thumb A Knight machine preserved in MIT s museum. Lisp machines were general purpose computers ... Interlisp InterLisp D workstations . The operating systems were written in LispMachineLisp , InterLisp ... Dan lispmachine.jpg frame The original Lispmachine built by Greenblatt and Knight deletable image ... of Technology MIT s AI Lab, started what would become the MIT LispMachine Project when they first ... machine named after the list construction operator code cons code in Lisp . Often it was affectionately .... Commercialization of the MIT LispMachine technology Commented out because image was deleted Image ... with a group of West coast programmers, came to Greenblatt, seeking a Lispmachine for his group ... to start his own rival Lispmachine company, but he had done nothing. The consultant, Alexander ... one F. Stephen Wyle . The newfound company was named LISPMachine, Inc. LMI , and was funded by CDC ... . They ran large Lisp programs very efficiently. The Symbolics machine was actually competitive ... and animation. The MIT derived Lisp machines ran a Lisp dialect called LispMachineLisp , descended ..., BBN, and Xerox Bolt, Beranek and Newman BBN developed its own LispMachine, called Jericho, ref cite ... Lisp Machines has also been ported to a virtual machine and is available for several platforms as a product called Medley . The Xerox LispMachine was well known for its advanced development environment ... based LispMachine using the Xerox Common Lisp Processor and planned to bring it to market by 1987 ..., VLSI LispMachine Implementations Are Coming journal AI Magazine volume 8 issue 1 url http www.aaai.org ... 94 93 title The AAAI 86 Conference Exhibits New Directions for Commercial AI, A New LispMachine Vendor ... , attempted to repurpose Norsk Data s ND 500 supermini as a microcoded LispMachine, running CADR ... manufacturers to enter the LispMachine market the Fujitsu Facom alpha ref cite web url http museum.ipsj.or.jp ... Computer Museum, NEC LIME LispMachine publisher Museum.ipsj.or.jp accessdate 12 November 2011 ref ... more details
primary sources date July 2009 mergeto LispMachine date October 2011 LispMachineLisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language , a direct descendant of Maclisp , and was initially developed in the mid to late 1970s as the systems programming language for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Lispmachine s. LispMachineLisp was also the Lisp dialect with the most influence on the design of Common Lisp . LispMachineLisp itself branched into 3 dialects. Symbolics named their variant ZetaLisp. Lisp Machines, Inc. and later Texas Instruments with the TI Explorer would share a common code base, but their dialect of LispMachineLisp would differ from the version maintained at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT AI Lab by Richard Stallman and others. The LispMachine Manual also known as the Chinual describes the LispMachineLisp language in detail. Some LispMachineLisp features it supports Object oriented programming object oriented programming with Flavors programming language Flavors it has dynamic binding, but supports closures with a special construct integer numbers were read and printed in base 8 by default External links http common lisp.net project bknr static lmman frontpage.html LispMachine Manual, 6th Edition, January 1984, Hypertext Version http www.bitsavers.org pdf mit cadr chinual 3rdEd Mar81.pdf LispMachine Manual, 3rd Edition, March 1981 Category Lisp programming language family Category 1970s software compu lang stub fr LispMachineLisp ... more details
implementations dialects influenced by Lisp programming language Lisp influenced operating system Connection Machine license website file ext The Lisp aka StarLisp programming language was conceived ... allel I nstruction S et . It became evident that a better way to program the machine was needed and needed quickly. Waiting for the completion of CM Lisp , or Connection MachineLisp an implementation of the very high level programming language Lisp programming language Lisp with parallel programming extensions was not an option. CM Lisp had been proposed by W. Daniel Hillis Danny Hillis , and development was expected to continue for several more years. Development A Lisp Interpreter computing interpreter was initially developed. It quickly became apparent that a Lisp compiler , translating Lisp into Lisp programming language Lisp and PARIS, would be needed to attain the gigaflop speeds that were theoretically attainable by a Connection Machine . The Lisp compiler was written by Jeff Mincy ... power of Common Lisp behind it. To use a Connection Machine, one needed a host or front end . To use ...Unreferenced date February 2008 Infobox programming language name Lisp StarLisp logo paradigm parallel ... of providing an efficient yet high level language for programming the