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Encyclopedia results for ITU R 468 noise weighting

ITU R 468 noise weighting





Encyclopedia results for ITU R 468 noise weighting

  1. ITU-R 468 noise weighting

    See also Standard ITU R 468 Weighting filter Equal loudness contour Noise weighting A weighting ... ITU R 468 weighting curve can be traced to 1956. The 1968 BBC EL 17 report discusses several weighting ... responses. File Itu r 468 circuit.png The ITU R 468 Weighting Filter Circuit Diagram. The source ..., Elsevier Press references External links http www.rane.com par w.html ITU R 468 Rane pro audio reference definition of ITU R 468 weighting http www.beis.de Elektronik AudioMeasure WeightingFilters.html Weighting Filter Set Circuit diagrams ITU standards DEFAULTSORT Itu R Bs.468 Category Audio engineering Category Noise Category Sound Category ITU R recommendations ITU R 468 Category Standards ITU ...Image Lindos3.svg 400px right ITU R 468 originally defined in CCIR recommendation 468 4 is a standard ... CCIR 468 weighting curve, now supported as an ITU standard is less well known outside of the UK ... of random noise, and it is this difference that gave rise to the 468 weighting, which together with quasi ... 468 weighting for use in measuring noise on their noise reduction systems, both in cinema Dolby A and on cassette ... of such noise reduction. Some Hi Fi column writers took up 468 weighting enthusiastically, observing ...  kHz imposed on the A weighting. Dependent on spectral content, 468 weighted measurements of noise ... would suggest. Measurements of microphone noise are easier using 468 weighting because it emphasises ... from the ITU R 468 specification. Note that since this circuit is purely passive, it cannot create ... also used methods similar to 468 weighting with quasi peak measurement to describe objectionable interference ... noise that limited the performance of broadcast circuits, equipment and radio circuits. A weighting ... noise levels using various combinations of weighting filter and quasi peak detector then in existence ..., C.C.I.F and O.I.R.T. The report s graph of the DPB curve is identical to that of the ITU R 486 curve ... over by the ITU R International Telecommunication Union . Current work on this standard occurs primarily ...   more details



  1. Noise weighting

    Unreferenced date December 2009 A noise weighting is a specific amplitude vs. frequency characteristic that is designed to allow subjectively valid measurement of noise. It emphasises the parts of the spectrum that are most important. Usually, noise means audible noise, in audio systems, broadcast systems or telephone circuits. In this case the weighting is sometimes referred to as Psophometric weighting , though this term is best avoided because, although strictly a general term, the word Psophometric is sometimes assumed to refer to a particular weighting used in telecommunications. A major use of noise weighting is in the measurement of residual noise in audio equipment , usually present as hiss or hum in quiet moments of programme material. The purpose of weighting here is to emphasise the parts of the audible spectrum that our ears perceive most readily, and attenuate the parts that contribute less to our perception of loudness, in order to get a measured figure that correlates well with subjective effect. The ITU R 468 noise weighting was devised specifically for this purpose, and is widely used in broadcasting, especially in the UK and Europe. A weighting is also used, especially in the USA, though this is only really valid for the measurement of tones, not noise, and is widely incorporated into sound level meters. In telecommunication , noise weightings are used by agencies concerned with public telephone service, and various standard curves are based on the characteristics ... weightings. The same weighting nomenclature and units are used in military versions of commercial noise measuring sets. Telocommunication measurements are made in lines terminated either by the measuring set or the an instrument of the relevant class. See also A weighting ITU R 468 noise weighting Equal loudness contour Noise pollution Weighting filter Psophometric weighting DEFAULTSORT Noise Weighting Category Noise Category Audio engineering ...   more details



  1. ITU-R

    The ITU Radiocommunication Sector ITU R is one of the three sectors divisions or units of the International Telecommunication Union ITU and is responsible for radio communication. Its role is to manage the international radio frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources and to develop standards for radiocommunication systems with the objective of ensuring the effective use of the spectrum . ref cite web title Radiocommunication Sector url http www.itu.int net about itu r.aspx publisher International Telecommunication Union accessdate 2011 03 20 ref ITU is required, according to its Constitution, to allocate spectrum and register frequency allocation , orbital positions and other parameters of satellites , in order to avoid harmful interference between radio stations of different countries . The international spectrum management system is therefore based on regulatory procedures for frequency coordination , notification and registration. ITU R has a permanent secretariat, the Radiocommunication Bureau, based at the ITU HQ in Geneva , Switzerland . The elected Director of the Bureau is Mr. Fran ois Rancy of France . First elected by the ITU Membership to the Directorship in 2010. History ... Union. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU R. See also ITU T Category ITU R recommendations ITU R Recommendations Rec. 601 Rec. 709 Global Standards Collaboration References Reflist External links http www.itu.int ITU official website http www.itu.int ITU R ITU R official website SMPTE standards Telecommunications Category International Telecommunication Union R Category Radio organizations ca Comit Consultiu Internacional de Radiocomunicaci da International Telecommunication Union, ITU Radiocommunication Sector de Comit Consultatif International des Radiocommunications es CCIR ko ITU R it ITU R nl ITU R ja ITU R pl ITU R ru sv CCIR zh ... other organizations including the original ITU , which had been founded as the International ...   more details



