chemistry are as follows Saturated hydrocarbons alkane s are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species ... 978 3 54 076885 2 ref Unsaturated hydrocarbon s have one or more double or triple bonds between ... atoms are attached. The general formula for a saturated hydrocarbon containing one ring is C sub n sub H sub 2n sub . ref name Silderberg, 625 Aromatic hydrocarbon s, also known as arene s, are hydrocarbons ... due to the self bonding or catenation of carbon preventing entire saturation of the hydrocarbon ... is referred to as catenation , and allows hydrocarbon to form more complex molecules, such as cyclohexane ... gas . The hydrocarbon is burnt and the heat is used to heat water, which is then circulated. A similar ... for combustion to take place. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, burns as follows CH sub 4 ... for the production of organic chemistry organic chemicals . The extraction of liquid hydrocarbon ... of Hydrocarbons The Prohibition of Hydrocarbon Genesis at Low Pressures. accessdate 2006 ... the mantle to the crust, at shallow levels, microorganisms invade the hydrocarbon accumulations, feed ... Biohydrocarbon Energy storage Fractional distillation Functional group Hydrocarbon mixtures Hydrocarbons ... ca Hidrocarbur cs Uhlovod ky cy Hydrocarbon da Kulbrinte de Kohlenwasserstoffe et S sivesinikud ... simple Hydrocarbon sk Uh ovod k sl Ogljikovodik sr su Hidrokarbon fi Hiilivety sv Kolv te ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date October 2006 Hydrocarbon mixtures are a group of various Volatility chemistry volatile , highly flammable , mixtures used chiefly as nonpolar solvents . Composition Hydrocarbon mixtures are composed of hydrocarbon s, benzine , and petroleum ether s. A hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that consists only of the chemical element element s carbon C and hydrogen H . They all contain a carbon frame, and have hydrogen atoms attached to the frame. Often the term is used as a shortened form of the term aliphatic hydrocarbon . Most hydrocarbons are combustible . Benzine , also known as petroleum ether , is a hydrocarbon mixture. Benzine should not be confused with benzene . Benzine is a mixture of alkanes , such as pentane , hexane , and heptane . Benzene is a cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon . Petroleum ether is obtained from petroleum refineries as the portion of the distillate which is intermediate between the lighter naphtha and the heavier kerosene . It has a specific gravity of between 0.6 and 0.8 depending on its composition. Petroleum ether should not be confused with the class of organic compounds called ethers . DEFAULTSORT Hydrocarbon Mixtures Category Alkanes Category Hydrocarbon solvents ... more details
Hydrocarbon economy is a term stressing that in the current world economy the world energy resources and consumption energy used mostly comes from three hydrocarbon s petroleum , coal , and natural gas . Hydrocarbon economy is often used when talking about possible alternatives like the hydrogen economy . ref http scholar.google.com scholar?q 22hydrocarbon economy 22&hl en&lr &start 30&sa N ref ref http www.google.com search?tab sw&sa N&q 22hydrocarbon economy 22&hl en&lr &sa N ref References reflist Category Energy economics Category Economies ... more details
A hydrocarbon keratosis also known as Pitch keratosis, Tar keratosis, and Tar wart is a Precancerous condition precancerous Keratosis keratotic skin lesion that occurs in people who have been occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s. ref name Fitz2 Freedberg, et. al. 2003 . Fitzpatrick s Dermatology in General Medicine . 6th ed. . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0071380760. ref rp 728 References reflist Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Category Dermatologic terminology Category Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, cysts Epidermal growth stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Unsaturated hydrocarbon s are hydrocarbon s that have double or triple covalent bond s between adjacent carbon atom s. Those with at least one double bond are called alkene s and those with at least one triple bond are called alkyne s. Each double bond is represented by a number preceding the name of the base chain, representing on which hydrocarbon in the chain the double or triple bond can be found. Alkenes and Alkynes with more than one double or triple bond respectively are named with the appropriate numeric prefix preceding the ene or yne. Ex. 2,4 pentadiene or 2 butyne Unsaturated hydrocarbons with both double and triple bonds have the suffix enyne and are handled in a similar manner. The physical properties of unsaturated hydrocarbons are very similar to those of the corresponding saturated compounds. They are slightly soluble in water. Except for aromatic compounds, unsaturated hydrocarbons are highly reactive and undergo addition reaction s to their multiple bonds. Typical reagents added are hydrogen halide s, water , sulfuric acid , elemental halogen s and alcohol s. Testing To test whether the hydrocarbon is unsaturated you should add bromine water. If the bromine water becomes decolourised Goes colorless then it is unsaturated. See also saturated hydrocarbon DEFAULTSORT Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Category Organic chemistry ar es Hidrocarburo insaturado hi