nascent Connection Machine . History Prelude At the time the Connection Machine was being designed and built, the only language ..., 1988 A Lisp Simulator, an emulator meant to run Lisp code on standard, non parallel machines, was developed ... index.html ref and was ported to American National Standards Institute ANSI Common Lisp in 2001. An older version written in the original Common Lisp , exists in the Carnegie Mellon University AI Archives. ref http www 2.cs.cmu.edu afs cs project ai repository ai lang lisp impl starlisp 0.html ref Later versions of Lisp, involving significant upgrades to its functionality and performance, were worked on by Cliff Lasser, Jeff Mincy and J. P. Massar through 1989. Lisp was implemented on the Thinking ... more details
On Lisp Advanced Techniques for Common Lisp is a book by Paul Graham computer programmer Paul Graham on Macro computer science macro programming in Common Lisp . It is currently out of print ref http www.cliki.net On 20Lisp ref , but can be freely downloaded as a pdf. References reflist See also Anaphoric macro External links http www.paulgraham.com onlisp.html On Lisp home page Free versions of On Lisp http lib.store.yahoo.net lib paulgraham onlisp.pdf On Lisp in pdf format http www.bookshelf.jp texi onlisp onlisp.html On Lisp in multiple HTML files http unintelligible.org onlisp onlisp.html On Lisp in a single HTML file Common Lisp Category Common Lisp publications compu book stub ... more details
language Lisp programming language the Internet protocol Locator Identifier Separation Protocol Infobox disease Name Lisp ICD10 ICD10 F 80 8 f 80 ICD9 ICD9 307.9 A lisp is a speech impediment , historically ..., people with a lisp are unable to pronounce sibilant s like the sound IPAblink s , and replace them ... kinds of lisp. The result is that the speech is unclear. Interdental lisping is produced when the tip ... of the tongue just touches the front teeth. The lateral lisp, where the IPA s and IPA z sounds are produced with air escaping over the sides of the tongue, is also called slushy ess or a slushy lisp ... mayor of New York City New York , Rudolph Giuliani , has this type of lisp. ref cite web url http www.newyorker.com ... lisp, where the speaker attempts to make the sounds with the tongue in contact with the palate. ref name Bowen Cause of lisps The cause of a lisp can vary. In some instances, the cause is physiological , and the patient has some sort of deformity or medical condition which causes a lisp. For example, a child with swollen adenoids may tend to lisp, as will people who have recurring stuffy noses. Also, a lisp can be formed when the tongue is bruised or swollen. People with underbites and or large tongues or tongue piercings may also lisp. Treating lisps Treating lisps in children ... or involves a group, and the type of lisp that is being treated. One popular method of correcting articulation or lisp disorders is to isolate sounds and work on correcting the sound in isolation. The basic ... of the word initial, medial, or final . Take for example, correction of an S sound lisp . Most .... Another popular method for treating a lisp is using specially designed devices that go in the mouth .... This tactile feedback has been shown to correct lisp errors twice as fast as traditional therapy ... produced correctly? Do I need to correct? . A student with an articulation or lisp disorder has a deficiency ... how to monitor his or her own speech, and how to correct as necessary. See also Gay lisp ... more details
Object Lisp was a computer programming language , a dialect of the Lisp programming language Lisp language. It was an object oriented programming object oriented extension for the Lisp dialect LispMachineLisp , designed by Lisp Machines , Inc. Object Lisp was also an early example of prototype based programming . It was seen as a competitor to other object oriented extensions to Lisp at around the same time such as Flavors programming language Flavors , in use by Symbolics , Common Objects developed by Hewlett Packard , and CommonLoops , in use by Xerox . Object Lisp was also used in early versions of Macintosh Common Lisp . There, the user interface toolkit was written using Object Lisp. References http groups.google.com groups?selm 13400015 40ccvaxa 14 December 1985 net.lang.lisp USENET post about the Common Lisp meeting in Boston, 9 11 December 1985, which discusses Object Lisp http lispm.dyndns.org documentation ObjectLisp Manual.pdf ObjectLISP User Manual , G. Drescher, LMI 1985 FOLDOC Category Object oriented programming languages Category Lisp programming language family prog lang stub ... more details