  1. ITU-R P.525

    Multiple issues orphan January 2011 date January 2011 ITU R P.525 is the International Telecommunications Union radiocommunication s standard for the calculation of free space attenuation . See also Free space loss DEFAULTSORT Itu R P.525 Category ITU R recommendations Category Standards Wireless stub ...   more details



  1. ITU-R BT.656

    ITU R Recommendation BT.656 , sometimes also called ITU656 , describes a simple digital video protocol for streaming uncompressed PAL or NTSC Standard Definition TV 525 or 625 lines signals. The protocol builds upon the 4 2 2 digital video encoding parameters defined in ITU R Recommendation BT.601 , which provides interlaced video data, streaming each field separately, and uses the YCbCr color space and a 13.5  MHz sampling frequency for pixels. The standard can be implemented to transmit either 8 bit values the standard in consumer electronics or 10 bit values sometimes used in studio environments . Both a parallel and a serial transmission format are defined. For the parallel format, a 25 pin D subminiature Sub D connector pinout and Emitter coupled logic ECL logic levels are defined. The serial format can be transmitted over 75 ohm coaxial cable with BNC connector BNC connectors , but there is also a fibre optical version defined. The parallel version of the ITU R BT.656 protocol is also used in many TV sets between chips using CMOS logic levels. Typical applications include the interface between a PAL NTSC decoder chip and a digital to analog converter DAC integrated circuit for driving a Cathode ray tube CRT in a TV set. Data format A BT.656 data stream is a sequence of 8 bit or 10 bit word s, transmitted at a rate of 27 megabyte Mbyte s. Horizontal scan lines of video pixel data are delimited in the stream by 4 byte long SAV Start of Active Video and EAV End of Active Video code sequences. SAV codes also contain status bits indicating line position in a video field ... www.itu.int rec R REC BT.656 en ITU R Recommendation BT.656 Interfaces for digital component video ... ITU R BT.601 Part A . See also CCIR 601 Serial digital interface Category Digital television Category Film and video technology Category Serial digital interface Category ITU R recommendations ko ITU R BT.656 zh BT.656 ...   more details



  1. A-weighting

    , broadcasters and audio engineers Who date July 2010 more often use the ITU R 468 noise weighting ... posed by different levels, and work by the BBC resulted in the CCIR 468 weighting, currently maintained as ITU R 468 noise weighting, which gives more representative readings on noise as opposed ... content. ITU R 468 noise weighting was therefore developed to more accurately reflect the subjective ... also Noise Signal noise Sound level meter ITU R 468 noise weighting Psophometric weighting Audio quality ... R 468 curve. If A weighting is used without further band limiting it is possible to obtain different ... 2011 09 13 ref A weighting is also used when measuring low level noise in audio equipment, especially ... widely adopted for environmental noise measurement, and is standard in many sound level meters. The A weighting ... noise , rail noise, aircraft noise . A weighting is also in common use for assessing potential ... measuring noise on film soundtracks and compact cassette systems. Its advantages over A weighting ... Noise Measurement Briefing http sound.westhost.com project17.htm A weighting filter circuit for audio ...File Acoustic weighting curves 1 .svg thumb 400px right A graph of the A , B , C and D weightings across ... thumb 400px right Video illustrating A weighting by analyzing a sine sweep contains audio A weighting ... 2003 and various national standards relating to the measurement of sound pressure level . The weighting ... as dB A . Other weighting sets of values B, C, D and now Z are discussed below. The curves were originally defined for use at different average sound levels, but A weighting, though originally intended ... of environmental noise and industrial noise , as well as when assessing potential Noise induced hearing loss hearing damage and other noise health effects at all sound levels indeed, the use of A frequency weighting is now mandated for all these measurements, although it is badly suited for these purposes ... noise in particular. ref name Pierre cite url http amherstislandwindinfo.com Impact Sound Pressure.pdf ...   more details



