- Ionosphere
The ionosphere is a part of the upper Earth s atmosphere atmosphere , comprising portions of the mesosphere ... on the Earth . ref name rawer K. Rawer. Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere . Kluwer Acad.Publ. ... of the atmosphere and ionosphere Geophysics The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically ... physics plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ... activity . The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation ... latitudes, and equatorial regions . There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease .... The ionospheric layers File Ionosphere Layers en.svg thumb 250px Ionospheric layers. At night the F ... 500 km above the surface of Earth. It is the densest point of the ionosphere, which implies signals penetrating this layer will escape into space. Beyond this layer is the topside ionosphere ... model An ionospheric model is a mathematical description of the ionosphere as a function of location ... Reference Ionosphere IRI ref D.Bilitza International Reference Ionosphere 2000 .Radio ... TS16457. IRI is accurate in describing the variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere ... Image Diurnal ionospheric current.jpg frame right Electric currents created in sunward ionosphere. Within ... lines are horizontal at the magnetic equator. Solar heating and tidal oscillations in the lower ionosphere ... Sq solar quiet current system in the E region of the Earth s ionosphere 100 130 km altitude ... side of the ionosphere. At the magnetic dip equator, where the geomagnetic field is horizontal, this electric ... can interact with radiation belt particles and cause them to precipitate onto the ionosphere, adding ... clouds to the ionosphere. Around the same time, Robert Watson Watt, working at the Radio Research ... waves, the ionosphere can be utilized to bounce a transmitted signal down to ground. Transcontinental ... a radio wave reaches the ionosphere, the electric field in the wave forces the electrons in the ionosphere ... more details
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- Ionosphere Bay
Orphan date February 2009 Ionosphere Bay is a small headlands and bays bay bordering the east side of Cape Decouverte . Charted in 1951 by the French Antarctic Expedition and named by them for the corresponding scientific discipline. coord 66 46 S 141 35 E display title usgs gazetteer Category Bays of Antarctica EAntarctica geo stub ... more details
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- Earth?ionosphere waveguide
The Earth ionosphere waveguide refers to the phenomenon in which certain Radio propagation radio waves can propagate in the space between the ground and the boundary of the ionosphere . Because the ionosphere contains charged particles , it can behave as a Electrical conductor conductor . The earth operates as a ground plane , and the resulting cavity behaves as a large waveguide . Extremely low frequency ELF and Very low frequency VLF 300 Hertz Hz 30 kHz frequency signals can propagate efficiently in this waveguide. For instance, lightning strikes launch a signal called radio atmospherics , which can travel many thousands of miles, because they are confined between the Earth and ionosphere. The round the world nature of the waveguide produces resonance s, like a cavity, which are at 7 Hz. See also Radio propagation Skywave Shortwave radio Tropospheric ducting Atmospheric duct Waveguide radio spectrum DEFAULTSORT Earth Ionosphere Waveguide Category Physics Category Radio Category Radio frequency propagation Telecomm stub physics stub ... more details
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- International Reference Ionosphere
modelweb ionos iri.html ref references Literature D.Bilitza 35 years of International Reference Ionosphere ... 949 958 2002 K.Rawer et al. International Reference Ionosphere 1878 . International Union of Radio Science ... more details
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- Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes
Infobox Spacecraft Name Ionosphere Thermosphere Storm Probes Organization NASA Mission Type Two Earth orbiters investigating the ionosphere and thermosphere Number of Observatories 2 Inclination 60 degrees The Ionosphere Thermosphere Storm Probes I TSP is a NASA mission which will study the ionosphere and the thermosphere . This mission is part of the Living With a Star program, the second mission in a pair of geospace missions. The first mission is the Radiation Belt Storm Probes , which launches in 2012. Mission Like the Radiation Belt Storm Probes , the I TSP will be a twin spacecraft mission. The mission is to study distributions of ionospheric and thermospheric densities, geomagnetic disturbances, and ionospheric irreularities. This mission relates to the Sun and solar flare solar storms in that it studies the effects of solar flare solar storms on geospace. ref Cite web url http books.nap.edu openbook.php?record id 11188&page 25 title Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics work The National Academics Press accessdate 2007 08 14 ref This mission can save astronauts and satellites . Goals The Ionosphere Thermosphere Storm Probes mission has two goals Determine the effects of solar variability on the global scale behavior of ionospheric electron density Determine the solar and geospace causes of small scale ionospheric irregularities See also Ionosphere Radiation Belt Storm Probes Living With a Star Thermosphere References Reflist External links http www.lws.nasa.gov geospace HTML Mission LWSgeospaceITSP.html More Information on Geospace Missions Page http lws.gsfc.nasa.gov Living With a Star page Category NASA programs Category Future spaceflights ... more details