. Attempted remedies included ports of Maclisp to Multics or LispmachineLisp Machines , but even ...In computer programming , Franz Lisp was a Lisp programming language Lisp system written at UC Berkeley ... on the popularity of the BSD package, Franz Lisp was probably the most widely distributed and used Lisp system of the 1970s and 1980s. ref It evolved into one of the most commonly available Lisp dialects on Unix machines. pg 60 294 of Gabriel 1985 ref It was written specifically to be a host ..., the first of many systems with pun names at UCB . Franz Lisp was available free of charge to educational ... . History At the time of Franz Lisp s creation, the Macsyma computer algebra system ran principally ... available. Franz Lisp was the first example of a framework where large Lisp programming language Lisp programs could be run outside the LispmachineLispMachine environment at the time, Macsyma was considered a very large program. After being ported to Franz Lisp, Macsyma was distributed to about ... that ran on Franz Lisp was called Vaxima. When Symbolics Symbolics Inc. bought the commercial rights to Macsyma from MIT to sell along with its Lisp Machines, it eventually was compelled to sell ... for the use of Franz Lisp. Other Lisp implementations for the VAX were MIT s NIL programming language NIL never completely functional , University of Utah s Portable Standard Lisp , DEC s VAX Lisp, Xerox s Interlisp VAX and Le Lisp . In 1982 the port of Franz Lisp to the Motorola 68000 processor ... a variant of BSD Berkeley UNIX called SunOS . In 1986, at Purdue University , Franz Lisp was ported ... . The major contributors to Franz Lisp at University of California, Berkeley UC Berkeley were John K. Foderaro, Keith Sklower and Kevin Layer. A company was formed to provide support for Franz Lisp ... Inc., development and research on Franz Lisp terminated. The first product of Franz Inc. was Franz Lisp running on various Motorola 68000 based workstations. However, almost immediately Franz Inc. began ... more details
PC LISP is an implementation of the Franz Lisp dialect for DOS by Peter Ashwood Smith. Version 2.11 was released on May 15, 1986. It can still be found on old abandonware and shareware download sites. Ashwood Smith says of his interpreter PC LISP is a small implementation of LISP for ANY MS DOS machine. While small, it is capable of running a pretty good subset of Franz LISP. ref from the distribution s readme file ref Note that the Franz LISP dialect was the immediate, portable successor to the ITS version of Maclisp and is perhaps the closest thing to the LISP in the Steven Levy book Hackers Heroes of the Computer Revolution Hackers as is practical to operate. PC LISP runs well in DOS emulators and on modern Windows versions. Because PC LISP implements Franz LISP, it is a dynamically scoped predecessor to modern Common Lisp . This is therefore an historically important implementation. Example Image Pclisp.jpg thumb PC LISP 2.11 1986 session. The session is running the following code which demonstrates dynamic scoping in Franz LISP. Note that PC LISP does not implement the code let code special form that Emacs Lisp provides for local variables. Instead, all variables are what an ALGOL based language would call global . The first dialect of Lisp to incorporate ALGOL scoping rules called lexical scoping was Scheme programming language Scheme although the Common Lisp language also added this feature. pre Demonstration of dynamic scoping This is a global variable setq myglobal this is my global variable Another global variable setq yourglobal this is my global variable a function which prints the symbols defun dosomething mine yours princ Mine is princ mine princ n princ Yours is princ yours princ n override the symbols defun nolocals setq mine I have set mine to a new value setq yours I have set mine to a new value dosomething mine yours defun main define two symbols setq ... which includes PCLISP.ZIP 62745 02 23 86 a near franz lisp with documentation Category Lisp programming ... more details
Infobox software name Acornsoft LISP logo File Acornsoft LISP logo Acorn Electron cartridge .png 125px screenshot File Acornsoft LISP screenshot BBC Micro .png 250px caption Screenshot BBC Model B, cassette ... elecgame list cassette.htm title LISP, Cassette Acornsoft Back and Inner Inlay publisher Acornsoft accessdate 2001 10 03 quote 1984 LISP Cassette , Acornsoft, 12.95 ref developer Acornsoft released ... accessdate 2010 10 03 quote LISP Disk Version Acornsoft 1982 ref , 1984 Acorn Electron ref name ELEC CASS INLAY frequently updated programming language MOS Technology 6502 6502 machine language , Lisp programming language Lisp platform BBC Micro , Acorn Electron language English language English , German ... german lc lisp.jpg title LISP German cover, Acorn Electron version quote Eine programmiersprache von Acornsoft language German publisher Acornsoft accessdate 2010 10 03 ref genre Lisp programming language Lisp interpreter license Proprietary software Proprietary website status Discontinued Acornsoft LISP marketed simply as LISP ref name Master