Mergefrom Linebreeding discuss Talk Inbreeding Merger proposal date August 2008 Inbreeding is the reproduction ... leads to a decreased Fitness biology fitness of a population , which is called inbreeding depression . Deleterious allele s causing inbreeding depression can subsequently be removed through culling ... lines to make use of the heterosis effect. Inbreeding in plant s also occurs naturally in the form of self pollination . Results Inbreeding may result in a far higher phenotypic expression of deleterious ... of inbreeding will never live to reproduce. Over time, with isolation such as a population bottleneck ... of race or even speciation, as the inbreeding first removes many deleterious genes, and allows expression ... inbreeding may mean a species may not be able to adapt to changes in environmental conditions. Each ... of Durham,U.K. ref Natural breedings include inbreeding by necessity, and most animals only ... inbreeding or to ensure outcrossing. In the prides, most lionesses are related to one another. If there is more ... consequences of inbreeding. ref http www.advs.usu.edu files uploads ADVS3910WildHorses.pdf ... . ref Calculation Main Coefficient of relationship The inbreeding is computed as a percentage of chances for two alleles to be identical by descent. This percentage is called inbreeding coefficient ... http www.braquedubourbonnais.info en inbreeding calculation.htm How to compute and inbreeding coefficient ... genetics 4 5.htm 4.5 Calculation of inbreeding and relationship, the tabular method , in http www.husdyr.kvl.dk ... . ref Verify credibility date August 2009 Typical inbreeding percentages are as follows, assuming no previous inbreeding between any parents Dubious date August 2009 Father daughter, mother son or brother ... removed or half second cousins 0.78125 An inbreeding calculation may be used to determine the general ... can vary. Domestic animals File Intense inbreeding Continuous sire to daughter mating.svg thumb right ... title Inbreeding and brood stock management publisher Food and Agriculture Organization of the United ... more details
refimprove date December 2008 Intellectual inbreeding or academic inbreeding refers to the practice in academia of a university s hiring its own graduates to be professor s. It is generally viewed as Insularity insular and unhealthy for academia ref name shih cite web url http www.nus.edu.sg vco speeches 2003 soua3.htm title State of the University Address author Shih Choon Fong publisher National University of Singapore accessdate 25 December 2008 date 27 October 2003 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref it is thought to reduce the possibility of new ideas coming in from outside sources, just as genetic inbreeding reduces the possibility of new genes entering in to a population . ref cite journal last Kornguth first ML coauthors Miller MH title Academic inbreeding in nursing intentional or inevitable? journal Journal of Nursing Education year 1985 volume 24 issue 1 pages 21&ndash 24 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 2981989 ref Economists David Colander and Arjo Klamer, Ph.D. wrote a book entitled The Making of an Economist which researched the growing concern behind the methodology of academic teaching and the lowering numbers of PhD s in economics granted annually in the United States . Colander Klamer state the trends described shrinking number of economic professors teaching at the University level would result in intellectual inbreeding . According to the Commission on Graduate Education in Economics COGEE , they recognize it as a trend for emulation rather than diversification. Academic inbreeding has also been cited as a major problem in the major universities of the People s Republic of China &mdash such as Peking University and Tsinghua University , which have adopted measures in recent years specifically to combat the practice ref name shih ref cite ... title Academic Inbreeding Attacked accessdate 25 December 2008 journal Science journal Science date ... of an Economist Intellectual Inbreeding Category Academia scn Incestu accademicu ... more details
Inbreeding depression is the reduced fitness biology fitness in a given population as a result of breeding ... the genetic variation within a breeding population, the less likely it is to suffer from inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression seems to be present in most groups of organisms, but is perhaps ... of the most severe degree of inbreeding depression. Mechanisms Image Shetland pony inbred.jpg thumb 350px right Example of inbreeding depression Breeding between closely related individuals, called inbreeding , may on one hand result in more recessive deleterious traits manifesting themselves ... offspring . Another mechanism responsible for inbreeding depression is overdominance of heterozygous ... fitness. Inbreeding depression and natural selection Natural selection cannot effectively remove ... constantly through mutation within a population. Second, in a population where inbreeding occurs ... recessive trait, heterozygotes