  1. Weighting

    contour A weighting ITU R 468 noise weighting Psophometric weighting Audio quality measurement ...File Acoustic weighting curves 1 .svg 300px right Image Lindos3.svg 300px right Image CCITT 0.41 and C Message weighting curve.svg 300px right Image IEC 98 1984 Rumble Weighting curves.svg 300px right Image IEC 386 Flutter weighting.svg 300px right The process of weighting involves emphasizing the contribution ... of adding extra weight to one side of a pair of scales to favour a buyer or seller. While weighting ... a spectrum of frequencies. Weighting and loudness In the measurement of loudness , for example, a weighting .... A commonly used weighting is the A weighting curve, which results in units of dBA sound pressure level. Because the frequency response of human hearing varies with loudness, the A weighting curve is only correct at a level of 40 phon and other curves known as B, C and D weighting are also used, the latter being particularly intended for the measurement of aircraft noise. Weighting in audio measurement In broadcasting and audio equipment measurements 468 weighting is the preferred weighting to use because it was specifically devised to allow subjectively valid measurements on noise, rather than pure tones. It is often not realised that equal loudness curves, and hence A weighting, only really apply to tones, as tests with noise band s show increased sensitivity in the 5 to 7  kHz region on noise compared to tones. Other weighting curves are used in rumble measurement and flutter measurement to properly assess subjective effect. Weighting and gamma rays In the measurement of gamma .... Weighting and television colour components Another use of weighting is in television, where the red ... compatibility with black and white receivers, and also benefits noise performance and allows .... Weighting and UV factor derivation for sun exposure Skin damage due to sun exposure is very wavelength ... 30 times as much damage as the longer one. In the calculation of UV Index , a weighting curve is used ...   more details



  1. 468

    Use mdy dates date February 2011 Year dab 468 Year nav 468 M1 year in topic NOTOC Year 468 Roman numerals CDLXVIII was a leap year starting on Monday link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar . At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Anthemius without colleague or, less frequently, year 1221 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 468 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events onlyinclude By place Eastern Roman Empire The Vandals Vandal fleet overpowers the navy of Leo I of the Byzantine Empire Leo I . The Huns again invade Dacia and are once more repelled by Leo. By topic Religion March 3 &ndash Pope Simplicius succeeds Pope Hilarius as the 47th pope . onlyinclude Births Deaths February 29 &ndash Pope Hilarius Dengizich , King of the Huns Gunabhadra References Reflist DEFAULTSORT 468 Category 468 af 468 am 468 . . . ar 468 an 468 ast 468 az 468 bn map bms 468 be 468 be x old 468 bh bg 468 bs 468 br 468 ca 468 cv 468 cs 468 co 468 cy 468 da 468 de 468 et 468 el 468 es 468 eo 468 eu 468 fa fr 468 fy 468 gd 468 gl 468 gan 468 ko 468 hy 468 hi hr 468. io 468 bpy id 468 os 468 it 468 he 468 jv 468 ka 468 kk 468 sw 468 ht 468 almanak jilyen la 468 lb 468 lt 468 m. lmo 468 hu 468 mk 468 mr . . ms 468 nah 468 nl 468 new ja 468 nap 468 no 468 nn 468 oc 468 or uz 468 pa pi pnb 468 nds 468 pl 468 pt 468 ro 468 qu 468 ru 468 sa sq 468 scn 468 sk 468 sl 468 sr 468 sh 468 su 468 fi 468 sv 468 tl 468 tt 468 th . . 1011 tr 468 tk 468 uk 468 ur 468 vec 468 vi 468 vo 468 war 468 yo 468 zh yue 468 zh 468 ...   more details



  1. Psophometric weighting

    unreferenced date June 2011 Image CCITT 0.41 and C Message weighting curve.svg 400px right Psophometric weighting refers to any weighting curve used in the measurement of noise. In the field of audio engineering it has a more specific meaning, referring to noise weightings used especially in measuring noise on telecommunications circuits. Key standards are ITU T O.41 and C message weighting as shown here. References International standard ITU T O.41 see ITU See also Audio quality measurement Equal loudness contour Fletcher Munson curves Noise measurement Headroom audio signal processing Headroom Psophometric voltage Rumble measurement ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting Weighting filter Weighting Weighting curve telecommunications stub Category noise ...   more details



  1. ITU-T

    Sector ITU R and the Telecommunication Development Sector ITU D . ref cite web title CCITT 50 ... Union Category ITU R recommendations ITU R recommendations Category ITU T recommendations ITU ... Sector ITU T http www.itu.int ITU R ITU Radiocommunication Sector ITU R http www.itu.int ...The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector ITU T is one of the three sectors divisions or units of the International Telecommunication Union ITU it coordinates standards for telecommunications . The standardization work of ITU dates back to 1865, with the birth of the International Telegraph Union ... was created in 1956. It was renamed ITU T in 1993. ref name ITUhistory cite web title ITU ... Union accessdate 2011 03 20 ref ITU has been an intergovernmental public private partnership ... cite web title About ITU url http www.itu.int net about index.aspx publisher International Telecommunication Union accessdate 2011 03 20 ref ITU T has a permanent secretariat, the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau TSB , based at the ITU HQ in Geneva , Switzerland . The elected Director of the Bureau is Malcolm Johnson Director Malcolm Johnson of the UK . Johnson was elected by the ITU Membership ... starting January 2011. Primary function The ITU T mission is to ensure the efficient and timely production ... ITU T info index.html ITU T and TSB General Information Bot generated title ref The international standards that are produced by the ITU T are referred to as Recommendations with the word ordinarily ... mandatory only when adopted as part of a national law. Since the ITU T is part of the ITU ... History Although the ITU itself dates back to 1865, ref name ITUhistory the formal standardization processes are more recent. Two consultative committees were created by the ITU s 1925 Paris conference ... OF EXCELLENCE 1956 2006 url http www.itu.int ITU T 50 docs ITU T 50.pdf page 8 publisher International ... . ref name 50years page8 In 1992, the Plenipotentiary Conference the top policy making conference of ITU ...   more details