Manual p12 cite web url http microcomputer.org.uk documents ... LISP an artificial intelligence problem solving language ref is a dialect and commercial implementation of the Lisp programming language Lisp programming language, released in the early 1980s for the 8 bit BBC Micro and Acorn Electron computers. Description image Acornsoft LISP loading screen BBC Micro .png thumb left example.png Loading screen BBC Model B Acornsoft LISP was released on cassette ... rom Acorn lang LISP doc SBL14.zip title LISP ROM fitting instructions publisher Acornsoft quote Your LISP ROM may be placed in any spare sideways ROM socket. date 1983 accessdate 2010 10 03 ref ... with large scale LISP implementations, Acornsoft s variant only has a modest number of built ... EU24 The interpreter is implemented in MOS Technology 6502 6502 machine code and is 5.5K in size. The supplied LISP workspace image containing commonly used built in functions and constants is 3K in size ... more details
Lisp may refer to Lisp , a type of speech impediment. Lisp programming language , a family of computer programming languages. Locator Identifier Separation Protocol , a map and encapsulate Internet protocol. Lisp Machines Lisp Machines, Inc. , a company that built Lisp Machines out of MIT. disambig ... more details
More footnotes date May 2011 Infobox programming language name Common Lisp family Lisp programming language Lisp paradigm Multi paradigm programming language Multi paradigm procedural programming procedural ... 1984, 1994 for ANSI Common Lisp designer developer ANSI X3J13 committee standard reference Common Lisp ... Common Lisp Allegro CL , Armed Bear Common Lisp ABCL , CLISP , Clozure CL , CMUCL , Corman Common Lisp , Embeddable Common Lisp ECL , GNU Common Lisp GCL , LispWorks , Movitz , Scieneer Common Lisp Scieneer CL , SBCL , Genera operating system Symbolics Common Lisp dialects CLtL1, CLtL2, ANSI Common Lisp influenced by Lisp programming language Lisp , LispMachineLisp , MacLisp , Scheme programming language Scheme , InterLisp influenced Clojure , Dylan programming language Dylan , Emacs Lisp , EuLisp ... Cross platform license website URL http common lisp.net Common Lisp , commonly abbreviated CL , is a dialect of the Lisp programming language Lisp programming language , published in American National ... website ref From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has been derived ref http www.lispworks.com documentation HyperSpec Front Help.htm Authorship Authorship of the Common Lisp HyperSpec ref for use with web browsers. Common Lisp was developed to standardize the divergent variants of Lisp though mainly the MacLisp variants which predated it, thus it is not an implementation but rather a language specification . Several Implementations implementations of the Common Lisp standard are available, including free and open source software and proprietary products. Common Lisp is a general ... basis which type safety level is wanted, using optimize declarations. Common Lisp includes Common Lisp ... through standard features such as Lisp Macro computer science macros compile time code rearrangement ... meaning to characters reserved for users for this purpose . Though Common Lisp is not as popular as some non Lisp languages, many of its features have made their way into other, more widely used programming ... more details
BBN LISP was a dialect of the Lisp programming language by BBN Technologies Bolt, Beranek and Newman Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts . It was based on L. Peter Deutsch s implementation of Lisp for the PDP 1 called Basic PDP 1 LISP , which was developed from 1960 to 1964. Over time the language was expanded until it became its own separate dialect in 1966. BBN LISP is most notable for being the predecessor of Interlisp . Sources http www.softwarepreservation.org projects LISP interlisp family BBN LISP History of Lisp BBN Lisp Category Dynamically typed programming languages Category Functional languages Category Lisp programming language family fi BBN LISP ... more details
Lispkit Lisp is a lexical scoping lexically scoped , purely functional subset of Lisp programming language Lisp Pure Lisp developed as a testbed for functional programming concepts. It was first used for early experimentation with lazy evaluation . An SECD machine based implementation written in an ALGOL variant was published by the developer Peter Henderson in 1980. ref name henderson Peter Henderson, Functional Programming Application and Implementation , 1980, Prentice Hall ISBN 0 13 331579 7 ref The compiler and virtual machine are highly porting portable and as a result have been implemented on many machines. Base language The base language provides the following functions only but extensions are discussed in Henderson s book ref name henderson for the explicit support of lazy evaluation and non deterministic