. Image Migration map4.png thumb right 350px Another model of human migration based on MitochondrialDNA In human genetics , a humanmitochondrialDNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in Humanmitochondrial genetics humanmitochondrialDNA . Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolutionary path of the female ... DNA test Genetic Genealogy MtDna haplogroups by populations Human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups Genetics Humanmitochondrial molecular clock Cambridge Reference Sequence haplogroup Humanmitochondrial ... pdf 43026 doron.pdf Commons category Human mtDNA haplogroups DEFAULTSORT HumanMitochondrialDna Haplogroup Category Human mtDNA haplogroups Category Genetic genealogy Category Recent single ... America at the far right. Migration patterns are based on studies of mitochondrial matrilinear DNA ... back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe. The letter names of the haplogroups run from A to Z. As haplogroups were named in the order of their discovery, they do not reflect ... van Oven M, Kayser M title Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global humanmitochondrialDNA variation journal Human Mutation volume 30 issue 2 pages E386 94 year 2009 month February pmid 18853457 doi 10.1002 humu.20921 ref and subsequent published research. Macro haplogroup L mtDNA L Mitochondrial ... MitochondrialDNA Site Mannis van Oven s http www.phylotree.org PhyloTree.org cite journal author ... founder2000 motif.html Mitochondrial haplogroup motifs Cambridge DNA s https www.cambridgedna.com ...Image Map of human migrations.jpg 340px right thumb Hypothesized world map of human migrations, with the North ... humans . She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve . genetic genealogy Evolutionary relationship ... MtDNA Chronological development of haplogroups European haplogroups See The Seven Daughters of Eve Bryan Sykes had claimed there were seven major mitochondrial lineages for modern Europeans ... more details
Image MitochondrialDNA en.svg thumb 300px right HumanmitochondrialDNA. File Electron microscopy reveals mitochondrialDNA in discrete foci.jpg thumb Electron microscopy reveals mitochondrialDNA in discrete ... of mitochondrialDNA varies among species. Information in this section is specific to humanmitochondrialDNA Electron transport chain The mitochondrial genome contains 13 protein coding genes. Many ... thumb The involvement of mitochondrialDNA in several human diseases. Susceptibility mtDNA is particularly ... also Col begin Col 3 CORR Hypothesis Haplogroup Heteroplasmy HumanmitochondrialDNA haplogroup Human ... H, Cook PR title The functional organization of mitochondrial genomes in human cells journal BMC ... www.biomedcentral.com 1741 7007 2 9 ref MitochondrialDNA mtDNA is the DNA located in organelles called ... organisms is found in the cell nucleus . MitochondrialDNA can be regarded as the smallest ... John JC, Facucho Oliveira J, Jiang Y, Kelly R, Salah R title MitochondrialDNA transmission, replication ... 20231166 doi 10.1093 humupd dmq002 url ref Origin Nuclear and mitochondrialDNA are thought to be of separate ... by exponential polymerase chain reaction, copy number of mitochondrialDNA in rat tissues journal ... a sperm into an oocyte , may interfere with this. The fact that mitochondrialDNA is maternally ... or HVR2 of the mitochondrialDNA, as with a genealogical DNA test . HVR1 consists of about 440 base ... inheritance of Mytilus mitochondrialDNA journal Science volume 251 pages 1488 1490 pmid 1672472 ..., Moritz RF title Transfer of paternal mitochondrialDNA during fertilization of honeybee Apis mellifera ... of mitochondrialDNA in mice journal Nature volume 352 issue 6332 pages 255 7 year 1991 pmid 1857422 ... W, et al. title Further evidence for paternal inheritance of mitochondrialDNA in the sheep Ovis aries ... al. title Composition of parental mitochondrialDNA in cloned bovine embryos journal FEBS Lett. volume ... inheritance of mitochondrialDNA journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 347 issue 8 pages 576 80 year 2002 ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Infobox Journal title MitochondrialDNA editor Rob DeSalle discipline CellBiology ... CODEN ISSN 1940 1736 eISSN 1940 1744 MitochondrialDNA is an academic journal that publishes Review journal review articles on the current and developing technologies around mitochondrialDNA research ... and Scope Previously published under the title DNA Sequence Vols 1 19.3 , MitochondrialDNA accepts original high quality reports based on mapping, sequencing and analysis of mitochondrialDNA and RNA. Descriptive papers on DNA sequences from mitochondrial genomes, and also analytical papers in the areas of population genetics, medical genetics, phylogenetics and human evolution that use mitochondrialDNA as a source of evidence for studies will be considered for publication. The editorial board ... address the use of mitochondrialDNA sequences, as well as papers that discuss the utility of mitochondrialDNA information in medical studies and in human evolutionary biology. Editor in Chief http desalle.amnh.org Rob DeSalle American Museum of Natural History is the Editor in Chief of MitochondrialDNA ref cite web url http www.informahealthcare.com page EditorialAdvisoryBoard?journalCode ... http informahealthcare.com toc mdn 22 S1 ref Publication Format MitochondrialDNA publishes WebFirst ... Scopus Zoological Record . References reflist 2 External links http www.informahealthcare.com mdn MitochondrialDNA homepage of MitochondrialDNA Category Publications established in 1980 Category Genetics ... Discovery and description of mitochondrial genome sequences Structure and function of mtDNA genes and genomic ... koloko.net Sergios Orestis Kolokotronis Barnard College, Columbia University . Special Issues MitochondrialDNA has published so far two special free access issues on DNA Barcoding Mexican Barcode of Life ... to the online version is included in all subscriptions. Abstracting & Indexing MitochondrialDNA is abstracted in Current Contents Life Sciences Science Citation Index Research Alert Elsevier BIOBASE ... more details