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- Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate
in 2006 DEFAULTSORT Constellation Observing System For Meteorology, Ionosphere, And Climate Category ... more details
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- File:Timed logo.jpg
Summary Logo of NASA s TIMED Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics TIMED satellite mission. Licensing PD NASA ... more details
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- File:COSMIC logo.jpg
badJPEG Summary logo fur Article Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate Use Infobox ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Used for Owner Website History Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source Portion Low resolution Purpose Must be specified if Use is not Infobox Org Brand Product Replaceability other information The logo of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate COSMIC program. Licensing Non free logo ... more details
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- Skip distance
Unreferenced date December 2009 orphan date October 2009 Refimprove date October 2009 A skip distance is the distance a radio wave travels, usually including a hop in the ionosphere . A skip distance is a distance on the Earth s surface between the two points where radio waves from a transmitter , refracted downwards by different layers of the ionosphere , fall. It also represents how far a radio wave has travelled per hop on the Earth s surface, for radio waves such as the short wave SW radio signals that employ continuous reflections for transmission. Radio waves from a particular transmitting antenna do not all get refracted by a particular layer of the ionosphere some are absorbed, some refracted while a portion escapes to the next layer. At this higher layer, there is a possibility of this radio wave being bent downwards to earth again. This bending happens because each layer of the ionosphere has a refractive index that varies from that of the others. Because of the differing heights of refraction, or apparent reflection , the radio waves hit the earth surface at different points hence generating the skip distance. Skip distance is greatest during the night when the ionosphere is the highest. DEFAULTSORT Skip Distance Category Radio terminology Technology stub ... more details
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- NAIC
NAIC is an initialism for The National Association of Investors Corporation The National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center The North American Industry Classification System The National Association of Insurance Commissioners The National Air Intelligence Center , a United States Air Force USAF Intelligence Unit Places Naic, Cavite , Philippines disambig ... more details
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- Ionex
Ionex is the Russian EDM parts and consumables supply company. http www.ionexedm.ru Ionex , or IONEX, is a name for ion exchange , or for some of the ion exchange resins used for that purpose. IONEX is an ionosphere IONospheric map EXchange ASCII format for two and three dimensional total electron count value maps. disambig ... more details
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- Dellinger effect
Unreferenced date December 2006 The Dellinger effect is a fadeout of short wave radios, caused by increased ionization of the D region of the ionosphere due to solar flare s. The effect was discovered by John Howard Dellinger See also Sudden ionospheric disturbance Category Radio frequency propagation Radio comm stub sk Dellingerov jav ... more details
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- File:Nasa trail.jpg
Summary Photograph of trimethylaluminum skytrail, created by NASA ionosphere study. Found at http www.put.poznan.pl tommy skypub 2003 images 20030625021n.jpg Whole page http www.put.poznan.pl tommy skypub 2003 2003062502.shtml Copyright free, picture taken by US Government Agency. Licensing PD USGov NASA ... more details
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- Ionospheric heater