will not be selected against. Managing inbreeding depression Introducing alleles from a different population can reverse inbreeding depression. Different populations ... of a particular subspecies that has adapted to its local environment. In humans Although severe inbreeding ... cases of apparent forms of inbreeding depression in human populations. Citation needed date February ... pool. Citation needed date October 2009 Species not subject to inbreeding depression Inbreeding depression ... in outright inbreeding depression . Among island endemic populations, however, a high resistance to inbreeding depression is often seen. These derive from very small initial populations that must ... of inbreeding depression &ndash caused by overdominant heterozygous alleles &ndash is impossible to eliminate ... of the heterozygous genotype is lowered. Example taxa not subject to significant inbreeding ... inbreeding as the system of mating journal Behavioral Ecology volume 11 issue 1 pages 7 12 publisher ... Toromiro Verify source date April 2007 See also Inbreeding Hybrid vigour Minimum viable population ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Inbreeding the Anthropophagi Type studio Artist Deeds of Flesh Cover Released March, 1998 Recorded Genre death metal Brutal death metal Brutal death metal Length 30 37 Label Repulse Records Producer Reviews Last album Trading Pieces br 1996 This album Inbreeding the Anthropophagi br 1998 Next album Promo 1999 br 1999 Inbreeding the Anthropophagi is the second full length album by the American death metal band Deeds of Flesh . It was originally released in 1998 on CD through Displeased Records , and was later reissued by Unique Leader Records , a company founded and managed by members of the band. The album revolves around the legend of Sawney Bean and his family, telling of their cave dwelling existence and grisly practice of attacking travellers on local roads for food and profit. Track listing End of All Feeding Time Inbreeding the Anthropophagi Infecting them with Falsehood Ritual of Battle Canvas of Flesh Fly Shrine Gradually Melted Personnel Musicians Jacoby Kingston Bass, vocals Erik Lindmark Guitar, vocals Brad Palmer drummer Brad Palmer Drums Guest Musicians Matti Way ex Disgorge band Disgorge Backing vocals Production Recorded at Moon Studios Produced by Deeds of Flesh Tomas E. Gingle Engineering and effects Deeds of Flesh Category 1998 albums Category Deeds of Flesh albums 1990s death metal album stub de Inbreeding the Anthropophagi ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 File Intense inbreeding Continuous sire to daughter mating.svg thumb right An intensive form of linebreeding where an individual with highly desirable traits S is mated to his daughter D1 and daughter s daughter D2 and so on, in order to maximise the percentage of S s genes in the offsprings. The D3 offspring would have 87.5 of his genes while D4 offspring would have 93.75 . Such breeding methods can be used to create a near clone of a desirable individual. ref cite book title Inbreeding and brood stock management publisher Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations year 1999 chapter Linebreeding url http books.google.com books?id UdvIpkQOf5MC&pg PA50 ref Linebreeding is a form of inbreeding practiced by some animal breeders to fix desirable traits in a breed of animal, without as high a risk of producing undesirable traits that may occur with close inbreeding. A typical example of linebreeding would be what in human parlance would be considered a mating of first cousin s or more distantly related individuals who share a common ancestor. While linebreeding is less likely to cause problems in the first generation than does inbreeding, over time, linebreeding can reduce the genetic diversity of a population and cause problems related to a too small genepool that may include an increased prevalence of genetic disorders and inbreeding depression . See also Inbreeding Outcrossing Inbreeding depression References reflist External links http extension.missouri.edu publications DisplayPub.aspx?P G2911 Inbreeding Its Meaning, Uses and Effects on Farm Animals Livestock stub Category breeding ja ... more details
To be genetically viable , having a realistic chance of avoiding the problems of inbreeding , a population of plants or animal s requires a certain amount of genetic diversity , and consequently a certain minimum number of members. See effective population size . The minimum is normally somewhere in the region of a hundred unrelated individuals. Where a population has become extremely small in a population bottleneck , due for example to near extinction of the species , it may have lost its genetic viability, and if numbers recover it will be through inbreeding, possibly leaving an unhealthy population. But in fact it provided a more diverse population thus limiting the amount of genetic disorder or repetition. Unreferenced date April 2009 Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