in the aging aging process . See also Paternal mtDNA transmission HumanmitochondrialDNAhaplogroups Cambridge Reference Sequence Humanmitochondrial molecular clock Genetic genealogy DNA databases ...inline date April 2010 Humanmitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained ... the origins of replication of both heavy and light strands. The entire humanmitochondrialDNA ... of nucleotides of a humanmitochondrialDNA molecule 16,569 , as much as 0.42 of the mtDNA varies ... to make as many mitochondria as that particular cell needs at the time. HumanmitochondrialDNA ... to use, and are hence referred to as the powerhouses of the cell. MitochondrialDNA mtDNA is not transmitted through nuclear DNA nDNA . In humans, as in most multicellular organisms, mitochondrialDNA ... of mitochondrialDNA genetic code codes for functional mitochondrial proteins, and therefore most mitochondrial ... in mitochondrialDNA, or nuclear DNA coding for mitochondrial components. Slight problems with any ... lead to a number of diseases. Genome see MitochondrialDNAMitochondrialDNA mtDNA is present in mitochondria ... about 13 of them are coded on the mitochondrialDNA. Most of the 3000 proteins are involved in a variety ... of the 9 genes on the light strand code for mitochondrial tRNA molecules. Human mtDNA consists of 16,569 ... mitochondrial and nuclear DNA communicate and interact, even seemingly simple inheritance is hard to diagnose ... factors which may favor mutant or wildtype mitochondrialDNA, the threshold expression number of mtDNA ... of the complicated changes that the mRNA undergoes before it is translated. MitochondrialDNA polymerase The MitochondrialDNA Polymerase Pol gamma, encoded by the POLG gene is used in the copying of mtDNA ... error MitochondrialDNA is susceptible to damage from free radicals free oxygen radicals ... often caused by radicals created by defective proteins made from nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial diseases ... to inherited rather than acquired mutations of mitochondrialDNA. A given mitochondrial mutation can ... more details
main Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Listed here are notable ethnic groups and native populations from the Oceania Pacific Islands and Australia continent Australia by human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups ... ref name Kayser2002 cite journal last1 Kayser first1 M title Reduced Y Chromosome, but Not MitochondrialDNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea journal The American Journal of Human ... Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y Chromosome and MitochondrialDNA Analysis ... also Y DNAhaplogroups by groups Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNAhaplogroups in European populations Y DNAhaplogroups in South Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Sub Saharan Africa Y DNAhaplogroups in Central and North Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of the Caucasus Y DNAhaplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas Oceania Languages of Oceania Demographics of Oceania List of Oceanian countries by population References reflist Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Category Human Y DNAhaplogroups Oceania ... Population Language n Haplogroup C Y DNA C2 Haplogroup C Y DNA C Haplogroup K Y DNA K Haplogroup M Y DNA M Haplogroup O Y DNA O Haplogroup S Y DNA S Others Reference Australian Aborigines Australians ... pre neolithic hunter gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders journal Human biology an international ... journal American Journal of Human Biology volume 18 issue 1 pages 35 50 year 2006 pmid 16378340 doi ... of Human Genetics volume 68 pages 432 43 year 2001 doi 10.1086 318205 pmid 11170891 pmc 1235276 ref ... K. title Maori origins, Y chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific journal Human Mutation volume 17 issue 4 pages 271 80 year 2001 pmid 11295824 doi 10.1002 humu.23 ... Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages journal The American Journal of Human Genetics volume ... more details
Listed here are notable groups and populations from South Asia by human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with linguistic designations IE Indo European languages Indo European , Dr Dravidian languages Dravidian , AA Austro Asiatic ... South Asian ethnic groups Y DNAhaplogroups by groups Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNAhaplogroups in European populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Central and North Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of the Caucasus Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Sub Saharan Africa Y DNAhaplogroups in Oceanian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas References reflist Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Category Human Y DNAhaplogroups South Asia ... style text align center font size 100 Population Language n Haplogroup C Y DNA C Haplogroup F Y DNA F Haplogroup G Y DNA G Haplogroup H Y DNA H Haplogroup J Y DNA J Haplogroup L Y DNA L Haplogroup O Y DNA O haplogroup P Y DNA P Haplogroup Q Y DNA Q haplogroup R1a Y DNA R1a Haplogroup R1b Y DNA R1b Haplogroup R2 Y DNA R2 Haplogroup T Y DNA T Reference Burusho people Burusho Pakistan Isolate ... journal European Journal of Human Genetics volume 15 issue 1 pages 121 6 year 2006 pmid 17047675 ... Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists journal The American Journal of Human ... Tricontinental Nexus for Y Chromosome Driven Migration journal Human Heredity volume 61 issue 3 pages ... Barrier to Gene Flow journal The American Journal of Human Genetics volume 80 issue 5 ... Journal of Human Genetics volume 72 issue 2 pages 313 32 year 2003 pmc 379225 doi 10.1086 346068 ... farmers, and Indian traders journal Human biology volume 77 issue 1 pages 93 114 year 2005 pmid ... first9 Silvana A title Mitochondrial and Y chromosome diversity of the Tharus Nepal a reservoir ... more details