programming . atom given an expression returns True if its value is atomic False if not. add given two expressions returns the sum of their numeric values. car given an expression whose value is a pair, returns the pair s first value. cdr given an expression whose value is a pair, returns the pair s second value. cons given two expressions returns a value pair consisting of their values. div given two expressions returns the dividend of their numeric values. eq given two expressions returns True if their values are equal False if not. if given three expressions returns the value of the second if the value of the first is True, otherwise returns the value of the third. lambda given an expression, returns that expression as an evaluable value. let given a list of named ... GNU Pascal LispKit port http vaxbusters.org lispkit LKIT 2 Archive of old LispKit LISP code and files, plus C implementation of SECD machine http perun.pmf.uns.ac.rs radovanovic publications 2002 prim lisp.pdf Paper about a LispKit LISP implementation in Java Category Lisp programming language family zh Lispkit Lisp ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE mod lisp mod lisp is an extension module for the Apache HTTP Server that enables Apache to interface with web applications written in Lisp programming language Lisp . This makes it possible to dynamically generate web pages and provide web services with Lisp programs. ref cite web title Creating Dynamic Websites with Lisp and Apache url http www.ymeme.com creating dynamic websites lisp apache.html publisher The Lambda Meme accessdate 2009 03 07 ref Unlike other mod languages, such as mod perl and mod python , mod lisp does not embed a Lisp interpreter in Apache. Its purpose is to handle requests by converting them into simple text format and sending them over a socket to a Lisp system, and then sending the Lisp system s response to a client. In this respect, it resembles FastCGI . ref cite web title mod lisp is not like mod otherlanguages url http xach.livejournal.com 144475.html publisher Zach s Journal accessdate 2009 03 07 ref The source BSD licenses FreeBSD style license , lisp examples and pre compiled binaries for FreeBSD , Linux and Win32 are available on the mod lisp web site. ref cite web url http www.cliki.net mod lisp title CLiki mod lisp ref References Reflist Web server interfaces Category Apache httpd modules Category Lisp programming language ... more details
about the company the type of computer LispmachineLisp Machines, Inc. was a company formed in 1979 or 1980? by Richard Greenblatt programmer Richard Greenblatt of MIT s MIT AI Lab Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to build Lispmachine s. It was based in Cambridge, Massachusetts . By 1979, the LispMachine Project at MIT, originated and headed by Greenblatt, had constructed over 30 CADR computers for various projects at MIT. It was evident that it was time for the project to move from a university ... language computer application, came to Greenblatt, seeking a Lispmachine for his group to work with. Eight ... Wyle, for Greenblatt. The newfound company was named LISPMachine, Inc. LMI , and was funded mostly ... hacker s machine, the original LispMachine s. When Russell Noftsker suggested that they move on, and spread ... with other software developers. Decline Lisp Machines, Inc. sold its first LISP machines, designed at MIT, as the LMI CADR. After a series of internal battles, Symbolics began selling the Lispmachine ... tmp emergent kmachine.htm title LispMachine Inc. K machine The Deffenbaugh, Marshall, Powell, Willison architecture as remembered by Joe Marshall ref LMI developed a new Lispmachine called the K machine ..., was convinced that computers based on the artificial intelligence language LISP had a bright future ... venture fund backed company had a better chance of surviving and commercializing Lisp Machines ... and build the Lisp machines that Jacobson needed, was if he pushed and financially helped Greenblatt ... 200 . The 3600, which shipped a year late, expanded on the CADR by widening the machine word to 36 ... into silicon as the MicroExplorer. LMI abandoned the CADR architecture and developed its own K Machine, but LMI went bankrupt in 1987 before the machine could be brought to market. GigaMos Systems LMI ... Category Lisp programming language Category Lisp software companies Category Defunct companies based in Massachusetts de Lisp Machines fr Lisp Machines entreprise ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 Le Lisp is a Lisp programming language Lisp dialect close to Common Lisp it is lexically scope programming scope d, with a CLOS like object system and using both packages and modules. It was designed by Jerome Chailloux and Emmanuel St James of INRIA . External links Current commercial implementation http christian.jullien.free.fr lelisp FOLDOC Category Lisp programming language family Category Lisp programming language compu lang stub ... more details