, it is not possible to tease apart the two potential causes of inbreeding, and attributed the observed inbreeding to one cause or the other. Therefore, just as with the mixed mating model, in the effective ... more details
A cousin couple is a pair of cousin s who are involved in a romantic love romantic or Human sexuality sexual relationship. Main Cousin marriage List of coupled cousins See also Consanguinity Genealogy Genetic sexual attraction Westermarck effect Inbreeding Pedigree collapse Prohibited degree of kinship External links http www.nytimes.com 2009 11 26 garden 26cousins.html Shaking Off the Shame by Sarah Kershaw for the New York Times Category Family Category Kinship and descent Category Population genetics ja ... more details
Taxobox name Paratrechina longicornis image Paratrechina longicornis casent0134863 profile 1.jpg regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hymenoptera familia Ant Formicidae genus Paratrechina species P. longicornis binomial Paratrechina longicornis binomial authority Pierre Andr Latreille Latreille , 1802 The longhorn crazy ant , Paratrechina longicornis , is a species of ant . The ants are named because instead of following straight lines, they dash along erratically. They do not bite or sting people. Longhorn crazy ants are able to reproduce with their siblings without any negative effects of inbreeding . This has allowed them to become one of the most widespread invasive ants in the tropics. ref cite journal author Morgan Pearcy, Michael A. D. Goodisman & Laurent Keller year 2011 title Sib mating without inbreeding in the longhorn crazy ant journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B volume issue in press doi 10.1098 rspb.2010.2562 ref The queen produces daughters which are her genetic clone, and sons that are the genetic clone of her mate. This is known as double clone . This was discovered by evolutionary biologist Morgan Pearcy of the Universit Libre de Bruxelles . References reflist Further reading cite web url http www.sciencenews.org view generic id 69433 title Ants manage incest without inbreeding title Ants manage incest without inbreeding author Susan Milius date February 1, 2011 publisher Science News cite web url http www.newscientist.com article dn20072 zoologger invasion of the crazy incestuous ants.html title Invasion of the crazy incestuous ants author Michael Marshall work Zoologger publisher New Scientist date February 2, 2011 Category Formicinae Category Animals described in 1802 Ant stub vi Longhorn crazy ant ... more details
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom is a book on evolution in plants by Charles Darwin , first published in 1876. In this book Darwin examines the effects of heterosis cross and self pollination self fertilisation of plants and provides experimental evidence for a hypothesis stated in his famed book of 1859, Origin of Species , that ... in none i.e. plant ... can self fertilisation go on for perpetuity Origin , p. 101 . He reports on experiments conducted on over 60 different species of plants, where he used controlled pollinations in order to produce self fertilised and cross fertilised descendants. Through growth experiments of this progeny, he concluded that self fertilised progeny performed poorer in most species and for most traits measured. Thus he showed that inbreeding may have severe detrimental effects on progeny. While this idea was accepted by many, e.g. plant and animal breeders, Darwin s book provided overwhelming experimental support for this idea. This book has remained the starting point for the study of inbreeding and is cited in scientific papers to this effect to this day. References http charles darwin.classic literature.co.uk the effects of cross and self fertilisation e book at Classic Literature Library DEFAULTSORT Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, The Category 1876 books Category Books by Charles Darwin Category 1870s in science Category 1876 in science ... more details
Typostrophic variation is a term used in population genetics to describe the type of variation found in peripherally isolated populations. Variation of this kind is wiktionary heterogeneous heterogeneous , due to factors such as geographic isolation and inbreeding . In 1954 Ernst Mayr wrote a landmark paper developing the idea that subspecies in typostophic populations lead to formation of species incipient species . ref Mayr, E. http www.blackwellpublishing.com ridley classictexts mayr.asp Change of genetic environment and evolution. In Julian Huxley et al., eds., Evolution as a Process . London Allen and Unwin, pp. 157 180. ref According to Mayr species formation rarely occurred in populations which were exemplified by ecotypic variation . Notes Reflist Category Population genetics Genetics stub ... more details
that reduced inbreeding depression in first generation hybrids can, in some circumstances, be strong ... another way of saying a reduction of inbreeding depression is strongest in first generation hybrids ... advantage Dominance versus overdominance Haldane s Rule Heterosis Inbreeding depression References NPS.Gov sourceURL http www.nwfsc.noaa.gov publications techmemos tm30 lynch.html Inbreeding ... more details