of the mutation rate of humanmitochondrialDNA mtDNA vary greatly depending on the available ... in the control region of humanmitochondrialDNA author Santos C, Sierra B, Alvarez L, Ramos ... first3 AJ title Bayesian coalescent inference of major humanmitochondrialDNA haplogroup expansions ... Manica first5 A title Climate shaped the worldwide distribution of humanmitochondrialDNA sequence ... first2 M last3 Wilson first3 AC title MitochondrialDNA and human evolution journal Nature volume ... Dependency of HumanMitochondrialDNA Mutation Rate Estimates year 2009 last1 Henn last2 Gignoux last3 ... substitution rate in the humanmitochondrialDNA control region journal Nat. Genet. volume 15 issue ... African populations and the evolution of humanmitochondrialDNA journal Science volume 253 issue 5027 ... Category DNA Category Evolutionary biology Category Genetic genealogy Category Human evolution Category Human mtDNA haplogroups Category Phylogenetics Category Humanmitochondrial genetics Category Prehistoric ...The humanmitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the mitochondrial ... year 2003 title The Pedigree Rate of Sequence Divergence in the HumanMitochondrial Genome There Is a Difference ... of human mtDNA as 7990 years per synonymous mutation over the mitochondrial genome. ref name loogvali2009 ... . These two errors would result in an overestimate of the humanmitochondrial TMRCA. However, they failed ... sequences of contemporary human populations will generally differ from Mitochondrial Eve s sequence ... of mitochondrialDNA has been criticized because of its inconsistent molecular clock. ref Citation ... last1 Endicott first1 P last2 Ho first2 SY title A Bayesian evaluation of humanmitochondrial ... selection an improved humanmitochondrial molecular clock journal American Journal of Human ... first4 TD last5 Wilson first5 AC title MitochondrialDNA sequences in single hairs from a southern ... HJ title Mitochondrial footprints of human expansions in Africa journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume ... more details
Listed here are notable groups and ethnic groups from Caucasus by human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups ... Human Y DNAhaplogroups Caucasus ... www.familytreedna.com pdf caucasus.pdf MitochondrialDNA and Y Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus ... Zhukova first8 O last9 Sarraf Zadegan first9 N title MitochondrialDNA and Y chromosome variation in the caucasus journal Annals of human genetics volume 68 issue Pt 3 pages 205 21 year 2004 pmid 15180701 ... pdf caucasus.pdf MitochondrialDNA and Y Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus ref Akki Chechens ... DNA and Y Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus , Annals of Human Genetics 2004 ref Svan people ... 2006 See also Caucasus Ethnic groups of the caucasus Languages of the Caucasus Y DNAhaplogroups by groups Y DNAhaplogroups in European populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa Y DNAhaplogroups in Central and North Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in South Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Sub Saharan Africa Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNAhaplogroups in Oceanian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Indigenous ... size 100 Population Language n Haplogroup E1b1b Y DNA E1b1b Haplogroup G Y DNA G Haplogroup I Y DNA big I big Haplogroup J1 Y DNA J1 Haplogroup J2 Y DNA J2 haplogroup L Y DNA L Haplogroup R1a Y DNA R1a Haplogroup R1b Y DNA R1b Haplogroup R2a Y DNA R2a haplogroup T Y DNA T Others Reference ... Abkhaz NWC Abkhaz Ubykh 58 1.7 Haplogroup G2a1 Y DNA P18 12.1 br Haplogroup G2a3b1 Y DNA P303 20.7 ... NWC Adygei 100 1.0 Haplogroup G2a3b1 Y DNA P303 86.0 br other 1.0 0 0 6.0 L 2.0 4.0 0 NT 0 Balanovsky ... Cherkess here. ref NWC Adygei 142 1.4 Haplogroup G2a1 Y DNA P18 9.2 br Haplogroup G2a3b1 Y DNA P303 ... and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language journal American journal of human ... structure within a single ethno national group journal Human genetics volume 109 issue 6 pages ... more details
refend External links http www.scs.illinois.edu mcdonald WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf Y Haplogroups of the World pdf School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Category Human Y DNAhaplogroups Indigenous peoples ...main Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Y chromosome haplogroups by populations NOTOC Listed here are notable Indigenous peoples of the Americas by human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas ethnic and Indigenous languages of the Americas linguistic designations in the first two columns, the fourth column gives the amount n of total Sample Size studied, and the other columns give the Percentage of the particular haplogroup . class wikitable sortable style text align center font size 100 Group Language Place n Haplogroup C3 Y DNA C3 Haplogroup Q Y DNA Q Haplogroup R1 Y DNA R1 Others Reference Algonquian peoples Algonquian ref group nb Algonquian ethnic groups Ojibwe people Ojibwe , Cheyenne people Cheyenne Arapaho people Arapaho , Shawnee , Mi kmaq people Mi kmaq , Kickapoo people Kickapoo and Meskwaki . ref Algic languages Algic Northeast North America 155 7.7 33.5 38.1 20.6 Bolnick 2006 ref name Bolnick Bolnick, Deborah A. et al 2006, http mbe.oxfordjournals.org content 23 11 2161.full.pdf html Asymmetric Male and Female Genetic Histories among Native Americans from Eastern North America ref Apache Na Dene languages Na Den Southwestern United States SW United States 96 14.6 78.1 5.2 2.1 Zegura 2004 ref name Zegura Zegura, Stephen ... of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing ... Haplogroup Q1a3a1 Y DNA Haplogroup Q1a3 Y DNA Paleo Indians Recent African origin of modern humans Settlement of the Americas Most recent common ancestor Mitochondrial Eve Y chromosomal Adam Notes references ... more details