S 1 Lisp was an Lisp programming language Lisp implementation written in Lisp for the 36 bit Pipeline computing pipelined S 1 Mark IIA supercomputer computer architecture , which has 32 megawords of RAM . References cite book last Gabriel first Richard P. title Performance and evaluation of Lisp systems publisher MIT Press Computer Systems Series url http www.dreamsongs.com NewFiles Timrep.pdf date May 1985 isbn 0 262 07093 6 LCCN 85 15161 xiv, 285 p. 23 cm. Cambridge, Mass. Category Lisp programming language Category Lisp programming language family compu lang stub ... more details
Infobox software name Owl Lisp logo screenshot caption developer Aki Helin source model free software latest release version 0.1.3 latest release date release date 2011 09 15 operating system Unix like genre Programming language license MIT License website http code.google.com p owl lisp code.google.com p owl lisp Owl Lisp is a small, purely functional implementation of the Scheme programming language for Unix like systems. It implements an extended subset of R5RS Scheme but has been renamed as a Lisp programming language Lisp by its author mainly to avoid confusion. It is free software released under the MIT License . External links Portal Free software http code.google.com p owl lisp Owl Lisp home page Category Scheme interpreters Category Scheme implementations Software stub ... more details
For Lisp 2, Lisp systems with separate function namespaces, see Lisp 1 vs. Lisp 2 LISP 2 was a programming language proposed in the 1960s as the successor to Lisp programming language Lisp . It had largely Lisp like semantics and ALGOL Algol 60 like syntax. Today it is mostly remembered for its syntax, but in fact it had many features beyond those of early Lisps. Early Lisps had many limitations, including limited data types and slow numerics. Its use of fully parenthesized notation was also considered a problem. The inventor of Lisp, John McCarthy computer scientist John McCarthy , expected these issues to be addressed in a later version, called notionally Lisp 2. Hence the name Lisp 1.5 for the successor to the earliest Lisp. ref McCarthy, 1979 ref Lisp 2 was a joint project of the System Development Corporation and Information International, Inc. , and was intended for IBM s AN FSQ 32 military computer. Development later shifted to the IBM System 360 Model 67 IBM 360 67 and the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 6 . The project was eventually abandoned. Bibliography Abrahams, Paul W., Barnett, J., et al. , The LISP 2 Programming Language and System Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference , 1966, pp. 661 676. Abrahams, Paul W., LISP 2 Specifications , Systems Development Corporation Technical report TM 3417 200 00, Santa Monica, Calif., 1967. John McCarthy, History of Lisp , 12 February 1979. http www formal.stanford.edu jmc history lisp lisp.html Mitchell, R.W., LISP 2 Specifications Proposal , Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo No. 21, Stanford, Calif., 1964. references Category Lisp programming language family compu lang stub ... more details
Spice Lisp is a Lisp programming language Lisp dialect and its implementation originally written by Carnegie Mellon University CMU s Spice Lisp Group which targeted the microcode of the 16 bit PERQ workstation and its Accent operating system it used that workstation s microcode abilities it provided microcodes for Pascal programming language Pascal , C programming language C , and Ada programming language Ada besides to implement a stack architecture to store its data structures as 32 bit objects and to enable runtime type checking . It would later be popular on other workstations. Spice Lisp evolved into CMUCL , a Common Lisp implementation. References cite book last Gabriel first Richard P. title Performance and evaluation of Lisp systems publisher MIT Press Computer Systems Series url http www.dreamsongs.com NewFiles Timrep.pdf date May 1985 isbn 978 0 262 07093 5 LCCN 85 15161 xiv, 285 p. 23 cm. Cambridge, Mass. FOLDOC http www.cons.org cmucl doc cmucl history.html CMUCL history Common Lisp Category Common Lisp implementations compu lang stub fr Spice Lisp ... more details
Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used by the GNU Emacs and XEmacs text editor ... functionality built into Emacs, the remainder being written in C programming language C as is the Lisp Interpreter computing interpreter itself . Users of Emacs commonly write Emacs Lisp code to customize and extend Emacs. Emacs Lisp can also function as a scripting language, much like the Unix ..., such as buffers and movement commands, complement the features of Lisp and work in batch mode . Some people refer to Emacs Lisp as Elisp , at the risk of confusion with an older unrelated Lisp dialect ... later influence from Common Lisp . ref GNU Emacs Lisp is largely inspired by Maclisp , and a little by Common Lisp. If you know Common Lisp, you will notice many similarities. However, many features of Common Lisp have been omitted or simplified in order to reduce the memory requirements of GNU Emacs. Sometimes the simplifications are so drastic that a Common Lisp user might be very confused. We will occasionally point out how GNU Emacs Lisp differs from Common Lisp. from the History section of the Introduction to the Emacs Lisp Manual, as of Emacs 21 ref It supports procedural programming imperative and functional programming methods. Richard Stallman chose Lisp as the extension language ... because of its powerful features, including the ability to treat functions as data. Unlike Common Lisp .... In doing this, I aimed to make the absolute minimal possible Lisp implementation. The size of the programs ... as small as possible. from http www.gnu.org gnu rms lisp.html My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs ref The Lisp dialect used in Emacs differs substantially from the more modern Common Lisp and Scheme programming language Scheme dialects commonly used for applications programming. For example Emacs Lisp uses dynamic rather than lexical scope programming scope by default. That is, local ... methods exist for customizing GNU Emacs apart from writing Emacs Lisp. Since version 20, GNU Emacs ... more details
Gay lisp is a stereotypical speech attribute associated with gay males in English speaking countries. ref name beyond cite web url http www.speech language therapy.com codemix.htm title Beyond Lisping Code Switching and Gay Speech Styles last1 Bowen first1 Caroline date 2002 accessdate January 19, 2011 ref ref cite web url http www.macalester.edu weekly 030102 myworld.html title Queering Multiculturalism last1 McKinstry first1 Oliver date March 1, 2002 work The Mac Weekly publisher Macalester College accessdate January 19, 2011 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20060922162200 http www.macalester.edu weekly 030102 myworld.html archivedate September 22, 2006 ref ref http web.archive.org web 20070807015819 http ec.gayalliance.org articles 000645.shtml Examples of LGBT writing in which gay lisp used as a general term for the sound of gay male speech dead link date January 2011 ref The phenomenon of gay lisp and its study are poorly understood similar to other secondary external attributes or verbal and non verbal mannerisms of both gay and straight people. These attributes have proven difficult to define and quantify but seem somewhat independent of other variables in the phonology of the English language , such as Accent linguistics accent and Register linguistics register . The gay lisp stereotype has never been substantiated in an experimental study. ref Munson, B., & Zimmerman, L.J. 2006b . http www.tc.umn.edu munso005 MunsonAndZimmerman.pdf Perceptual Bias and the Myth of the Gay Lisp . Poster Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Speech Language Hearing Association ... to some listeners to involve the characteristic lisp involving sibilant s IPA s , IPA z , IPA , and the like ..., and Transgender Communities ref See also Portalbox LGBT Language Gaydar LGBT stereotypes Lisp Swish ... Implicit Processing, Social Stereotypes, and the Gay Lisp . Oral presentation given at the annual ... Gay Lisp Category Human voice Category LGBT linguistics Category Sociolinguistics Category Sex ... more details
About devices that perform tasks other uses Machine disambiguation See Equipment disambiguation A machine manages power to accomplish a task. Examples include, a Machine mechanical mechanical system , a computer computing system , an electronic system , and a molecular machine . In common usage, the meaning ... work . A simple machine is a device that transforms the direction or magnitude of a force . The word machine is derived from the Latin word machina , ref name AHD The American Heritage Dictionary , Second ... machana , Ionic Greek mechane contrivance, machine, engine ref http www.perseus.tufts.edu ... ref The meaning of machine is traced by the Oxford English Dictionary ref Oxford English Dictionary ... Dictionary http www.merriam webster.com dictionary machine Definition of machine ref to something that has been constructed. This includes human design into the meaning of machine. Historically, a device required moving parts to classify as a machine however, the advent of electronics electronics ... alt Bonsack s machine James Albert Bonsack s cigarette rolling machine, invented in 1880 and patented in 1881. Usage Simple machines The idea that a machine can be broken down into simple movable elements ... as information manipulation. See Finite state machine State machine and Turing machine . Charles Babbage ... engine is the first mechanical calculator. This machine is considered to be the forerunner of the modern ... and proteins that are the basis of biological functions has led to the concept of a molecular machine ... mechanical device wedge . A wedge is a simple machine that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool ... machine to be analysed mathematically Archimedes provided the first known description of the principle of the lever. Machine elements Machines are assembled from components called Machine element machine elements . These elements consist of mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear ... between the mechanical components of a machine and its users. Mechanisms Assemblies within a machine ... more details
