibits organism other than coliforms. Formula in grams litre g l Tryptose 20.0, Lactose 5.0, Sodium chloride 5.0, Dipotassium phosphate 2.75, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2.75, Sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.1 pH 6.8 0.2 External links http www.apha.org American Public Health Association website Category Microbiological media Microbiology stub ... more details
Image Soymilk flickr user juanstermonster.jpg thumb 250px So Good Original soy milk in the 1.89l carton. So Good also known as SoGood or So Good is a brand of fortified soymilk soy beverages that is lactose, cholesterol and preservative free. So Good is manufactured by Sanitarium Health Food Company Sanitarium in Australia and New Zealand. In Canada it is prepared by Earth s Own. So Good sold in the United Kingdom is manufactured by So Good International Ltd. See also Lactose intolerance Milk allergy Soy allergy Soy yogurt Veganism Vegetarian cuisine External links http www.sogood.sanitarium.com.au Australian So Good Site http www.sogoodbeverage.com Canadian So Good Site http www.sogood.co.uk United Kingdom So Good Site Milk substitutes Soy state collapsed Category Soy products Category Milk substitutes nonalcoholic drink stub ... more details
orphan date November 2011 Turophobia is the fear of cheese . Sufferers may fear a specific type of cheese or fear cheese all together. Causes Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerant people are more likely to be afraid of cheese. A negative childhood experience is typically the reason for phobias such as this. The person may have suffered a sickness after consuming cheese and therefore associate being sick with eating cheese . They may not like the taste, texture, smell or look of cheese and this dislike develops into a phobia . Fear Sufferers may be afraid of consequences of eating cheese, such as constipation from too much cheese, or the process in which cheese is made. Treatment As with most irrational fear this phobia may be treated with therapy, medication, support groups and or self help techniques such as relaxation techniques. References http www.aeriagames.com forums en viewtopic.php?t 540076 http www.rateitall.com i 917632 turophobia fear of cheese.aspx http www.saratogafalcon.org content senior suffers turophobia fear cheese Category Phobias Category Cheese ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2008 A galactoside is a glycoside containing galactose . The H of the OH group on carbon 1 of galactose is replaced by an organic moiety. Depending on whether the glycosidic bond lies above or below the plane of the galactose molecule, galactosides are classified as galactosides or galactosides. Types Beta galactoside galactoside Lactose . Glycosides Category Galactosides biochem stub el fr Galactoside pl Galaktozydy ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A galactoside is a type of galactoside in which the glycosidic bond lies above the plane of the galactose residue. The most commonly recognized and used galactoside in biochemistry is Lactose . However, other chemicals, such as ONPG , are known, but these are typically synthesized for biochemical assays. An enzyme that breaks the galactoside bond is called a galactosidase . Glycosides DEFAULTSORT Beta Galactoside Category Galactosides Biochem stub fr B ta galactoside ... more details
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