  1. Itu

    Paulo, Brazil pointing Itu Coat of Arms Flag bgcolor FFFFFF colspan 1 align center Image Bras o de ... 88 km Itu is an old and historic municipality in the state of S o Paulo state S o Paulo in Brazil ... language , meaning big waterfall . Itu is linked with the highway numbered the SP 75 and are flowed with two rivers, Tiet River Tiet and Jundia river Jundia . Itu has five hospitals, eleven bank agencies and one shopping center, the Plaza Shopping Itu. Itu was founded by the Portugal Portuguese ... and municipality. It became a part of Brazil in 1822. It became a city in 1843. Itu was the birth place of the Brazilian Republic and has a renowned museum. Itu became a famous town after Simplicio a well known Brazilian comedian, born in Itu, was made Tourism Secretary and to increase tourism promoted ... phone booth orelh o . The Itu popsicle is about 30 cm 1 feet tall. And a giant Christmas tree. With the increase ... Reform Movement held their international delegation session in Itu bringing people from over 80 ... SP 79 SP 280 SP 300 SP 308 SP 312 Images gallery File Igreja matriz de Itu.jpg Itu s main parochial church. File ITU 07 2009 Giant traffic signal 6058.jpg Giant traffic signal . Itu is known as the capital of large things File Itu 05 2009 Museu da Energia 5864.jpg Energy Museum File ITU 07 2009 Giant Phone 6037.jpg Giant public pay phone. Itu is known as the capital of large things gallery See also ... Site pt icon http www.itu.com.br Itu s Portal pt icon http www.itu.sp.gov.br Government Site pt icon http www.citybrazil.com.br sp itu Itu on citybrazil.com.br Category Populated places in S o Paulo state Category Populated places established in 1610 de Itu Brasilien eml It eo Itu fr Itu bpy it Itu Brasile la Ytua nl Itu no Itu pl Itu miasto pt Itu ro Itu ru sv Itu, Brasilien vo Itu war Itu ...   more details



  1. Weighting filter

    . ITU R 468 noise weighting was therefore developed to more accurately reflect the subjective loudness ... go undetected with a slow rms measurement. ITU R 468 noise weighting with quasi peak detection is widely ... also Weighting Sone Phon ITU R 468 noise weighting Psophometric weighting Equal loudness contour ... they are less used while the D curve is used in assessing loud aircraft noise IEC 537 . Telecommunications In the field of telecommunications, weighting filters are widely used in the measurement of electrical noise on telephone circuits, and in the assessment of noise as perceived through the acoustic response of different types of instrument handset . Other noise weighting curves have existed, e.g. DIN standards. The term psophometric weighting , though referring in principle to any weighting curve intended for noise measurement, is often used to refer to a particular weighting curve, used in telephony for narrow bandwidth voiceband speech circuits. Environmental noise measurement A weighting .... Noise measurements using this weighting typically also use a quasi peak detector law rather than slow ...File Acoustic weighting curves 1 .svg right thumb 400px A weighting filter is used to emphasise or suppress ... equivalent level . Loudness measurements In the measurement of loudness, for example, an A weighting ... is to ensure that measured loudness corresponds well with subjectively perceived loudness. A weighting ... to 20 micropascals 0 dB SPL. dBrn adjusted is a synonym for dBA. The A weighting curve has been widely adopted for environmental noise measurement, and is standard in many sound level meters see ITU R 468 noise weighting ITU R 468 weighting for a further explanation . A weighting is also in common use for assessing potential Hearing impairment hearing damage caused by loud noise, though this seems to be based on the widespread availability of sound level meters incorporating A Weighting rather ... the data useless. In the case of environmental or aircraft noise , distance need not be quoted as it is the level ...   more details