An ionospheric heater is an array of Antenna radio antenna s which are used for heating the ionosphere , and which can create artificial Aurora astronomy aurora Citation needed date March 2010 Or date March 2010 . Current facilities The European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association EISCAT operates an ionospheric heating facility, capable of transmitting over 1 GW http e7.eiscat.se groups Documentation BasicInfo http www.kurasc.kyoto u.ac.jp s ramp abstract s19.txt effective radiated power ERP , near Troms in Norway . Russia has the Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility Sura ionospheric heating facility , in Vasilsursk near Nizhniy Novgorod , capable of transmitting 190 MW ERP. The United States has three ionospheric heating facilities High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program HAARP 4 GW ERP north of Gakona, Alaska HIPAS Observatory 70 MW ERP northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico Ionosphere modification According to researchers noted in USAF research paper http csat.au.af.mil 2025 volume3 vol3ch15.pdf Weather as a Force Multiplier Owning the Weather in 2025 , ionosphere heating was among techniques investigated by the former Soviet Union to either enhance friendly or disrupt enemy communications by modifying the natural ionosphere. Category Atmospheric sciences climate stub physics stub bg ... more details
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- Ionospheric pierce point
Cleanup date August 2009 Most Global Positioning System s GPS are subjected to errors induced by the ionosphere . Because ionospheric delay affects the speed of microwave signals differently depending on their frequency a characteristic known as Dispersion optics dispersion delays measured on two or more frequency bands can be used to measure dispersion, and this measurement can then be used to estimate the delay at each frequency. see Atmospheric Effects in http www.kowoma.de en gps errors.htm Sources of Errors in GPS The principal source of the dispersion comes from the total electron content TEC in the ionosphere, along the line of sight from the satellite to the receiver. Because it is difficult to measure the TEC along the line of sight, instead a prediction can be made using a simplified model of the ionosphere. This model assumes that the ionosphere is a thin, uniform density shell about the earth, located near the mean altitude of maxium TEC approx. 350 km . Using geometry, a slant intersection with this shell model can be determined and a vertical TEC measurement inferred. The point where the line of sight between the satellite and the ground receiver intersects this shell is called the Ionospheric Pierce Point IPP . References Satellite altimetry and earth sciences , By Lee Leung Fu, Anny Cazenave, page 56. Category GPS ... more details
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- File:Figure11.JPG
Summary Figure 11. Bostrom 1974 has given a summary of his theory of magnetic substorms in the form of a circuit. Solar wind energy produces a cross tail current in the neutral sheet. The arrow indicates that this current can give rise to a very large voltage. In our terminology, it should be replaced by the DL symbol. This causes the circuit energy to be discharged over the ionosphere, where it is observed as a magnetic substorm. At substorm onset, the resistance of the neutral sheet increases because a DL is produced and the tail current is redirected to the ionosphere. Alfv n , Hannes OG. Double Layers In Astrophysics Keynote Address , Marshall Space Flight Center Symposium, pp.1 31, March, 1986 Licensing PD USGov ... more details
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- Electrojet
of the electrojet. First of all, the conductivity of the auroral ionosphere is generally larger than that at lower latitudes. Secondly, the horizontal electric field in the auroral ionosphere ... Atmospheric electricity ionosphere ... more details
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- Fukushima's Theorem
In physics , Fukushima s Theorem holds that for all points beneath the ionosphere the magnetic fields from field aligned currents and their corresponding Pederson currents exactly cancel. By superposition the total magnetic field at the ground is then equal to the magnetic field from just the ionospheric Hall currents. Fukushima s Theorem holds in any planar or spherical geometry, provided that the field aligned currents are perpendicular to the ground, and that the ionospheric conductance is spatially constant. Neither of these conditions holds strongly in the auroral region of the Earth s ionosphere. Image Fukushima cancelation.svg thumb Illustration of cancellation of ground magnetic fields by Fukushima s Theorem. Journal articles Naoshi Fukushima , Equivalence in ground geomagnetic effect of Chapman Vestine s and Birkeland Alfven s current systems for polar magnetic storms , Rep. Ionos.Space Res.Jap 23 , 219 227 1969 . Naoshi Fukushima , Generalized theorem for no ground magnetic effect of vertical currents connected with Pedersen currents in the uniform conductivity ionosphere , Rep. Ionos.Space Res.Jap 30 , 35 50 1976 . Naoshi Fukushima , Some topics and historical episodes in geomagnetism and aeronomy , Journal of Geophysical Research 99 , 113 142 1994 . Category Space science ... more details
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- Ionospheric absorption
Leo F. McNamara. 1994 ISBN 0 89464 804 7 Radio Amateurs Guide to the Ionosphere. ref The specific ... more details
