Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Human T lymphotropicvirusvirus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Deltaretrovirus species Simian T lymphotropicvirus subdivision ranks Serotypes subdivision Human T lymphotropicvirus The Human T lymphotropicvirus Type I HTLV 1 is a human RNA retrovirus that is known to cause a type of cancer, referred ... . HTLV I Main Human T lymphotropicvirus 1 HTLV I is an abbreviation for the human T cell lymphotropic ... needed date November 2010 HTLV II Main Human T lymphotropicvirus 2 A virus closely related to HTLV ... A. last7 Mahieux first7 R. title Human T Cell LymphotropicVirus Type 3 Complete Nucleotide Sequence ... title New Strain of Human T LymphotropicVirus HTLV Type 3 in a Pygmy from Cameroon with Peculiar HTLV ... out of use. ref MeshName Human T LymphotropicVirus Type III ref The name HTLV IV has also been used to describe HIV 2 . ref MeshName Human T LymphotropicVirus Type IV ref Transmission HTLV I and HTLV ... first9 Daniel M. title A Prospective Study of Sexual Transmission of Human T LymphotropicVirus ... T cell lymphotrophic virus http htlv.net International Retrovirology Association MeshName Human T lymphotropicvirus 1 MeshName Human T lymphotropicvirus 2 http ccr.nci.nih.gov news frontiers january2006 human Tcell.html Human T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma Virus Type 1 Playing Hide and Seek Retroviruses DEFAULTSORT Human T LymphotropicVirus Category Deltaretroviruses de Humanes T lymphotropes Virus ... HTLV pt HTLV 1 ru simple Human T lymphotropicvirus sl love ki T celi ni ... T lymphotropic viruses PTLVs . Members of this family that infect humans are called Human T lymphotropic viruses, and the ones that infect old world primates are called Simian T lymphotropic viruses ... and scratches. HTLV III is similar to STLV III Simian T lymphotropicvirus 3 . Citation needed ... T Cell LymphotropicVirus Type 3 Infectious Molecular Clone journal Journal of Virology volume ... more details
A virus closely related to HTLV I , Human T lymphotropicvirus 2 HTLV II shares approximately 70 genomic homology structural similarity with HTLV I. It is found predominantly in IV drug users and Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native Americans , ref name pmid15595431 cite journal author Roucoux DF, Murphy EL title The epidemiology and disease outcomes of human T lymphotropicvirus type II journal AIDS Rev volume 6 issue 3 pages 144 54 year 2004 pmid 15595431 doi url ref as well as Caribbean and South American Indian groups. HTLV II entry in target cells is mediated by the glucose transporter GLUT1 . ref name Manel cite journal author Manel N, Kim FJ, Kinet S, Taylor N, Sitbon M, Battini JL title The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT 1 is a receptor for HTLV journal Cell volume 115 issue 4 pages 449 59 year 2003 month November pmid 14622599 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 03 00881 X url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S009286740300881X ref Clinical significance HTLV II has not been clearly linked to any disease, but has been associated with several cases of myelopathy tropical spastic paraparesis HAM TSP like neurological disease. An impact on platelet count has been observed. ref name pmid18755983 cite journal author Bartman MT, Kaidarova Z, Hirschkorn D, et al. title Long term increases in lymphocytes and platelets in human T lymphotropicvirus type II infection journal Blood volume 112 issue 10 pages 3995 4002 year 2008 month November pmid 18755983 pmc 2581993 doi 10.1182 blood 2008 05 155960 url http www.bloodjournal.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18755983 ref In the 1980s ... Retrovirology Association MeshName Human T lymphotropicvirus 2 Retroviruses DEFAULTSORT Human T LymphotropicVirus 2 Category Deltaretroviruses ... I, Golde D, Gallo RC title A new subtype of human T cell leukemia virus HTLV II associated with a T cell ... Integrated human T cell leukemia virus II genome in CD8 T cells from a patient with atypical hairy cell ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Human T lymphotropicvirusvirus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Deltaretrovirus species Simian T lymphotropicvirus subdivision ranks Serotypes subdivision Human T lymphotropicvirusHuman T cell LymphotropicVirus or Human T lymphotropicvirus Type 1 HTLV I , also called the Adult T cell lymphoma virus type 1 , a virus that has been seriously implicated in several kinds of diseases including HTLV I associated myelopathy , Strongyloides stercoralis hyper infection, and a virus cancer link for leukemia see adult T cell leukemia lymphoma . Between one in twenty and one in twenty five infected persons are thought to