  1. Weighting curve

    noise in audio circuits, a different weighting curve, ITU R 468 weighting uses a psophometric weighting curve and a quasi peak detector ref IEC 60268 1 ref . This method, formerly known as CCIR weighting ..., and also benefits noise performance and allows separation into meaningful Luminance video luminance and chrominance signals for transmission. See also Weighting filter A weighting References references DEFAULTSORT Weighting Curve Category Sound Category Audio engineering Category Noise ...A Weighting curve is a graph of a set of factors, that are used to weight measured values of a variable according to their importance in relation to some outcome. The most commonly known example is frequency weighting in sound level measurement where a specific set of weighting curves known as A, B, C and D weighting as defined in IEC 61672 ref name soundlevel IEC 61672, which has superseded IEC 60651, IEC 651 and earlier standards ref are used. Unweighted measurements of sound pressure do not correspond to perceived loudness because the human ear is less sensitive at low and high frequencies, with the effect ... level, for example by the use of a weighting filter in a sound level meter, to arrive at readings of loudness in Phon s or in decibels dB above the threshold of hearing. see A weighting . Weighting curves in Electronic Engineering, Audio and Broadcasting Although A weighting with a slow rms detector ... as it reflects more accurately the audibility of pops and short bursts of random noise as opposed to pure tones. Psophometric weighting is used in telephony and telecommunications where narrow band circuits are common. Other applications of weighting Acoustics is by no means the only subject which finds use for weighting curves however, and they are widely used in deriving measures of effect for sun ... equivalent man . Weighting is also applied to the measurement of sunlight when assessing the risk ... use of weighting is in television, where the red, green and blue components of the signal are weighted ...   more details



  1. Flat weighting

    Flat weighting In a noise measuring set, a noise weighting based on an amplitude frequency characteristic that is flat over a frequency range that must be stated. Note 1 Flat noise power is expressed in dBrn f sub 1 sub f sub 2 sub or in dBm f sub 1 sub f sub 2 sub . Note 2 3 kHz flat weighting and 15 kHz flat weighting are based on amplitude frequency characteristics that are flat between 30 Hz and the frequency indicated. References FS1037C MS188 Category Noise ...   more details



  1. 468 BC

    Use mdy dates date February 2011 Year nav 468 BC year in topic 468 NOTOC Year 468 BC was a year of the Roman calendar pre Julian Roman calendar . At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Barbatus and Priscus or, less frequently, year 286 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 468 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events onlyinclude By place Greece Sparta faces trouble near home, chiefly from Arcadia with the support of Argos . Argos regains control of Tiryns . Roman Republic Antium is captured by Ancient Rome Roman forces. China Zhou Zhen Ding Wang becomes the twenty eighth sovereign of the China Chinese Zhou Dynasty . By topic Literature Sophocles , Greek theatre Greek playwright , defeats Aeschylus for the Athenian Prize . onlyinclude Births Deaths Aristides , Athenian statesman b. 530 BC References Reflist DEFAULTSORT 468 Bc Category 468 BC ast 468 edC az E. . 468 be 468 . . be x old 468 . . bs 468 p.n.e. br 468 ca 468 aC cs 468 p . n. l. cy 468 CC da 468 f.Kr. de 468 v. Chr. el 468 . . es 468 a. C. eu K. a. 468 fa fr 468 gl 468 ko 468 hy . . . 468 hr 468. pr. Kr. io 468 aK it 468 a.C. ka . . 468 kk . . . 468 la 468 a.C.n. lb 468 lt 468 m. pr. m. e. hu I. e. 468 mk 468 . . . mr . . . ms 468 SM nl 468 v.Chr. ne . . new nap 468 AC no 468 f.Kr. oc 468 uz Mil. av. 468 pl 468 p.n.e. pt 468 a.C. ru 468 . . sq 468 p.e.s. sk 468 pred Kr. sl 468 pr. n. t. sr 468. . . . sh 468. pne. su 468 SM fi 468 eaa. sv 468 f.Kr. tl 468 BC th . . 76 uk 468 . . vec 468 a.C. war 468 UC zh 468 ...   more details



  1. 468 Lina

    Additional parameters for this template are available at Template Infobox Planet . Infobox planet bgcolour BCD1F1 name 468 Lina symbol physical characteristics image caption discovery yes discoverer Max Wolf discovered January 18, 1901 alt names 1901 FZ, A915 PA, A918 EB mp category epoch semimajor 3.130 AU perihelion aphelion eccentricity 0.198 period 5.54  year inclination 0.440° asc node arg peri mean anomaly avg speed dimensions 69.34  km mass density surface grav escape velocity rotation spectral type magnitude abs magnitude albedo 0.043 angular size single temperature 468 Lina is a main belt asteroid . It was discovered by Max Wolf on January 18, 1901 at Heidelberg . Its provisional name was 1901 FZ . This asteroid was named Lina after the housemaid of Max Wolf s family. ref cite book first Lutz D. last Schmadel year 2003 title Dictionary of Minor Planet Names publisher Springer isbn 3 540 00238 3 ref It is a core member of the Themis family of asteroids. References references External links cite web last Yeomans first Donald K. year 2003 url http ssd.jpl.nasa.gov sbdb.cgi?sstr 468 title 468 Lina 1901 FZ work JPL Small Body Database Browser publisher NASA JPL accessdate 2008 05 06 Minor planets navigator 467 Laura 469 Argentina DEFAULTSORT Lina Category Themistian asteroids Category Asteroids named for people Category Discoveries by Max Wolf Category Astronomical objects discovered in 1901 C beltasteroid stub de 468 Lina el 468 es 468 Lina eo 468 Lino eu 468 Lina fa fr 468 Lina it 468 Lina la 468 Lina hu 468 Lina ja no 468 Lina nn 468 Lina pl 468 Lina pt 468 Lina sk 468 Lina sr 468 fi 468 Lina tl 468 Lina uk 468 vi 468 Lina zh 468 ...   more details