File Haplogroups europe.png thumb 300px Y haplogroups in Europe Frequencies in some ethnic groups in Europe Listed here are notable groups and Ethnic groups in Europe ethnic groups from Europe by human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified ... haplogroup. Ethnic groups from North Caucasus are considered in its Y DNAhaplogroups by populations ... of Common DNA Variation in Three Human Populations. Science, 307 1072 1079. Hurles M E, Irven C ... DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea. American Journal of Human Genetics ... of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y Chromosome and MitochondrialDNA Sequence Variation ... Language ref IE Indo European ref n Haplogroup R1b Y DNA R1b Haplogroup R1a Y DNA R1a Haplogroup I Y DNA big I big Haplogroup E1b1b Y DNA E1b1b Haplogroup J Y DNA J Haplogroup G Y DNA G Haplogroup N Y DNA N haplogroup T Y DNA T Others Reference Albanians IE Albanian 51 nts 17.6 nts 9.8 nts ... Annals of Human Genetics volume 70 issue Pt 4 pages 459 487 pmid 16759179 ref Albanians IE Albanian .... journal European Journal of Human Genetics volume 17 pages 820 30 date 24 December 2008 doi 10.1038 ... p1023 1034.pdf Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y Chromosome Haplogroups E and J Inferences ... journal of human genetics volume 69 first1 A issue 5 last2 Filon pages 1095 112 first2 D last3 ... populations, Human Genetics 2004 114 354 365. ref Austrians IE Germanic, West 219 nts 32 nts 14 ..., N. K. Yankovsky, and V. P. Puzyrev, Frequencies of Y Chromosome Binary Haplogroups in Belarussians ... url journal American Journal of Human Genetics volume 73 issue 4 pages 768 779 pmid 13680527 pmc 1180600 ... Sena et al 2009, http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 21359873 Y CHROMOSOMAL HAPLOGROUPS ... bitstream 10062 1252 5 rootsi.pdf Human Y chromosomal variation in European populations ref Catalans ... Y chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic, Annals of Human Genetics 72 ... more details
Listed here are notable ethnic groups by Y DNAhaplogroups based on relevant studies. The data is presented ... DNA Variation in North Africa journal American journal of human genetics volume 75 issue 2 pages 338 ... Nasidze2004 Nasidze et al., 2004 http www.familytreedna.com pdf caucasus.pdf MitochondrialDNA and Y ... R1b Y DNA R1b ref name ReferenceB Second column gives the Percentage of the particular haplogroup among the Sample Size ref n Haplogroup R1a Y DNA R1a n Haplogroup I Y DNA I n Haplogroup E1b1b Y DNA E1b1b n Haplogroup E1b1a Y DNA E1b1a n Haplogroup J Y DNA J n Haplogroup G G n Haplogroup N Y DNA N n haplogroup T Y DNA T n haplogroup L Y DNA L Abazinians Caucasian Northwest 14 nts 0 ref name ..., except for the isolated Aromuns url journal Annals of Human Genetics volume 70 issue Pt 4 pages 459 ... inferred from the data on Y chromosomal haplogroups journal Genetika volume 43 issue 5 pages 675 ... first5 PA title Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y Chromosome Phylogeny journal American journal of human genetics volume 70 issue 1 pages 265 8 year 2002 pmid 11719903 ... 17909833&cmd showdetailview Analysis of Y chromosomal SNP haplogroups in an Algerian population sample ... 0130.pdf journal American journal of human genetics volume 74 first1 JR last2 Rowold issue 3 first2 ... The Levant versus the Horn of Africa Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations year ... characterizes the Gulf of Oman url journal European Journal of Human Genetics volume 16 issue ... strong regional structure within a single ethno national group, Human Genetics 2001 109 659 674. ref ... journal American journal of human genetics volume 69 first1 A issue 5 last2 Filon pages ... of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non Jewish European populations, Human Genetics ... in southeast Europe journal European Journal of Human Genetics volume 17 pages 820 30 .... Puzyrev, Frequencies of Y Chromosome Binary Haplogroups in Belarussians, Russian Journal of Genetics ... more details
As a logical conclusion of the endosymbiotic theory , since modern day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes do not contain a full set of housekeeping genes, and lack many that other descendants of their speculative ancestors share, there must have been a loss of genes. However, some of these genes likely migrated to the nucleus, where analogues of these genes are now found. Puzzle It is not clear why only a subset of genes have been transferred, when such gene transfer is known to be rapid on a similar timescale as mutation. Mitochondria and chloroplasts perform redox reactions, which are known to be considerably mutagenic . Such mutagenicity would encourage migration of genes away from the organelles to the nucleus. Proposed explanations Since chloroplast and mitochondrial genetic code s differ slightly from the eukaryotic nuclear code, some genes may lose function when they are transferred. References Allen, J. F., Puthiyaveetil, S., Str m, J. & Allen, C. A. 2005. BioEssays 27 426 435. de Grey, A. D. N. J. 2005. Forces maintaining organellar genomes is any as strong as genetic code disparity or hydrophobicity? BioEssays 27 436 446. See also Humanmitochondrial genetics MitochondrialDNA CoRR Hypothesis Category Genetics Category Mitochondrial genetics ... more details