for math N math which gives math N e v p 1 p over 2 widehat operatorname var p . math Inbreeding effective size Alternatively, the effective population size may be defined by noting how the inbreeding ... of the idealized population that has the same change in inbreeding. The presentation follows Kempthorne 1957 . For the idealized population, the inbreeding coefficients follow the recurrence equation ... 1 &minus F instead of inbreeding coefficient, we get the approximate recurrence equation ... P t 1 frac 1 2N . math The inbreeding effective size can be found by solving math frac P t 1 P t 1 ... i v i math average age of a reproducing individual Then, the inbreeding effective population size ... Diploid Similarly, the inbreeding effective number can be calculated for a diploid population with discrete ..., compared to upper case F for inbreeding . The inbreeding effective number is math begin align frac ... cite journal author Felsenstein J year 1971 title Inbreeding and variance effective numbers in populations ... cite journal author Johnson DL year 1977 title Inbreeding in populations with overlapping generations ... more details
may include inbreeding depression , natural disaster , or climate change . Extinction ... ref There is a Inbreeding depression Example taxa not subject to significant inbreeding depression ... MVPs than average. Conversely, taxa easily affected by inbreeding depression having high MVPs are often ... of 500 to 1,000 has often been given as an average for terrestrial vertebrates when inbreeding or genetic ... Conservation Biology volume 4 issue 3 pages 324 327 ref When inbreeding effects are included, estimates ... more details
Malecot s coancestry coefficient , math f math , refers to an indirect measure of genetic similarity of two individuals which was initially devised by the French mathematician Gustave Mal cot . math f math is defined as the probability that any two alleles, sampled at random one from each individual , are identical copies of an ancestral allele. In species with well known lineages such as domesticated crops , math f math can be calculated by examining detailed pedigree records. Modernly, math f math can be estimated using genetic marker data. Evolution of inbreeding coefficient in finite size populations In a finite size population, after some generations, all individuals will have a common ancestor math f rightarrow 1 math . Consider a non sexual population of fixed size math N math , and call math f i math the inbreeding coefficient of generation math i math . Here, math f math means the probability that two individuals picked at random will have a common ancestor. At each generation, each individual produces a large number math k gg 1 math of descendants, from the pool of which math N math individual will be chosen at random to form the new generation. At generation math n math , the probability that two individuals have a common ancestor is they have a common parent OR they descend from two distinct individuals which have a common ancestor math f n frac k 1 kN frac k N 1 kN f n 1 math math approx frac 1 N 1 frac 1 N f n 1 math This is a recurrence relation easily solved. Considering the worst case where at generation zero, no two individuals have a common ancestor, math f 0 0 math , we get math f n 1 1 frac 1 N n math the scale of the fixation time average number of generation it takes to homogenize the population is therefore math bar n 1 log 1 1 N approx N math This computation trivially extends to the inbreeding coefficients of alleles in a sexual population by changing math N math to math 2N math the number a gametes . References Mal cot G. Les math matiques ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A genetic equilibrium occurs when an allele within a gene pool is not changing in frequency i.e. evolving . For this to be the case, evolutionary forces acting upon the allele must be equal and opposite. The only basic requirement is that the population be large enough that the effects of genetic drift are minimized. For more see heterozygote advantage , fixation , mutation selection balance , negative frequency dependent selection . There may be inbreeding as this reduces heterozygosity but does not cause evolution. No gene mutations Large population size Limited to no immigration, emigration, or migration genetic flow Gene of interest has no effect on survival reproduction, and there is no natural selection Mating is random panmixis See also Hardy Weinberg equilibrium . DEFAULTSORT Genetic Equilibrium Category Population genetics Genetics stub Evolution stub ... more details