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- Tiny Ionospheric Photometer
Unreferenced date February 2007 orphan date November 2009 The Tiny Ionospheric Photometer TIP is a small space based photometer that observes the Earth Earth s ionosphere at 135.6 nm. The TIP instruments were designed and built by the US Naval Research Laboratory and are a part of the COSMIC program. Although each TIP instrument is fairly simple in design and operation, the value of this instrument is that six of them are launched at once, and they will observe the earth simultaneously from three orbital planes spaced equally apart around the earth. The data of this instrument when combined with the data from the other COSMIC payloads will allow a 3D tomographic analysis of the Earth s ionosphere to be performed. Category Electromagnetic radiation meters Category Optical devices Optics stub ... more details
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- Coherent electromagnetic radio tomography
The Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography CERTO is a radio beacon which measures ionospheric parameters in coordination with ground receivers. CERTO provides global ionospheric maps to aid prediction of radio wave scattering. CERTO was developed by the Naval Research Lab and is one of the 4 experiment packages on PicoSAT satellite. CERTO has near real time measurements of the ionosphere. ref http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2004AGUSMSA51A..07B Harvard University CERTO Ionosphere Sensing ref Specifications NSSDC ID 2001 043B 01A Mission PicoSAT PicoSAT 9 PicoSAT 9 References http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc experimentDisplay.do?id 2001 043B 01 NASA Picosat Experiment 2001 43B http www.kirtland.af.mil shared media document AFD 080721 027.pdf Kirtland AFB CERTO reflist spacecraft stub Category Earth stations in England Category Satellites Category Artificial satellites orbiting Earth ... more details
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- D region
The D region is the portion of the ionosphere that exists approximately 50 to 95 km above the surface of the Earth. Note Attenuation of radio waves, caused by ionospheric free electron density generated by solar radiation, is pronounced during daylight hours. Because solar radiation is not present at night, ionization ceases, and hence attenuation of radio waves ceases. References FS1037C MS188 Category Atmosphere et D kiht es Regi n D pt Camada D ... more details
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- Ionospheric reflection
Ionospheric reflection is a bending, through a complex process involving Reflection physics reflection and refraction , of electromagnetic waves propagating in the ionosphere back toward the Earth. The amount of bending depends on the extent of penetration which is a function of frequency , the angle of incidence , Polarization waves polarization of the wave, and ionospheric conditions, such as the ionization density. It is negatively affected by incidents of ionospheric absorption . FS1037C Category Radio frequency propagation ... more details
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- Skywave
commercial radio, have taken advantage of skywave for long distance or DX communication . Role of the ionosphere The ionosphere is a region of the upper Earth s atmosphere atmosphere , where neutral air is ion ized by solar photon s and cosmic ray s. When radio waves reach the ionosphere at oblique ... formed by the reflectors ground and ionosphere. With a one hop path distances up to 3500 km ... Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere . Kluwer Acad.Publ., Dordrecht 1993. ISBN 0 7923 0775 5. ref The structure ... approximately 10 MHz during the day and 5 MHz at night may reach the ionosphere at a steep ... aims the signal close to the horizon the signal reaches the ionosphere at a shallow angle and returns ... wave back toward the ionosphere again. As a result, like a rock skipping across water, the wave may actually bounce or skip between the earth and ionosphere two or more times multihop propagation . Since ... above about 30 MHz usually penetrate the ionosphere and are not returned to the Earth ... the Earth and the ionosphere. The maximum usable frequency for skywave propagation is strongly influenced ... the E layer in particular of the ionosphere largely disappear at night, the refractive layer of the ionosphere ... 2006 02 su rgf021706.php Rare gamma ray flare disturbed ionosphere http www.df5ai.net Material articles.html ... more details
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- Laplander
Laplander can refer to The name Finn The Sami people or anyone else living in the area of Lapland region Lapland the word is used in English contexts also for the Finnish language Finnish speaking population in the Finnish Lapland . Another name for the Volvo L 3314 series. A prototype of a future Space Probe intended for ionosphere ionospheric measurements. LAPLander stands for Light Airbag Protected Lander. disambig ... more details
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