develop cancer as a result of the virus. Citation needed date November 2010 HTLV was discovered in 1977 in Japan. The virus was first isolated by Drs. Bernard Poiesz and Francis Ruscetti ... risk factors for development of human T cell lymphotropicvirus type 1 HTLV 1 associated myelopathy ... Retrovirology Association MeshName Human T lymphotropicvirus 1 Retroviruses Viral diseases Lymphoid malignancy DEFAULTSORT Human T LymphotropicVirus 1 Category Deltaretroviruses de Humanes T Zell lymphotropes Virus Typ I he HTLV 1 ... W title Seroepidemiologic studies of human T cell leukemia lymphoma virus type I in Jamaica journal ... identified human retrovirus. Infection with HTLV I, like infection with other retroviruses ..., the geographic clustering of infections suggest that the virus is more dependent on mother to child ... distribution of the virus is more uniform, and it is more common among those with many sexual ... s, diseases not caused by the virus itself, but by alterations in the host s immune functions. Mechanism ... actually becomes immunosuppressive. The virus activates a subset of T helper cell T helper cells called ... of HLTV disease by reducing viral load. Although in one human study it was effective in reducing ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 HTDV , or human teratocarcinoma derived virus, is a human endogenous retrovirus . DEFAULTSORT Human Teratocarcinoma Derived Virus Category Endogenous retroviruses Virus stub Retroviruses ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Human respiratory syncytial virus Image RSV.PNG Caption An x ray of a child with RSV ... assigned name Human respiratory syncytial virus image Respiratory syncytial virus 01.jpg ... ICD9 079.6 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 001564 eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 2706 MeshID D018357 Human respiratory syncytial virus RSV is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is the major ... syncytial virus. volume 140 issue 6 pages 543 6 journal American journal of diseases of children 1960 ref and nearly all children will have been infected with the virus by 2 3 years of age. ref ... Syncytial Virus Infection in Young Children year 2009 last1 Hall first1 Caroline Breese last2 ..., single stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae , which includes common respiratory viruses .... Its name comes from the fact that F proteins on the surface of the virus cause the cell membranes ... url http www.cdc.gov rsv index.html title Respiratory Syncytial Virus accessdate 2009 02 10 date Reviewed ... 10.1164 rccm.200804 579OC title Evidence of a Causal Role of Winter Virus Infection during Infancy in Early ... virus group v ordo Mononegavirales familia Paramyxoviridae respiratory br syncytial virus RSV has ... protein. The F protein is another important surface protein F mediates fusion, allowing entry of the virus ... virus volume 326 issue 5957 pages 1279 83 doi 10.1126 science.1177634 journal Science ref and M ... pubmedhealth PMH0002531 ref Prevention As the virus is ubiquitous in all parts of the world, avoidance ... first6 K last7 Parrott first7 RH title Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior ... cite journal doi 10.1002 14651858.CD000181.pub3 title Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection ... bronchiolitis where respiratory syncytial virus RSV accounts for the majority of viral bronchiolitis ... 1026 7 doi 10.1136 bmj.328.7447.1026 title Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants ... Public Health Association. Viral diseases Common Cold DEFAULTSORT Human Respiratory Syncytial ... more details
notability Fiction date June 2011 primarysources date June 2011 Human Meta Human Vampiric Virus , commonly called HMHVV , is a List of fictional diseases fictional disease from the game Shadowrun . The virus has been known to cause changes which often resemble abominations that are no longer human and are occasionally not even sentience sentient . In the Shadowrun universe, vampires and their family kin are not undead , but are changed by the retrovirus into a creature needing the life force life energy of others to survive. HMHVV Primary Strain A human and extremely rarely another metatype becomes a vampire fiction other media vampire they have many of the classic abilities and vulnerabilities, but are not necessarily limited by holy items An elf usually becomes a banshee a barely sentient hunter A dwarf mythology dwarf usually becomes a goblin a pack creature, much reduced in intellectual abilities An ork usually becomes a wendigo they feed on human flesh and look like white Sasquatch s A troll usually becomes a dzoo noo qua a massive, deformed, burning eyed hulk of a humanoid Only vampires