  1. Minuscule 468

    New Testament manuscript infobox form Minuscule number 468 image isize caption name sign text New Testament except Gospels script Greek language Greek date 13th century found now at Biblioth que nationale de France cite size 22.7 15.8 type ? cat none hand note Minuscule 468 in the Biblical manuscript Gregory Aland Gregory Aland numbering , sup 30 sup in the Biblical manuscript Von Soden Soden numbering , ref name Gregory1908 cite book last Gregory first Caspar Ren authorlink Caspar Ren Gregory title Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament url http www.archive.org stream diegriechischen00greggoog page n75 mode 2up year 1908 publisher J. C. Hinrichs sche Buchhandlung location Leipzig page 65 ref is a Greek language Greek Lower case minuscule manuscript of the New Testament , on paper. Palaeography Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. ref name Aland Cite book last Aland first K. authorlink Kurt Aland coauthors M. Welte, B. K ster, K. Junack title Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments publisher Walter de Gruyter date 1994 location Berlin, New York page 75 url doi id isbn 3110119862 ref Formerly it was labeled by 118 sup a sup , 138 sup p sup , and 55 sup r sup . ref name Scrivener Cite book last Scrivener first Frederick Henry Ambrose authorlink Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener coauthors Edward Miller title A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament , vol. 1 publisher George Bell & Sons date 1894 location London page 293 url doi id isbn ref Description The codex contains the text of the New Testament except Gospels on 200 paper leaves size 22.7 15.8 , with only one Lacuna manuscripts lacuna Acts 19 18 22 17 . The text is written in one column per page, 28 lines per page size of text 15.7 by 10 cm . ref name Gregory Cite book last Gregory first Caspar Ren authorlink Caspar Ren Gregory ... Paris Paris 1883 , p. 114 ref and C. R. Gregory 1885 . Herman C. Hoskier examined and collated its ...   more details



  1. Weighting pattern

    A weighting pattern for a linear dynamical system describes the relationship between an input math u math and output math y math . Given the time variant system described by math dot x t A t x t B t u t math math y t C t x t math then the output can be written as math y t y t 0 int t 0 t T t, sigma u sigma d sigma math where math T cdot, cdot math is the weighting pattern for the system. For such a system the weighting pattern is math T t, sigma C t phi t, sigma B sigma math such that math phi math is the state transition matrix . The weighting pattern will determine a system, but note that if there exists a Realization systems realization for this weighting pattern then there exists many that do so. ref cite book first Roger W. last Brockett title Finite Dimensional Linear Systems publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1970 isbn 9780471105855 ref Linear time invariant system In a LTI system then the weighting pattern is Continuous math T t, sigma C e A t sigma B math where math e A t sigma math is the matrix exponential . Discrete math T k,l C A k l 1 B math . References Reflist Category Control theory ...   more details



  1. London weighting

    Orphan date February 2009 London weighting is an allowance paid to certain civil servants, teachers, airline employees, police and security officers in the capital city capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom , London . It is designed to help these workers with the cost of living in London, which is notoriously higher than that of the rest of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland UK . ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi programmes politics show 3154824.stm ref Its purpose is to encourage key workers to stay in London. London weighting was introduced for civil servants in 1920 and until 1974 it was set by the London Pay Board. However since 1974 the Greater London Council and later the Mayor of London , in partnership with central government, have been responsible for setting it. In 2002, teachers from across South East England went on strike to try to force London Weighting to be raised. As of March 2007, the London weighting is worth between 3,000 and 4,000. In some professions, such as teachers, a different level of weighting is applied to Inner London and Outer London . ref http www.unison.org.uk acrobat b694.pdf ref ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi education 1791149.stm ref Since the abolition of the Pay Board no organisation has been responsible for setting London weighting. The GLA carried out an investigation into the issue but did not propose a new figure as such. Currently the amounts paid by employers as London weighting, or London allowance, or in some cases both, vary greatly. Further information is available from pay analysts such as Labour Research Department and IDS Incomes Data Services Ltd Incomes Data Services Ltd . References reflist Category Economy of London ...   more details