lv Nepies tin tie og de ra i ja pl W glowodory nienasycone pt Hidrocarboneto insaturado ru zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Unburned hydrocarbons UHCs are the hydrocarbon s emitted after petroleum is burned in an engine. Any fuel entering a flame will be reacted. Dubious Running rich date July 2010 Thus, when unburned fuel is emitted from a combustor , the emission is caused by fuel avoiding the flame zones. For example, in piston engines, some of the fuel air mixture hides from the flame in the crevices provided by the piston ring grooves. Further, some regions of the combustion chamber may have a very weak flame, that is, they have either very fuel lean or very fuel rich conditions and consequently they have a low combustion temperature. These regions will cause intermediate species such as formaldehyde and alkene s to be emitted. Sometimes the term products of incomplete combustion, or PICs, is used to describe such species. DEFAULTSORT Unburned Hydrocarbon Category Fossil fuels Category Hydrocarbons ... more details
Hydrocarbon plants or petroleum plants are plants which produce terpenoid s as secondary metabolite s in sufficient quantities to make it economically feasible to convert their dry mass to gasoline like fuels. Nobel laureate Melvin Calvin has studied the terpenoid terpene biosynthetic pathway s of a number of species of plants to study and quantify this property in various species. Species include latex producing members of the Euphorbiaceae family that cannot be tapped for their liquid latex such as Euphorbia lathyris and Euphorbia tirucalli E. tirucalli . ref name Kalita2008 cite journal last1 Kalita first1 D title Hydrocarbon plant New source of energy for future journal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews volume 12 issue 2 year 2008 pages 455 471 issn 13640321 doi 10.1016 j.rser.2006.07.008 ref ref name Ramawat2010 cite book author K. G. Ramawat title Desert Plants Biology and Biotechnology url http books.google.com books?id UNaNWN4zkqQC&pg PA37 accessdate 23 August 2010 year 2010 publisher Springer isbn 9783642025495 pages 37 ref See also Biogasoline Energy crop Asclepias References reflist bioenergy Category Biofuels material stub ... more details
Platonic hydrocarbons are the molecule molecular representation of platonic solid geometries with vertices replaced by carbon atom s and with edges replaced by chemical bond s. Not all platonic solids have an organic molecular counterpart Tetravalent carbon excludes an icosahedron since 5 edges meet at each vertex Angle strain prevents formation of an octahedron , ref Nevertheless, note the existence of 1.1.1.1 paddlane C CH sub 2 sub sub 4 sub C, CAS number CAS 102843 69 6 and the theoretical existence of pyramidane which is a half octahedron with one carbon on a vertex like those of octahedron. ref and since 4 edges meet at each corner, there would be no hydrogen atoms, thus this hypothetical octahedron molecule would be an allotrope C sub 6 sub of elemental carbon, not a hydrocarbon. The following platonic hydrocarbons, on the other hand, have been chemical synthesis synthesised Cubane C sub 8 sub H sub 8 sub Dodecahedrane C sub 20 sub H sub 20 sub . Tetrahedrane C sub 4 sub H sub 4 sub has not yet been synthesized, but it is predicted to be kinetically stable in spite of the acute bond angle and consequent angle strain. Tetrahedral hydrocarbons, including tetrahedrane with tert butyl substituents and with trimethylsilyl substituents have been produced. With increasing number of carbon atoms in the frame, the geometry more closely approximates a sphere, and the space enclosed in the carbon cage increases. This trend continues with buckyballs or spherical fullerene C sub 60 sub . Although not a hydrocarbon, fullerene has the shape of a truncated icosahedron , an Archimedean solid . gallery Image Tetrahedrane 3D balls.png Tetrahedrane Image Cubane 3D balls.png Cubane Image Dodecahedrane 3D balls.png Dodecahedrane gallery Notes references References Henning Hopf, Classics in Hydrocarbon Chemistry , Wiley VCH, 2000. commonscat platonic hydrocarbons Category Hydrocarbons Category Platonic solids Hydrocarbons de Platonische Kohlenwasserstoffe es Hidrocarburo plat nico ... more details
of smaller companies search for onshore hydrocarbon deposits worldwide, with some wells costing ... and seismic investigation must first be completed to redefine the potential hydrocarbon drill location ... Seal or cap Rock The hydrocarbon trap has to be covered by an impermeable rock known as a seal or cap ... will flow to surface during production. Exploration risk Hydrocarbon exploration is a high risk investment ... of reservoir, seal, source and trap associated with proven hydrocarbon accumulations Chance of Success .... Hydrocarbon in Place amount of hydrocarbon likely to be contained in the prospect. This is calculated ... of rock in the trap above the hydrocarbon water contact N G net gross ratio percentage of the GRV ... by pores typically 5 35 Sh hydrocarbon saturation some of the pore space is filled with water this must ... conditions Recoverable hydrocarbons amount of hydrocarbon likely to be recovered during production ... have their national hydrocarbon reserves authorities for example, Russia s State Commission on Mineral ... more details
Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute is on the campus of the University of Southern California . Nobel Laureate George A. Olah serves as Director and G.K. Surya Prakash serves as Scientific Co Director and holds the George A. and Judith A. Olah Nobel Laureate Chair of Chemistry. The institute conducts research in Polymer science Polymer Materials Chemistry as well as Hydrocarbon Chemistry. ref http www.usc.edu dept chemistry loker page7.html ref External links http www.usc.edu dept chemistry loker Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California References reflist coord missing Los Angeles County, California Category Chemical research institutes Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute Category Research institutes in the United States Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute Category Institutes of the University of Southern California Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute edu stub ... more details
protein Name aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor caption image width HGNCid 346 Symbol AHRR AltSymbols AHH, AHHR EntrezGene 57491 OMIM 606517 RefSeq NM 020731 UniProt Q9ULI6 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 5 Arm p Band 15.33 LocusSupplementaryData The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor also known as AHRR is a human gene . ref name pmid11423533 cite journal author Baba T, Mimura J, Gradin K, Kuroiwa A, Watanabe T, Matsuda Y, Inazawa J, Sogawa K, Fujii Kuriyama Y title Structure and expression of the Ah receptor repressor gene journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue 35 pages 33101 10 year 2001 month August pmid 11423533 doi 10.1074 jbc.M011497200 url ref Function Dioxin chemical Dioxin is a Teratogenesis teratogen that exerts its effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR in conjunction with the Receptor biochemistry receptor s binding partner, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator ARNT . The protein encoded by this gene represses signal transduction by the AhR by competing with the ARNT for binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor. ref name pmid18000031 cite journal author Evans BR, Karchner SI, Allan LL, Pollenz RS, Tanguay RL, Jenny MJ, Sherr DH, Hahn ME title Repression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHR signaling by AHR repressor role of DNA binding and competition for AHR nuclear translocator journal Mol. Pharmacol. volume 73 issue 2 pages 387 98 year 2008 month February pmid 18000031 doi 10.1124 mol.107.040204 url ref Expression of the repressor is stimulated by the receptor translocator protein dimer heterodimer , thereby regulating receptor function through a negative feedback mechanism. In addition, the encoded protein can bind to nuclear factor kappa B . The AhRR ..., Birrer M, Cuttitta F title The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor is a putative tumor suppressor gene ... author Kanno Y, Takane Y, Izawa T, Nakahama T, Inouye Y title The Inhibitory Effect of Aryl Hydrocarbon ... expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene in human tissues organ specific distribution ... more details
The hydrocarbon dew point is the temperature at a given pressure at which the hydrocarbon components of any hydrocarbon rich gas mixture, such as natural gas , will start to Condensation condense out of the gaseous phase. It is often also referred to as the HDP or the HCDP . The maximum temperature at which such condensation takes place is called the cricondentherm . ref http www.effectech.co.uk downloads applicationnotes.php Hydrocarbon Dew Point ref The hydrocarbon dew point is a function of the gas composition as well as the pressure. The hydrocarbon dew point is universally used in the natural gas industry as an important quality parameter, stipulated in contractual specifications and enforced throughout the natural gas supply chain, from producers through natural gas processing processing , transmission and distribution companies to final end users. The hydrocarbon dew point of a gas is a different concept from the water dewpoint, the latter being the temperature at a given pressure at which water vapor present in a gas mixture will condense out of the gas. Relation of the term GPM to the hydrocarbon dew point In the United States , the hydrocarbon dewpoint of processed, pipelined natural gas is related to and characterized by the term GPM which is the gallons of liquifiable hydrocarbons contained in convert 1000000 cuft m3 of natural gas at a stated temperature and pressure. When the liquifiable hydrocarbons are characterized as being hexane or higher molecular weight components, they are reported as GPM C6 . ref name NGC http www.naesb.org pdf update011905w9.pdf White Paper on Liquid Hydrocarbon Drop Out in Natural Gas Infrastructure NGC Liquid Hydrocarbon Dropout Task ... Paper.pdf White Paper on Liquid Hydrocarbon Drop Out in Natural Gas Infrastructure NGC Liquid Hydrocarbon ... Analyzer MoistMeas Hydrocarbon 20Dew 20Point 20article 20 20Oct 202004.doc Hydrocarbon Dew ... hydrocarbon liquid content Category Chemical engineering Category Natural gas Category Hydrocarbons ... more details