and wendigos can infect others. Banshee, goblins, and dzoo noo qua while created by the virus, do not pass the infection on to their victims. I.E. only a vampire wendigo can create a vampire banshee goblin wendigo dzoo noo qua. depending on the victims metatype HMHVV II the Jarka Criscione strain This strain does not confer vampiric abilities like the primary strain. And it is unspecified what the strain does to the unlisted metatypes. A human becomes a loup garou similar to a werewolf A troll becomes a fomorian known for being hairy rather than covered with bone deposits A sasquatch becomes a bandersnatch increasing the creature s already impressive size, destroying its intelligence and giving it a capability to camouflage itself by optically melting into the surrounding terrain ... BL the Bruckner Langer strain Fatal to most metatypes. A human and very rarely an elf becomes a nosferatu ... more details
Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Adeno Associated Virus And Gene Therapy Of The Human ... associated virus AAV . ref name Maguire 2008 Maguire, A. M., Simonelli, F., Pierce, E. A., Pugh ... Amaurosis Due to RPE65Mutations by Ocular Subretinal Injection of Adeno Associated Virus Gene Vector Short Term Results of a Phase I Trial. Human gene therapy, 19 10 , 979 990. doi 10.1089 hum.2008.107 ... are based on adeno associated virus . The great advantage in using adeno associated virus for the gene ... virus for Leber s Congenital Amaurosis . In these studies, an AAV vector encoding the RPE65 gene was delivered ..., S., Schwartz, S. B., Boye, S. L., Windsor, E. A. M., et al. 2009 . Human RPE65 gene therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis persistence of early visual improvements and safety at 1 year Human gene ...., Auricchio, A., Simonelli, F., et al. 2011 . The human visual cortex responds to gene therapy mediated ..., researchers have been developing similar treatments using adeno associated virus for macular degeneration ... composed of several layers and distinct cell types see retina anatomy of the human retina anatomy of the human retina . A number of these cell types are implicated in retinal diseases, including retinal ... as a model Human molecular genetics, 10 26 , 3075 3081. ref ref Lebherz, C., Maguire, A., Tang, W ... delivery of human RPE65 vector on embryonic day 14 shows efficient transduction of retinal pigment .... ref name Dinculescu Specifically the AAV 5 vector containing the wild type human RSI cDNA driven ... of retinitis pigmentosa. Human. Molecular.Genet 1995 4 1739 1743. ref ref Farrar GJ, Kenna PF, Humphries ... disk, can lead to recessive RP and macular degeneration in human ref name Dryja 19 . In a mouse ... adeno associated virus mediated secretion gene therapy Gene therapy, 9 12 , 804 813. doi 10.1038 ... that the levels of PEDF in aqueous humor of human are decreased with increasing age, indicating .... American J. ophthalmol 2001 132 427 429. ref In animal model, an AAV with human PEDF cDNA ... more details
Robbins grew polio virus in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus to be grown without using ... violet name Viruses image Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg image caption Rotavirus virus group I VII subdivision ranks Groups subdivision I dsDNA virus es br II ssDNA virus es br III dsRNA virus es br IV positive sense ssRNA virus ssRNA viruses br V negative sense ssRNA virus ssRNA viruses br VI ssRNA RT virus es br VII dsDNA RT virus es A virus is a small pathogen infectious agent that can replicate ... a non bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus ... Breitbart M, Rohwer F 2005 278 84 vcite journal author Breitbart M, Rohwer F title Here a virus, there a virus, everywhere the same virus? journal Trends Microbiol volume 13 issue 6 pages 278 84 year ... , a sub speciality of microbiology . Virus particles known as virions consist of two or three parts ... helical and icosahedron icosahedral forms to more complex structures. The average virus is about ... Sexual intercourse sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. The range of host cells that a virus ... a virus is capable of infecting many species, broad. ref Shors pp. 49 50 ref Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can ... virus referring to poison and other noxious substances, first used in English in 1392. ref name Etymology Dictionary vcite web title virus author Harper D year 2011 home The Online Etymology Dictionary url http www.etymonline.com index.php?term virus accessdate 23 December 2011 ref Virulent , from ... form of words ending in us Virus plural is viruses . The adjective viral dates to 1948. ref vcite ... this filter to study what is now known as the tobacco mosaic virus . His experiments showed that crushed ... introduced the word virus . ref name Collier3 Collier p. 3 ref Beijerinck maintained that viruses .... ref name Collier3 In the same year Friedrich Loeffler and Frosch passed the first animal virus ... more details