Listed here are notable ethnic groups from Central Asia and Siberia by human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations in the first two columns, the third column gives the amount of total Sample Size studied, and the other columns give the Percentage of the particular haplogroup. class wikitable sortable style text align center font size 100 Population Language n Haplogroup C Y DNA C Haplogroup I Y DNA I Haplogroup J Y DNA J Haplogroup K Y DNA K haplogroup N Y DNA N Haplogroup O3 Y DNA O3 Haplogroup P Y DNA P Haplogroup Q Y DNA Q haplogroup R1a Y DNA R1a small Haplogroup R1b Y DNA R1b Haplogroup R1 Y DNA R1 small Haplogroup R2 Y DNA R2 Others Reference Altaians Turkic languages Turkic 98 22.4 0 3.0 17.3 46.9 0 Tambets 2004 ref name Tambets2004 Tambets, Kristiina et al 2004, http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1181943 pdf AJHGv74p661.pdf The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami the Story of Genetic Outliers Told by MitochondrialDNA and Y Chromosomes ref Altaians Turkic languages Turkic 92 13.0 2.2 2.2 0 7.6 28.3 41.3 1.1 D 3 Derenko 05 ref name Derenko2005 Miroslava ... Asia Indigenous peoples of Siberia Y DNAhaplogroups by groups Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of the Caucasus Y DNAhaplogroups in South Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa Y DNAhaplogroups in European populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Oceanian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Sub Saharan Africa Y DNAhaplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas References Reflist Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Category Human Y DNAhaplogroups Central Asia ... between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y chromosomal haplogroups journal ... genetics.105.054270v1 Male demography in East Asia a north south contrast in human population ... more details
Y Chromosome, but Not MitochondrialDNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea ref South ... Asia References Reflist Y chromosome haplogroups by populations DEFAULTSORT Y DnaHaplogroups By Populations Of East And Southeast Asia Category Human Y DNAhaplogroups East and Southeast Asia ... inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages journal Journal of Human Genetics ... by Y Chromosome and MitochondrialDNA Analysis ref Japan Japonic languages Japonic 118 5.1 46.6 P ... 2004 ref name Katoh2004 See also Y DNAhaplogroups by groups Y DNAhaplogroups in South Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Central and North Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Oceanian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa Y DNAhaplogroups in European populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of the Caucasus Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Sub Saharan Africa Y DNAhaplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas Far East East Asian languages ...Listed here are notable groups and populations from the Far East East Asia East and Southeast Asia by human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups based on relevant studies. class wikitable sortable style text align center font size 100 Population Language n Haplogroup C Y DNA C Haplogroup D Y DNA D Haplogroup K Y DNA K Haplogroup N Y DNA N Haplogroup O1 Y DNA O1 Haplogroup O2 Y DNA O2 Haplogroup O3 Y DNA O3 Haplogroup Q Y DNA Q Others Reference Ngac ang Achang Lianghe County Lianghe , Yunnan Tibeto Burman ... Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population ref Bali Indonesia Austronesian ... a north south contrast in human population expansion times ref Filipino people Filipino Austronesian ... content 21 8 1525.full The Northeast Indian Passageway A Barrier or Corridor for Human ... Source s of New World Y Chromosome Founder Haplotypes, American Journal of Human Genetics 64 817 ... Y chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y STR Polymorphisms ... more details
by human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals ... origins of the Turkish people Y chromosomal Aaron Y DNAhaplogroups by groups Y DNAhaplogroups in European populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Sub Saharan Africa Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of the Caucasus Y DNAhaplogroups in South Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Central and North Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNAhaplogroups in Oceanian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas References reflist 30em Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Category Human Y DNAhaplogroups Near East and North ... DNA and Y chromosome variation in the caucasus journal Annals of human genetics volume 68 issue ... center font size 100 Population Language n Haplogroup E1b1a Y DNA E1b1a Haplogroup E1b1b Y DNA E1b1b Haplogroup G Y DNA G Haplogroup I Y DNA big I big Haplogroup J Y DNA J haplogroup L Y DNA L Haplogroup N Y DNA N Haplogroup R1a Y DNA R1a Haplogroup R1b Y DNA R1b haplogroup T Y DNA T Reference ... Tylersmith first9 C title A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa journal The American Journal of Human Genetics volume 75 pages 338 45 year 2004 doi 10.1086 ... haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample journal International journal of legal ... of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East journal The American Journal of Human Genetics volume ... Corridors of Human Migrations journal The American Journal of Human Genetics volume 74 pages ... haplogroups E and J inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area journal American journal of human genetics volume 74 issue 5 pages 1023 34 year 2004 ... J title Y chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman journal European Journal of Human Genetics ... primarily by geography, rather than by language journal American journal of human genetics volume 67 ... more details