Total petroleum hydrocarbon TPH is a term used for any mixture of hydrocarbons that are found in crude oil . There are several hundred of these compounds, but not all occur in any one sample. Crude oil is used to make petroleum products which can contaminate the Natural environment environment . Because there are so many different chemicals in crude oil and in other petroleum products, it is not practical to measure each one separately. However, it is useful to measure the total amount of TPH at a site. Chemicals that occur in TPH include hexane , benzene , toluene , xylenes , naphthalene , and fluorene , other constituents of gasoline , of jet fuel s, of mineral oil s, and of other petroleum products. It is said that if enough TPH goes into the environment that life as we know it would cease to exist. ref http www.atsdr.cdc.gov tfacts123.html Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,. CDC ref Various methods to analyze the components of TPH are introduced in a Nordic report ref Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516 2003. http www.norden.org pub ebook 2003 516.pdf ref . The report evaluates critically various new methods replacing the old ones using banned Ozone depletion ozone depleting substances . References references Category Analytical chemistry ... more details
Hydrocarbon oil duty also fuel duty and fuel tax is fuel tax levied on some fuels used by road vehicle s in the United Kingdom . Between 1993 and 1999 the Government s Fuel Price Escalator led to significant rises in the cost of fuel which led to Fuel protests in the United Kingdom fuel tax protests in 2000, 2005 and 2007 . In May 2008, UK fuel tax rates were one of the highest in Europe. Some vehicles including local bus services, some farm and construction vehicles and aviation pay reduced or no fuel duty. Rates vary by fuel type. Rates and receipts The rates as of 4th January 2011 are as follows class wikitable Fuel rate note Petrol 0.5895 ref name hmrc cite web url http www.hmrc.gov.uk budget2010 march bn58.pdf title Hydrocarbon Oils Duty Rates publisher HMRC ref per litre Diesel fuel diesel 0.5895 ref name hmrc per litre biodiesel 0.5895 ref name hmrc per litre bioethanol 0.5895 ref name hmrc per litre Road fuel gas other than natural gas 0.3304 ref name hmrc per kg Natural gas used as road fuel inc biogas 0.2615 ref name hmrc per kg Value added tax VAT at the current rate is then added to the total price. ref Cite news title Fury as fuel duty lifted 2p to offset VAT cut date 2008 11 24 publisher Times Newspapers url http business.timesonline.co.uk tol business economics pbr article5225998.ece accessdate 2009 04 03 location London first Marcus last Leroux ref According to petrolprices.co.uk, the average petrol price is 127.77p per litre ref http www.petrolprices.com ref as of the 6th January 2010. Without 20 VAT the rate is 106.475p and without fuel duty 47.525 pence. Hence the total rate of petrol tax including VAT is equivalent to 169 added, or 62.8 of the 127.77p paid ... Pricing References Reflist External links http www.hmrc.gov.uk budget2009 bn66.pdf Hydrocarbon Oils ... Hydrocarbon Oils Customs Duty UK HM Revenue & Customs website Energy in the United Kingdom sources DEFAULTSORT Hydrocarbon Oil Duty Category Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom Category Energy ... more details
Hydrocarbons for Induction of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mediated Responses. Environ. Sci. Technol ... polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exert their toxic effects is via the function of the aryl hydrocarbon ... systems. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor AhR is a cytosolic, ligand activated transcription receptor ... Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Category Organochlorides Category Incineration Category ... more details
as indicators of the burning history. Hydrocarbon emissions from fossil fuel burning engines are regulated ... hydrocarbon with a single, six membered ring. These can be benzene rings interconnected with each ... of two coplanar six membered rings sharing an edge, is another aromatic hydrocarbon. By formal convention, it is not a true PAH, though is referred to as a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Aqueous solubility ... ring is larger than in the inner rings. Another relevant Clar hydrocarbon is zethrene . Image ... Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fact Sheet http www.spitzer.caltech.edu features articles 20050627.shtml Understanding ... Food Safety DEFAULTSORT Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Category Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Category ... more details
Continuous hydrocarbon reservoirs, identified by play numbers of the 1995 USGS National Assessment. http www gd.cr.usgs.gov execsum.html Continuous hydrocarbon accumulations are mineral fuel deposits not limited by water blockage. Most material is natural gas . The USGS now includes unconventional oil and gas resources in its National Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources and investigates complex properties of continuous hydrocarbon reservoirs. Standard methods for quantitative resource assessment are inappropriate because continuous type accumulations are large single fields having areal dimensions of miles and are not significantly affected by hydrodynamic influences. USGS geologists not only quantify the amount of technically recoverable resource, but more importantly, they estimate the amount of resource that might become available for human activity over a reasonable period of time. For example, as much as 5,000 trillion cubic feet of gas is locked up in continuous accumulations of the Green River Basin alone, yet only a fraction of it will ever be recovered. By comparison, the total proved reserves of gas in the entire United States are approximately 160 trillion cubic feet. Source PD USGov Interior USGS http energy.usgs.gov factsheets Hydrocarbon map2.html Category Images of the United States ... more details