About the punk band the XM Satellite Radio channel the Virus XM the album The Virus album Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name The Virus image missing image the virus.jpg caption image size 150 background group or band alias origin Philadelphia , USA genre Punk rock Punk , Streetpunk years active 1998 2004 label Charged Records, Punkcore Records associated acts Cheap Sex Br Nighttime Dealers BR No Authority BR Bomb Squadron website current members Mike Virus br Fat Dave br Chris BR Jarrod BR Geoff BR Paul BR Mike Authority br Tim br Josh past members notable instruments The Virus was a street punk band from Philadelphia , United States. Now defunct, their former singer Mike Virus went on to perform in the band Cheap Sex . Fat Dave now plays guitar in the Lancaster, PA punk band TiGHT FiTS Fat Dave and Jarrod were in a band called Bomb Squadron Right before The Virus was formed. The Virus formed in February 1998, with Mike Virus on vocals, Chris on lead guitar, Fat Dave on guitar, Jarrod on drums, and Geoff on bass. The band played their first show a month later. During the band s first six months, they performed several concerts, including one in Philadelphia with the band Special Duties , and another at the now closed Coney Island High in New York City ... Records. After the album was recorded, singer Mike Virus left the band and Paul took over vocals .... Soon after, The Virus ceased touring and disbanded completely. Paul went on to play in bands such as Nighttime ... went on to form the post punk band The Hunt. In 2002, Mike Virus formed the band Cheap Sex , who disbanded ... 7 2003 on Dirty Punk Records Original members Mike Virus Vocals Chris Expulsion Lead guitar Fat ... Allmusic class artist id p510403 pure url yes Allmusic http www.chargedrecords.com photos virus band lancaster.gif Picture Category American punk rock groups Virus Category Street punk Virus, The Category Musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Virus it The Virus sv The Virus ... more details
Be Human may refer to Music of Ghost in the Shell be Human be Human , a soundtrack in the Ghost in the Shell series Be Human album Be Human album , an album by rock band Fightstar Be Human 1936 cartoon Be Human 1936 cartoon , a 1936 Betty Boop animated short disambig ... more details
Wikify date June 2011 Human Is is a science fiction short story by Philip K. Dick . It was first published in Startling Stories , Winter 1955. The plot centers on the crisis facing a woman whose cold and emotionally abusive husband returns, from a survey mission to the dying planet Rexor IV, changed for the better due to his psyche being replaced by a Rexorian glad to have escaped the confines of its dying planet. External links http www.philipkdickfans.com pkdweb Human 20Is.htm PhilipKDickFans.com s Details br Philip K. Dick Category Short stories by Philip K. Dick Category 1955 short stories Category Works originally published in Startling Stories ... more details
events. Origins The Human Be In focused the key ideas of the 1960s counterculture personal empowerment ... features cultureandhistory 031221be in.html Radio Netherlands Worldwide Neville Powis, The Human ... and hippie generations. The Human Be In took its name from a chance remark by the artist Michael Bowen ... 25 65. ref Event The Human Be In was announced on the cover of the fifth issue of the San Francisco Oracle as A Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be In. The occasion was a new California law banning ... show began airing over NBC just a year later, January 22, 1968. The Human Be In was later recalled ... 0&client firefox a PPA297,M1 ref ref Brugman, Bruce Tonight The Human Be In 2007 , online http www.sfbg.com blogs bruce 2007 08 the human bein jan l4 l967 to.html ref as a necessary meld that brought ... Cohen, Allen http s91990482.onlinehome.us allencohen be in.html About the Human Be In Note has links ..., online http www.sfbg.com blogs bruce 2007 08 the human bein jan l4 l967 to.html ref his friend ... on a square. He credits himself for inviting Leary and the Beat poets to the Human Be In, and arranging for it to be a worldwide media event. ref The counterculture that surfaced at the Human Be In encouraged ... read at the event. 56 bar in Edinburgh , Scotland was previously named after the Human Be In. References ... for Pow Wow A Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be In Hippies Category 1967 in the United States ... War Category Counterculture festivals de Human Be In fr Human Be In nl Gathering of the Tribes ja pl Human Be In simple Human Be In ckb Human Be In ... more details