  1. Implied weighting

    Implied weighting describes a group of methods used in phylogenetic analysis to assign the greatest importance to characters that are most likely to be homologous. The first attempt to implement such a technique was by Farris 1969 , ref name Farris1969 cite jstor 2412182 ref whereby a tree was constructed with equal weights, and characters that appeared as homoplasies on this tree were downweighted. The analysis was repeated with these new weights, and characters were again re weighted subsequent iteration was continued until a stable state was reached. However, the final tree depended strongly on the starting weights and the finishing criteria. ref name Goloboff1993 cite doi 10.1111 j.1096 0031.1993.tb00209.x ref The most widely used and implemented method follows from Goloboff 1993 . ref name Goloboff1993 The first time a character changes state on a tree, this state change is given the weight 1 subsequent changes are less expensive and are given smaller weights as the characters tendency for homoplasy becomes more apparent. The mathematical implementation of this algorithm is explained at http tnt.insectmuseum.org index.php Implied weighting. Goloboff recognizes that trees with the heaviest average weights give the most respect to the data a low average weight implies that most characters are being ignored by the tree building algorithms. ref name Goloboff1993 References Reflist Category Phylogenetics ...   more details



  1. Noise

    . This signal noise is commonly measured using A weighting or ITU R 468 noise weighting ITU R 468 weighting ...about noise as an unwanted phenomenon Noise disambiguation refimprove date September 2011 File Noise ... Center conducting tests on aircraft engine noise in 1967 In common use, the word noise means any unwanted sound . In both analog electronics analog and digital electronics , Noise electronics noise is random unwanted perturbation to a wanted signal it is called noise as a generalisation of the acoustic noise static heard when listening to a weak radio transmission with significant electrical noise. Signal noise is heard as acoustic noise if the signal is converted into sound e.g., played through a loudspeaker it manifests as Noise video snow on a television or video image. High noise levels can ... produced as an unwanted by product of other activities. Signal to noise ratio is sometimes used to refer to the ratio of useful to irrelevant information in an exchange. In biology, noise can describe the variability of a measurement around the mean, for example transcriptional noise describes ... of thermal noise arises, which sets a fundamental lower limit to what can be measured or signaled and is related ... by simple formulae. In some fields, noise means unwanted information or data that is not relevant to the hypothesis or theory being investigated or tested. Acoustic noise In relation to sound, noise ... to hear wanted sounds, are noise. For example, conversations of other people may be called noise by people ..., is called noise. Acoustic noise can be anything from quiet but annoying to loud and harmful ... hearing damage. Regulation of acoustic noise Main Noise regulation Noise regulation includes statutes ... levels of government. After a watershed passage of the U.S. Noise Control Act of 1972 1 , the program ... rising ambient noise b enforceable numerical source limits on aircraft and motor vehicles or c comprehensive directives to local government. Acoustic noise in film sound For film sound theorists ...   more details



  1. NOiSE

    Mergeto Blame date August 2009 This article is about NOiSE the manga. For other uses, see Noise disambiguation . Infobox animanga Header name NOiSE image File Noisetstomunihei.jpg 230px caption Musubi on top of early silicon creatures ja kanji NOiSE genre Cyberpunk Infobox animanga Print type manga author Tsutomu Nihei publisher Kodansha publisher en flagicon United States Tokyopop publisher other flagicon France Gl nat publisher Gl nat br flagicon Germany Egmont Manga & Anime demographic Seinen manga Seinen magazine Afternoon magazine Afternoon first 2001 last 2001 volumes 1 volume list Infobox animanga Footer nihongo NOiSE Noizu is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten volume work, Blame . Noise offers some information concerning the Megastructure s origins and initial size, as well as the origins of BLAME characters and structures Silicon Life .28Cyborgs.29 Silicon life . The book also includes Blame , a One shot comics one shot prototype for Blame , which originally debuted in 1995. Plot This story portrays Susono Musubi, a young police officer in a post apocalyptic subterranean city that s thriving with activity, who is investigating recent child abductions. She finds a heavily toned down, sword like Gravitational Beam Emitter as well as other elements that take different forms in the later publication for example, BLAME characters and structures Silicon Life .28Cyborgs.29 Silicon life . References reflist External links ann manga 5158 Blame DEFAULTSORT Noise Category Blame Category Cyberpunk anime and manga Category Manga of 2001 Category Seinen manga Category Tokyopop titles bg NOiSE de NOiSE fr NOiSE ja NOiSE ...   more details