PBB geneid 405 The ARNT gene encodes the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein that forms a complex with ligand bound aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR , and is required for receptor function ... spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. The aryl hydrocarbon .... The ligand free, cytosolic form of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is complexed to Hsp90 heat shock protein 90 . Binding of ligand, which includes dioxin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s, results ... elements in the promoters of genes for these enzymes. Interactions Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear ... Recruitment of the NCoA SRC 1 p160 family of transcriptional coactivators by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator complex journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume ... Bradfield C A year 1997 month Apr. title Ligand dependent interaction of the aryl hydrocarbon ... aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 272 issue ... format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref ref name pmid11782478 Aryl hydrocarbon ... Kuo M T year 1995 month Oct. title Functional analysis of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator interactions with aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the yeast two hybrid system journal Biochem ... science.1852076 cite journal author Yamaguchi Y, Kuo MT title Functional analysis of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator interactions with aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the yeast two hybrid ... of functional domains of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein ARNT . journal Mol ..., Gustafsson JA title Trans activation by the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor ... murine homologs of the Drosophila single minded protein that interact with the mouse aryl hydrocarbon ... CA title Ligand dependent interaction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor with a novel immunophilin ... Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator NLM content gene 1 stub Transcription factors ... more details
Summary Cracking Hydrocarbons Testing effects of cracking hydrocarbons in the presence of radiation Source Local Ann Arbor, MI resident s personal collection. Licensing GFDL migration relicense ... more details
Summary Pathway of activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the responses trigged by this pathway. Licensing PD self date February 2009 ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 In petroleum geology , the maturity of a Rock geology rock is a measure of its state in terms of hydrocarbon generation. Maturity is established using a combination of geochemistry geochemical and basin modelling techniques. Organic rich rocks termed source rock s will alter under increasing temperature such that the organic molecule s slowly mature into hydrocarbon s see diagenesis . Source rocks are therefore broadly categorised as immature no hydrocarbon generation , sub mature limited hydrocarbon generation , mature extensive hydrocarbon generation and overmature most hydrocarbons have been generated . The maturity of a source rock can also be used as an indicator of its hydrocarbon potential . That is, if a rock is sub mature, then it has a much higher potential to generate further hydrocarbons than one that is overmature. Category Petroleum geology geology stub ... more details
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene or related words may also refer to Benzene data page Benzene and benzine are alternate names for gasoline in many countries Benzine can refer to petroleum ether Benzin is a song by Rammstein Benzene Convention, 1971 Benzyne , the hydrocarbon 1,2 Didehydrobenzene disambig ... more details
The rotanes are a class of hydrocarbon consisting of spiro linked cyclopropane units having a common n membered ring in the middle. They are named n rotane s depending on the number of carbon atoms in the middle ring. The simplest of them, 3 rotane , is a branched triangulane . References http www.iupac.org publications pac 2003 pdf 7505x0549.pdf IUPAC document Category Hydrocarbons hydrocarbon stub ... more details
Oil and gas may refer to Crude oil Heating oil Hydrocarbon exploration Natural gas Gasoline Petroleum Industry Oil and gas field disambig ... more details
In organic chemistry , a polycyclic compound is a cyclic compound with more than one hydrocarbon loop or ring structures benzene rings . ref JerryMarch ref The term generally includes all polycyclic aromatic compounds, including the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s, the heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or another non carbon atoms, and substituted derivatives of these. See also Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry stub References Reflist Category Organic compounds Category Polycyclic organic compounds de Polycyclen es Compuesto polic clico pl Zwi zki policykliczne ... more details
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