Infobox Book name Human? translator image Image HUMAN851954.jpg 200px image caption First edition cover author Judith Merril , editor illustrator cover artist R. DeSaint country United States language English language English series subject genre science fiction and fantasy short stories publisher Lion Books release date 1954 english release date media type Print paperback pages 190 pp isbn oclc 1869094 preceded by followed by Human? is an anthology of science fiction and fantasy stories edited by Judith Merril , published as a paperback original by Lion Books in 1954. No further editions were issued. ref http www.isfdb.org cgi bin title.cgi?34893 ISFDB bibliography ref Contents Introduction , Fredric Brown I As Others See Us , Judith Merril The Big Contest , John D. MacDonald Worlds Beyond 1950 The Boy Next Door , Chad Oliver F&SF 1951 Take a Seat , Eric Frank Russell Startling Stories 1952 An Egg a Month from All Over , Idris Seabright F&SF 1952 Riya s Foundling , Algis Budrys Science Fiction Stories 1 1953 II Earthlings All , Judith Merril ghosts , Don Marquis Archy and Mehitabel , 1927 Smoke Ghost , Fritz Leiber Unknown magazine Unknown 1941 Who Shall I Say Is Calling? , August Derleth F&SF 1952 The Gnarly Man , L. Sprague de Camp Unknown 1939 The Temptation of Harringay , H. G. Wells The St. James s Gazette 1895 The Ultimate Egoist , Theodore Sturgeon Unknown 1941 Rope Enough , John Collier writer John Collier The New Yorker 1939 III Tomorrow Will Be Better? , Judith Merril Liar , Isaac Asimov Astounding Science Fiction Astounding 1941 Who Knows His Brother , Graham Doar Startling Stories 1952 Crucifixus Etiam , Walter M. Miller, Jr. Astounding 1953 ref http www.philsp.com homeville isfac t68.htm A1486 Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections ref Reception P. Schuyler Miller , declaring that Merril has n ever edited a bad anthology, or even a so so one , described this theme anthology as span ning the gap from H. G. Wells to 1953. ref The Reference Library ... more details
viruses. Those causing slow virus infection include measles, rubella and JC virus JC viruses, and retrovirus es such as human T lymphotropicvirus 1 and human immunodeficiency virus . Research use ...A neurotropic virus is a virus which is capable of infecting nerve cells ref http www.wordreference.com definition neurotropic Word Reference Neurotropic Bot generated title ref , or which does so preferentially. Such viruses thereby largely evade the usual immune response &mdash which acts only within the blood system . Terminology A disease agent is said to be neuroinvasive if it is capable of entering or infecting the central nervous system , and neurovirulent if it is capable of causing disease within the nervous system. The most common neuroinvasive viruses are rabies , which has both high neuroinvasiveness and high neurovirulence, and herpes simplex virus , which has low neuroinvasiveness and high neurovirulence. Others, like poliovirus , can spread neurally, but primarily spread by via the blood system in what is called Viremia hematogenous dissemination . Examples Neurotropic viruses that cause acute infection include Japanese encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis , and California encephalitis virus California encephalitis viruses polio, Coxsackie A virus coxsackie , Echovirus echo , mumps , measles , influenza , and rabies as well as diseases caused by members of the family Herpesviridae such as herpes simplex virus herpes simplex , varicella zoster , cytomegalo and Epstein Barr viruses ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... 22 20 22Neurotropic 20viruses 22&f false Advances in Virus Research, Volume 55, Karl Maramorosch ref ... , Kuru disease Kuru and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease resemble a slow neurotropic virus infection&mdash ... barrier Immunology Pathogen Virulent References reflist Category Viruses virus stub ar fr Virus neurotrope ... more details
Virus mutation virus mutation is when viruses mutate may refer to The feature of viruses to cause mutation in the human genome The feature of viruses to perform Virus Genetic change viral genetic change in their own genome. disambig ... more details