Listed here are the human Y chromosome DNAhaplogroups found in various Ethnic groups in Africa ethnic groups and populations from Sub Saharan Africa . Based on relevant studies, the samples are taken from individuals identified by linguistic designation AA Afroasiatic languages Afroasiatic , KS Khoisan ... groups in Africa African people Languages of Africa Y DNAhaplogroups by groups Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa Y DNAhaplogroups in European populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of the Caucasus Y DNAhaplogroups in South Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNAhaplogroups in Oceanian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Central and North Asian populations Y DNAhaplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas Notes references group nb References reflist Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Category Human Y DNAhaplogroups Sub Saharan Africa ... center font size 100 Population Language group n Haplogroup A Y DNA A Haplogroup B Y DNA B Haplogroup E1a Y DNA E1a Haplogroup E1b1a Y DNA E1b1a Haplogroup E1b1b Y DNA E1b1b Haplogroup E2 Y DNA E2 Haplogroup J Y DNA J Haplogroup R1 Y DNA R1 Haplogroup T Y DNA T Reference Afroasiatic languages Afro ... Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations ref Bantu peoples Bantus Gabon Bantu ... of the Bantu Expansion Insights from Human Paternal Lineages ref Bantu peoples Bantus Kenya ... pdf 2041 2223 1 6.pdf Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups ... Is Supported by High Resolution Analysis of Human Y Chromosome Haplotypes ref Burkina Faso ref group ... et al 2004, http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 15503146?dopt Abstract&holding npg Y chromosome haplogroups ... Cruciani 2010 Cruciani et al. 2010, http vizachero.com R1b1 V88.pdf Human Y chromosome haplogroup R ... Wood 2005 Madagascar Malagasy Malayo Polynesian 35 0 8.6 0 34.3 0 8.6 5.7 0 Haplogroup O Y DNA O 34.3 ... more details
12 2 339 F1 A Nomenclature system for the Tree of Human Y Chromosomal Haplogroups , Genome.org small External links Commons category Human Y DNAhaplogroups http www.isogg.org tree ISOGG Y DNA Haplogroup ... Chart Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Category Human Y DNAhaplogroups Category Genetic ...genetic genealogy In human genetics , a Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non genetic recombination recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome called Y DNA . The Y chromosome consortium has established a system of defining Y DNA haplogroup s by letters ... of this common ancestor have varied significantly in different studies. Major Y DNAhaplogroups Major Y chromosome haplogroups include Tree view Clade label1 Y chromosomal Adam Y DNA Adam 1 Clade 1 Haplogroup A Y DNA Haplogroup A label2 Haplogroup BT Y DNA BT 2 Clade 1 Haplogroup B Y DNA Haplogroup B label2 Haplogroup CT Y DNA CT 2 Clade label1 Haplogroup DE Y DNA DE 1 Clade 1 Haplogroup D Y DNA Haplogroup D 2 Haplogroup E Y DNA Haplogroup E label2 Haplogroup CF Y DNA CF 2 Clade ... F 2 Clade 1 Haplogroup F Y DNAHaplogroups F1 F4 4 Haplogroup H Y DNA Haplogroup H 2 Haplogroup ... MNOPS 3 Clade 1 Haplogroup K Y DNAHaplogroups K1 K4 2 Haplogroup M Y DNA Haplogroup M label3 ... R Y DNA Haplogroup R 5 Haplogroup S Y DNA Haplogroup S Groups A and B Haplogroups A is the African ... Y DNA The defining mutations separating CT all haplogroups excepting A and B are M168 and M294. These mutations ... 3,000 years ago Britain See also Y chromosome haplogroups by populations Y DNAhaplogroups by groups in Europe Y DNAhaplogroups by European populations List of Y DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms List of Y STR markers HumanmitochondrialDNAhaplogroups haplogroup Molecular phylogeny Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups Y DNA References Reflist ... Haplogroups https www3.nationalgeographic.com genographic atlas.html Atlas of the Human Journey , from ... more details
HumanmitochondrialDNA haplogroup Mitochondrial macro haplogroups Haplogroup L0 mtDNA L0 ... further Genetic genealogy matrilineal MitochondrialDNAHumanmitochondrial molecular clock File ... 250px Simplified Humanmitochondrial phylogeny Without a DNA sample, it is not possible to reconstruct ... title Maternal inheritance of humanmitochondrialDNA journal PNAS volume 77 issue 11 pages 6715 ... mitochondrialDNAhaplogroups Col 3 Last universal ancestor Mitochondrial genome Neutral theory ... of major humanmitochondrialDNA haplogroup expansions in Africa journal Proceedings. Biological Sciences ... of humanmitochondrialDNA sequence variation. journal Proc Biol Sci. year 2009 volume 276 ... first1 RL last2 Stoneking first2 M last3 Wilson first3 AC title MitochondrialDNA and human evolution ... of humanmitochondrialDNA journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 9 issue 6 pages 1176 8 year 1992 month ... in the humanmitochondrialDNA control region journal Nat. Genet. volume 15 issue 4 pages 363 8 year ... Selection An Improved HumanMitochondrial Molecular Clock. and its http download.cell.com AJHG ... all mitochondrialDNA mtDNA is generally passed from mother to offspring without recombination biology recombination , all mitochondrialDNA mtDNA in every living person is directly descended from ... modern humans were developing as a population distinct from other human sub species. Mitochondrial ... C title Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution journal Trends Ecol. Evol. Amst. volume ... DNA, however, parts of ancestral genomes are estimated by scientists. MitochondrialDNA mtDNA ... give a mitochondrialDNA signature or haplotype e.g. the Cambridge Reference Sequence CRS is a haplotype ... mutation . Scientists sort mitochondrialDNA results into more or less related groups, with more or less ... this macro haplogroup contains all surviving humanmitochondrial lineages today. The variation of mitochondrialDNA between different people can be used to estimate the time back to a common ancestor ... more details
Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which new mitochondria are formed in the cell. Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by numerous different signals during times of cellular stress or in response to environmental stimuli. The mitochondrion is a key regulator of the metabolic activity of the cell, and is also an important organelle in both production and degradation of free radicals. It is thought that higher mitochodrial copy number or higher mitochondrial mass is protective for the cell. Mitochondria are produced from the transcription and translation of genes both in the nuclear genome and in the MitochondrialDNAmitochondrial genome . The majority of mitochondrial protein comes from the nuclear genome, while the mitochondrial genome encodes most parts of the electron transport chain along with mitochondrial rRNA and tRNA . A major adaptation to mitochondrial biogenesis results in more mitochondrial tissues which increases metabolic enzymes for glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and ultimately a greater mitochondrial metabolic capacity. Peter D. Wagner Summer 2011 Lecture cn date October 2011 The master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis appear to be the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma PGC family of transcriptional coactivators, including PPARGC1A PGC 1 , PPARGC1B PGC 1 , and the PGC related coactivator, PRC. PGC 1 , in particular, is thought to be a master regulator. It is known to co activate nuclear respiratory factor 2 GABPA NRF2 GABPA , and together with NRF 2 coactivates nuclear respiratory factor 1 NRF1 . The NRFs, in turn, activate the mitochondrial transcription factor A TFAM tfam , which is directly responsible for transcribing nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins. This includes both structural mitochondrial proteins as well as those involved in Humanmitochondrial genetics Replication.2C repair.2C transcription.2C and translation mtDNA transcription, translation, and repair . See also mitochondria References Unreferenced ... more details
DNA replication all of which are encoded for by genes in the nuclear DNA may also cause mitochondrialDNA mutations. Most mitochondrial function and biogenesis is controlled by nuclear DNA . Humanmitochondrial ... transplanted healthy DNA in human eggs from women with mitochondrial disease into the eggs of women ... ATP that powers most cell functions. Mitochondrial diseases are often caused by genetics or mutations to the mitochondrialDNA that affect mitochondria function. Mitochondrial diseases take on unique ... of the defective mitochondrialDNA may vary from organ to organ within the body, and each mutation is modulated ... DNA mtDNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result ... causes see Medical Subject Headings MeSH . MitochondrialDNA inheritance behaves differently ... DNA, however, is strictly inherited from the mother and each mitochondrial organelle typically contains multiple mtDNA copies see Heteroplasmy . During cell division the mitochondrialDNA copies ... inheritance patterns, see Humanmitochondrial genetics . Mitochondrial disease may become clinically ... threshold expression . MitochondrialDNA mutations occur frequently, due to the lack of the error checking capability that nuclear DNA has see Mutation rate . This means that mitochondrialDNA ... the defective mitochondrialDNA behind, is a potential treatment procedure that has been successfully ... to prevent transmission of mitochondrialDNA disease journal Nature volume 465 issue 7294 pages 82 85 ...Unreferenced section date December 2011 Infobox Disease Name Mitochondrial disease Image Ragged red fibres gtc very high mag.jpg Caption Micrograph showing ragged red fibres, a finding seen in mitochondrial ... Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders caused by dysfunctional mitochondria , the organelle s that are the powerhouses of the cell. Mitochondria are found in every cell of the human body ... symptoms are often called a mitochondrial myopathy . There is some evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction ... more details
Mitochondria can divide by fission and since they require mitochondrialDNA for their function, fission is coordinated with MitochondrialDNA Replication DNA replication . Some of the proteins that are involved in mitochondrial fission have been identified and some of them are associated with mitochondrial disease s. ref Cite pmid 21776419 ref Mechanism The DNM1L Drp1 protein is a member of the Dynamin family of large GTPases . Drp1 controls the final part of mitochondrial fission, pinching off the membrane stalk between two forming daughter mitochondria. The MFN2 protein is part of a complex that links the endoplasmic reticulum ER to mitochondria. Points of ER mitochondrial association have been associated with the formation of Drp1 complexes and mitochondrial fission. ref Cite pmid 21885730 ref Several Drp1 binding proteins have been identified. ref Cite pmid 21772324 ref A protein called mitochondrial fission factor Mff binds Drp1 and promotes mitochondrial fission. ref Cite pmid 21149567 ref The FIS1 protein might recruit Drp1 to sites of fission ref Cite pmid 21647385 ref but it might require association with another protein, MIEF1 coded for by the SMCR7L gene , to promote