Kin recognition is animals abilities to distinguish between close genetic kin and non kin. In evolutionary biology and in psychology , such capabilities are presumed to have evolved to serve the adaptive functions of kin altruism see kin selection and inbreeding avoidance. Apart from a few exceptional cases, such as the green beard effect , kin recognition is achieved via several cue based mechanisms, such as Imprinting psychology imprinting and phenotype matching. Because kin recognition is cue based, errors sometimes occur. A well known example is the Westermarck effect in which unrelated individuals who spend their childhood in the same household find each other sexually unattractive. References ZoolJLinnSoc154 781. Lieberman, D., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. 2007 . The architecture of human kin detection. Nature, 445, 727 731. See also Dear enemy recognition Category Biology Category Ethology Category Selection Biology stub ja ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Estonian native cattle lang et eesti maat ug are a dairy cattle breed from Estonia ref http www.fao.org docrep 009 ah759e AH759E08.htm FAO genetic resources study ref . The colour varies from yellow brown to red and most animals are naturally polled . The breed has mainly been improved from native stock, but some Jersey cattle Jersey and Finnish bulls were used from 1955 to 1967 to overcome the effects of inbreeding. Organised breeding began in 1909 and a herdbook has been kept since 1914. References Reflist Category Cattle breeds Category Agriculture in Estonia Category Animal breeds originating in Estonia cattle stub de Estnisches Rind fr Eesti maat ug no Estisk landrase ... more details
dictdef Orphan date February 2011 Chinless wonder is a derogatory term for an upper class or sometimes middle class person, often a British people Brit , frequently one who gained his position via nepotism or other social connections, not through his own competence. The term is derived from the characteristic recessive chin of some rich people, which is thought to be caused by inbreeding, traditionally common among the upper classes, although a person need not be literally chinless to be described as a chinless wonder. The wonder part of the term is often replaced with an offensive word to greaten the insult. References http www.urbandictionary.com define.php?term chinless 20wonder 1 Urban Dictionary entry for Chinless wonder. This article on British cultural slang is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Uncategorized date February 2011 ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 A true breeding organism , sometimes also called a pure bred, is an organism having certain Trait biological biological traits which are passed on to all subsequent generations when bred with another true breeding organism for the same traits. In other words, to breed true means that two organisms with a particular, inheritable phenotype produce only offspring with that same phenotype. In the case of a gene with multiple different alleles in the population, the genotype of a true breeding organism is homozygous . For example, a pure bred variety of cat, such as Siamese cat Siamese , only produce kittens with Siamese characteristics because their ancestors were inbreeding inbred until they were homozygous for all of the genes that produce the physical characteristics and temperament associated with the Siamese breed. True breeding is also used to refer to plants that produce only offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate. For example, when a true breeding plant with pink flowers is self pollinated, all its seeds will only produce plants that also have pink flowers. Gregor Mendel cross pollinated true breeding peas in his experiments on patterns of inheritance of traits. The definition of true breeding is Pertaining to an individual all of whose offspring produced through self fertilization are identical to the parental type. True breeding individuals are homozygous for a given trait. See also Inbreeding Homozygous Category Classical genetics da Ren linje fr Souche pure id Galur pertanian he ru simple Pure bred uk ... more details
conservation status Functional extinction is the extinction of a species or other taxon such that it disappears from the fossil record , or historic reports of its existence cease ref Extinctions in Near Time Causes, Contexts, and Consequences 1999. Edited by R.D.E. MacPhee, Hans Dieter Sues. page 202. ref the reduced population no longer plays a significant role in ecosystem function ref cite web url http www.greenfacts.org biodiversity l 3 1 define biodiversity.htm title What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services? accessdate 2006 12 16 work Scientific Facts on Biodiversity archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20060930074436 http www.greenfacts.org biodiversity l 3 1 define biodiversity.htm Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2006 09 30 ref or the population is no longer viable. There are no individuals able to reproduce, or the small population of breeding individuals will not be able to sustain itself due to inbreeding depression and genetic drift , which leads to a loss of Fitness biology fitness . In plant populations, Self incompatibility in plants self incompatibility mechanisms may cause related plant specimens to be incompatible, which may lead to functional extinction if an entire population becomes self incompatible. This does not occur in larger populations. In Polygyny polygynous populations, where only a few males leave offspring, there is a much smaller reproducing population than if all viable males were considered. Furthermore, the successful males act as a genetic bottleneck, leading to more rapid genetic drift or inbreeding problems in small populations. The IUCN Red List does not have a category for functional extinction, and so species which are no longer viable or able to sustain themselves in the wild may be classified as critically endangered or they may be extinct in the wild if specimens remain in captivity but there is no reasonable doubt that the last wild specimen has died. Functionally extinct species in modern times Baij ... more details