  1. This Is Noise

    Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name This Is Noise Type EP Artist Rise Against Cover 61zGfvGp5yL. SS500 .jpg Released July 3, 2007 br April 7, 2008 small European release small January 15, 2008 UK digital release Recorded Genre Punk rock , melodic hardcore , hardcore punk Length 9 08 Label Geffen Records Geffen Producer Reviews Last album The Sufferer & the Witness br 2006 This album This Is Noise br 2007 Next album Appeal to Reason br 2008 This Is Noise is the first extended play EP by Rise Against . It was released on July 3, 2007 in Canada, and January 15, 2008 on iTunes by Geffen Records . The EP features 5 songs. ref http www.riseagainst.com news default.aspx nid 12377 Rise Against NEWS This Is Noise EP Bot generated title ref A European track listing was announced on MySpace on March 31, 2008. It contains different artwork and different songs. The release dates were April 7, 2008 for Germany, the UK, Switzerland, and Italy, and April 11, 2008 for Austria. Track listing class wikitable No. Title Length Notes 1 Boy s No Good small Lifetime band Lifetime cover small 1 18 Recorded during The Unraveling tour 2 Fix Me small Black Flag band Black Flag cover small 0 54 From Tony Hawk s American Wasteland soundtrack 3 Obstructed View 2 02 B side from Siren Song of the Counter Culture 4 But Tonight We Dance 2 47 B side from The Sufferer & the Witness 5 Nervous Breakdown small Black Flag cover small 2 07 From the Lords of Dogtown soundtrack European track listing Obstructed View 2 03 But Tonight We Dance 2 48 Like the Angel Live at Warped Tour 2006 3 08 State of the Union Live at Warped Tour 2006 2 39 Everchanging Acoustic 4 21 Minor Threat small Live Minor Threat cover small 1 41 Nervous Breakdown small Black Flag band Black Flag cover small 2 07 References reflist Rise Against Category Rise Against albums Category 2007 EPs Category English language EPs es This Is Noise it This Is Noise ru This Is Noise sk This Is Noise ...   more details



  1. The Noise

    unreferenced date September 2008 Infobox Newspaper name the Noise image caption type Monthly newspaper format Tabloid newspaper format Tabloid foundation 1993 ceased publication price free owners Weavel Inc publisher Charles Seiverd editor Charles Seiverd language English circulation 45,000 headquarters POB 1637 br Flagstaff, Arizona Flagstaff , Arizona AZ 86002 br United States ISSN website http thenoise.us Official website DISPLAYTITLE the Noise the Noise is a monthly newspaper serving the cities of Flagstaff, Arizona Flagstaff , Prescott, Arizona Prescott , Sedona, Arizona Sedona , Cottonwood, Arizona Cottonwood , Jerome, Arizona Jerome , Clarkdale, Arizona Clarkdale , and Winslow, Arizona Winslow in northern Arizona . Founded in 1993 by four high school seniors whose rural hometown s budget cuts lead to the cancellation of the student newspaper, it has since expanded its circulation and editorial to encompass a large swath of northern Arizona. As an independent nonprofit publication, the Noise contains a variety of news , arts , music , poetry , fiction and commentary. It has housed in depth coverage of the controversial issue of snowmaking on the San Francisco Peaks by Arizona Snowbowl and the subsequent appeal from Native Americans in the United States Native American tribes to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals . It has also covered issues such as water rights, education reform, affordable housing, and immigration law. External links http www.thenoise.us Official website arizona newspaper stub DEFAULTSORT Noise Category Newspapers published in Arizona Category Flagstaff, Arizona ...   more details



  1. No Noise

    Infobox Film name Lodge Night image image size caption director Robert F. McGowan producer Hal Roach writer Hal Roach br H. M. Walker narrator starring Joe Cobb br Jackie Condon br Mickey Daniels br Allen Hoskins br Mary Kornman music cinematography editing distributor Path Path Exchange released Film date 1923 9 23 runtime 20 minutes country Film US language Silent film br English intertitles budget No Noise is the 17th Our Gang short subject comedy released. The Our Gang series later known as The Little Rascals was created by Hal Roach in 1922, and continued production until 1944. Plot Mickey Daniels Mickey is in the hospital to have his tonsil s removed. The gang decide to visit him, and end up causing all sorts of disasters. They manage to work their way into both the x ray and operating rooms, among other places. Finally, the gang is subdued after inhaling some powerful nitrous oxide laughing gas . Notes The skeleton chasing the African American gag is repeated years later in the MGM Talkie era. When the television rights for the original silent Path Our Gang comedies were sold to National Telepix and other distributors, several episodes were retitled. This film was released into TV syndication as Mischief Makers in 1960 under the title Operation Tonsils . About two thirds of the original film was included. About two minutes of this film was edited with a film from the Hey Fellas a rival Our Gang series into another Mischief Makers episode under the title Rival Clinic . Cast Mickey Daniels Mickey Ernie Morrison Sunshine Sammy Allen Hoskins Farina Joe Cobb Joe Jackie Condon Jackie Mary Kornman Mary Jack Davis actor Jack Davis Jack Charles A. Bachman Officer Beth Darlington Mickey s Nurse Andy Samuel Lewis De Vore Helen Gilmore Nurse Clara Guiol Nurse Lincoln Stedman Doctor Charles Stevenson Doctor Charley Young Doctor Buster the Dog Dinah the Mule External links IMDb title 0235627 Amg movie 226135 Category 1923 films Category 1920s comedy films Category Our G ...   more details




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