mitochondrial fission. In contrast, MIEF1 when bound to Drp1 might prevent mitochondrial fission and thus shift the balance towards fusion of mitochondria. ref Cite pmid 21701560 ref References reflist Category Mitochondria ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 277.87 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D017237 A Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is a form of encephalomyopathy that is associated with a mitochondrial disease . Examples include Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke like episodes MELAS and MERRF syndrome MERRF . These conditions can sometimes present together. ref name pmid14967777 cite journal author Melone MA, Tessa A, Petrini S, et al title Revelation of a new mitochondrialDNA mutation G12147A in a MELAS MERFF phenotype journal Arch. Neurol. volume 61 issue 2 pages 269 72 year 2004 month February pmid 14967777 doi 10.1001 archneur.61.2.269 url http archneur.ama assn.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 14967777 ref ref name pmid15767514 cite journal author Naini AB, Lu J, Kaufmann P, et al title Novel mitochondrialDNA ND5 mutation in a patient with clinical features of MELAS and MERRF journal Arch. Neurol. volume 62 issue 3 pages 473 6 year 2005 month March pmid 15767514 doi 10.1001 archneur.62.3.473 url http archneur.ama assn.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15767514 ref Kearns Sayre syndrome KSS is sometimes included in this category, ref name pmid8350109 cite journal author Crimmins D, Morris JG, Walker GL, et al title Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy variable clinical expression within a single kindred journal J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. volume 56 issue 8 pages 900 5 year 1993 month August pmid 8350109 pmc 1015147 doi 10.1136 jnnp.56.8.900 url http jnnp.bmj.com cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8350109 ref but it is not included in this category in Medical Subject Headings MeSH . References reflist 2 Mitochondrial diseases Category Neurotrauma disease stub zh ... more details
Expert subject Biology date November 2009 No footnotes date May 2011 Mitochondrial decay is one major cause of aging , leading to the subsequent death in humans. The mitochondria are the power producing organelles found in every cell of every organ. Their primary function is to generate Adenosine triphosphate ATP through various energy cycles that involve nutrients and vitamins. ATP is needed for every movement, thought and action we make. Yet very little ATP can be stored in the body. Under normal conditions the mitochondria generate free radicals during the ATP production process and as a result subject themselves to a lot of free radical damage. As we age, the mitochondria become less efficient, fewer in number and larger. Accordingly, ATP production declines, and this may eventually lead to cell death. As organs cannot borrow energy from one another, the efficiency of each organ s mitochondria is essential to its repair processes and functions. If an organ s mitochondria fail, then so does that organ. Enhancement and protection of mitochondrial function and structure are therefore instrumental in preventing and slowing aging. Mitochondrial decay is a progressive disruption of mitochondrial structural integrity and functional ability with advancing age. It can cause impairment in cellular energy production and hence a decline in normal function, particularly in organs with high energy consumption such as the brain and the heart. Mitochondrial decay can also lead to an increase in free radical production and thus render a cell more prone to commit suicide programmed cell death or apoptosis . Some of the age related diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, have been found to involve mitochondrial dysfunction. The maintenance of a youthful mitochondrial functional ability and antioxidant capacity has become a trend in preventive health. Reference RK Lab http www.rk lab.com Category DNA Category Aging ... more details
Mitochondrial toxicity is a condition in which the mitochondrion mitochondria of a body s cells become damaged or decline significantly in number it occurs as a side effect of certain antiretroviral drug s used to treat human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV . Causes While the exact causes of mitochondrial toxicity are not known, research has shown that a certain group of anti viral drugs used to treat HIV, specifically nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor s NRTIs , interfere with an enzyme needed in the production of mitochondria. ref http www.thebody.com pinf mitochondrial.html ref Symptoms The disruption of cell function that accompanies the condition can cause both mild and severe problems in people suffering from mitochondrial toxicity. The most commonly observed symptom is muscle weakness, or myopathy . Others include peripheral neuropathy numbness in the fingers and toes and pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas , with the most severe being lactic acidosis , in which a build up of lactic acid in the tissues of the body leads to loss of energy, organ failure, and eventually death. ref http www.projinf.org fs mito b.html ref References references External links Mitochondrial toxicity at http www.hivnet.org OverHivEnAids Alternatief BrochureBijwerkingenEngels Mitochondrial 20toxicity.htm hiv.org Category Toxicology medical stub med toxic stub sl Mitohondrijska toksi nost ... more details
Symptomatic overlap with other mitochondrial myopathies References reflist Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle Mitochondrial diseases Category Myoneural junction and neuromuscular diseases Category Mitochondrial diseases zh ... more details
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