are around but it is disadvantageous because of inbreeding depression the reduced fitness of offsprings ... does inbreeding depression and lack of genetic variation. But incestuous mating is advantageous ... because it increases genetic variation and avoids inbreeding depression, but it could be a very time ... I title Incestuous mate preference by a simultaneous hermaphrodite with strong inbreeding depression ... author Kokko H, Ots I title When not to avoid inbreeding journal Evolution volume 60 issue 3 pages ... 118726511 abstract pmid 16637492 ref suggests that, despite inbreeding depression, there exists ... fitness benefits that outweigh the cost of inbreeding. In species where there is low parental ..., the greater effectiveness of inbreeding prevails over the detriment of incestuous mating and evolutionarily ... more details
The mixed mating model is a mathematical model that describes the mating system of a plant population in terms of the degree of self fertilisation present. It is a fairly simplistic model, employing several simplifying assumptions, most notably the assumption that every fertilisation event may be classed as either self fertilisation, or outcrossing with a completely random mate. Thus the only model parameter to be parameter estimation estimated is the probability of self fertilisation. ref name Brown 1989 cite book author Brown, A. H. D. et al. year 1989 chapter Isozyme analysis of plant mating systems editor Soltis, D. E. Soltis, P. S. eds title Isozymes in Plant Biology pages 73 86 publisher Dioscorides Press location Portland ref The mixed mating model originated in the 1910s, with plant breeding plant breeders who were seeking evidence of outcrossing contamination of self pollinating crop s, but a formal description of the model and its parameter estimation was not published until 1951. The model is still in common use today, though a number of more complex models are also now in use. For example, a weakness of the model lies in its assumption that inbreeding occurs only as a result of self fertilisation in reality, inbreeding may also occur through outcrossing between closely related individuals. The effective selfing model relaxes this assumption by seeking also to estimate the degree of shared ancestry of outcrossing mates. ref name Brown 1989 References reflist Category Plant sexuality Category Mating systems Category Mathematical modeling botany stub ... more details
Population fragmentation is a form of population segregation. ref Citation last Proctor first Michael F. last2 McLellan first2 Bruce N. lastauthoramp yes last3 Strobeck first3 Curtis year 2002 title Population Fragmentation of Grizzly Bears in Southeastern British Columbia, Canada journal Ursus volume 8 issue pages 153 160 doi url http jstor.org stable 3873196 . ref It is often caused by habitat fragmentation . Population fragmentation causes inbreeding depression , which leads to a decrease in genetic variability in the species involved. ref name ProctorMcLellan Citation last Proctor first M. F. last2 McLellan first2 B. N. last3 Strobeck first3 C. lastauthoramp yes last4 Barclay first4 R. M. R. year 2005 title Genetic analysis reveals demographic fragmentation of grizzly bears yielding vulnerably small populations journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B volume 272 issue 1579 pages 2409 2416 doi 10.1098 rspb.2005.3246 pmid 16243699 pmc 1559960 . ref This decreases the fitness of the population for several reasons. First, inbreeding forces competition with relatives, which decreases the evolutionary fitness of the species. ref name ProctorMcLellan Secondly, the decrease in genetic variability causes an increased possibility a lethal homozygous recessive trait may be expressed this decreases the average litter size reproduced, indirectly decreasing the population. ref name KrebsCJ Citation last Krebs first C. J. year 2009 title Ecology The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance edition 6th publisher Benjamin Cummings location San Francisco isbn 9780321507433 . ref References references Category Habitats Fragmentation Category Habitat ecology terminology Category Landscape ecology Category Extinction Category Conservation biology Category Conservation reliant species Category Ecological restoration Category Environmental issues with conservation ... more details
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