About a coalition of fraternities and sororities other uses Machine disambiguation POV check date December ... to 24 hours. The Machine , the former Alpha Rho chapter of Theta Nu Epsilon at the University of Alabama ... and off campus offices. It was evidently first publicly noted as a political machine in 1928 by Alabama ... magazine Esquire magazine devoted its April 1992 cover story to an expos of the Machine. ref Esquire, April 1992 ref Machine opposition Over the years, numerous campus political groups have been formed in an attempt to motivate independent i.e. non Greek students to vote for non Machine candidates ... president. Citation needed date March 2009 An anti machine group called The Coalition formed in 1968 and operated through 1972. This was a joint effort by the men s dormitories, small non machine ... Joe Estep as vice president over the Machine s George Culver. It elected Henry Agee as secretary treasurer over the Machine s Phil Reich. In 1970 it elected Zeigler as president of SGA as an independent ... 71. Another anti Machine group was the Alabama Student Party ASP , which was founded by SGA Senators ... candidates, but its efforts were temporarily thwarted when the Machine orchestrated a takeover of ASP ... and electing Neal Orr, a freshman member of a fraternity Delta Tau Delta that belonged to the Machine ... the Machine with the election of John Merrill, an independent, as President in 1986, as well as a number of SGA Senators. Interestingly, Merrill was opposed by the Machine when he ran for SGA Senator, had been backed by the Machine for Vice President in 1985, and was then opposed by the Machine for President ... 11th Cir. 1989 . Another group actively countering the Machine s domination of campus politics was the Independent ... program founded by Dean of Men John Blackburn in the early 1960s, is traditionally opposed to Machine ... Zeigler , who defeated The Machine in 1970 for SGA President, was a member of the Mallet Assembly ... 2009 Allegations of intimidation by the Machine include the 1971 arson of the dormitory room of Jim ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name This Machine Type ep Artist The Naked and Famous Cover This Machine Album Art.jpg Released Start date df yes 2008 05 05 Recorded 2008 Genre Alternative rock Length Duration m 19 s 15 Label Round Trip Mars Producer Aaron Short, Thom Powers Last album This album This Machine br 2008 Next album No Light br 2008 This Machine is the debut extended play released by New Zealand band, The Naked and Famous . It was released on 5 May 2008. ref cite web url http itunes.apple.com nz album this machine ep id278307550 title This Machine &ndash EP work iTunes Store accessdate 30 October 2010 ref Critical reception Stuff.co.nz Sunday Star Times reviewer Grant Smithies said of the EP I ve no doubt these songs will still be lighting my fuse long after 2008 has shuddered to a close. . ref cite web url http www.stuff.co.nz entertainment 401456 title CD review This Machine &ndash The Naked and Famous work Stuff.co.nz date 2 May 2008 ref Track listing Track listing headline This Machine total length 19 15 title1 Kill the Littleblackdots length1 2 43 title2 Serenade length2 2 43 title3 Meeting People Sucks length3 2 26 title4 Part 1 length4 2 10 title5 Post length5 5 39 title6 Spies Spies Spies length6 3 36 Personnel col begin col 2 Visuals and imagery Joel Kefali art, design Campbell Hooper art, design Troy Photography photography Special Problems photography Instruments Ben Knapp bass guitar bass on Serenade , Spies Spies Spies Jordan Clark live drum kit drums on Serenade , Post , Spies Spies Spies col 2 Technical and production Aaron Short Audio engineering engineering , Audio mixing recorded music mixing , Record producer production Thom Powers engineering, mixing, production Ben Knapp engineering elements on Kill the Littleblackdots , Serenade , Post , Spies Spies Spies Angus McNaughton Audio mastering mastering col 2 col end Release history class wikitable Region Date Label Format Catalogue New Zealand 5 May 2008 Round Trip Mars, Universal ... more details
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