with human immunodeficiency virus , including the establishment of persistent infection with chronic active lymphoproliferation ref name pmid11024138 however, Visna virus does not infect T lymphocyte ... system disease and wasting syndrome found in human AIDS patients. ref name pmid16425963 Cite journal author Thormar H title Maedi visna virus and its relationship to human immunodeficiency virus ... virus as an in vitro model for human immunodeficiency virus and inhibition by ribavirin, phosphonoformate ... T lymphotropicvirus maedi visna. ref name Discover Dec94 http discovermagazine.com 1994 dec ofmythsandmischi458 ...Taxobox color violet virus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Lentivirus Visna virus also known as Visna Maedi virus , Maedi Visna virus and ovine lentivirus ref name pmid16425963 ... C, McConnell I, Blacklaws BA title Mapping and characterization of visna maedi virus cytotoxic ... journal author Davis JL, Molineaux S, Clements JE title Visna virus exhibits a complex transcriptional ... of Visna virus. ref name pmid17127400 Viral infection First described in 1954 by Bjorn Sigurdsson in Iceland , ref name history Cite journal author Straub OC title Maedi Visna virus infection in sheep ... retrieve pii S0147 9571 02 00078 4 ref Maedi Visna virus was the first lentivirus ... response to maedi visna virus journal Front. Biosci. volume 12 issue pages 1532 43 year 2007 pmid 17127400 ... to the AIDS virus journal Cell volume 42 issue 1 pages 369 82 year 1985 month August pmid 2410140 ... RNA do not produce infectious virus. ref name pmid3033262 The disease was introduced to Iceland following ... fine wool sheep. ref name history Attempts at vaccination against Maedi Visna virus failed to induce ... III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus. Science . 1985 Jan 11 227 4683 173 7. ref It has ... G, Vita A title Maedi visna virus, a model for in vitro testing of potential anti HIV drugs journal ... and characterization of HIV. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that the AIDS virus was a retrovirus ... more details
Outbreaks of Disease Suspected of Being Due to Human Monkeypox Virus Infection in the Democratic ... fluids. Animal to human transmission is more common. The virus then incubates in the host for 10 14 ...About the virus causing monkeypox the disease itself Monkeypox Taxobox color violet name Monkeypox virus image Monkeypox.gif virus group i ordo Unassigned familia Poxviridae subfamilia Chordopoxvirinae genus Orthopoxvirus type species Vaccinia virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Monkeypox virus Monkeypox virus is the virus that causes the disease monkeypox in both humans and animal s. It was first identified in 1958 as a pathogen of Crab eating Macaque crab eating macaque monkeys Macaca fascicularis being used as Animal testing laboratory animals . The crab eating macaque is often used for neurological experiments. Monkeypox virus is an Orthopoxvirus , a genus of the family Poxviridae that contains other viral species that target mammal s. The virus is mainly found in tropical rainforest regions of Central Africa central and West Africa . The virus was first discovered in monkeys hence the name in 1958, and in humans in 1970. Between 1970 and 1986, over 400 cases in humans were reported. Small viral outbreaks with a death rate in the range of 10 and a secondary human to human infection rate of about the same amount occur routinely in equatorial Central and West Africa. ref name Meyer2002 cite journal last Meyer first H. coauthors Mathilde Perrichot, Markus Stemmler, Petra ... to pet prairie dog s infected from an imported Africa n rodent . No deaths occurred. The virus can spread both from animal to human and human to human. Infection from animal to human can be from an animal bite or direct contact with an infected animal s bodily fluids. The virus can spread from .... Sometimes a rash appears. References Reflist External links http www.stanford.edu group virus pox ... DEFAULTSORT Monkeypox Virus Category Poxviruses Virus stub ... more details
A passenger virus is a virus that is frequently found in samples from diseased tissue, such as tumour s, but does not contribute to causing the disease . Experimental demonstration of passenger status Proving that a virus has no causative role can be difficult. Although none of the following signs is definitive, evidence that a virus found in diseased tissue is a passenger rather than a causative agent includes injection of the virus into healthy animals without causing disease the absence of the virus at the earliest stages of the disease curing the viral infection using antiviral drug s or vaccination with no effect on the course of the disease. Examples A well established example is Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus lactate dehydrogenase virus , which is often found in mouse tumours. ref Mongini PK, Rosenberg LT. 1976 Inhibition of lymphocyte trapping by a passenger virus in murine ascitic tumors characterization of lactic dehydrogenase virus LDV as the inhibitory component and analysis of the mechanism of inhibition. J Exp Med 143 100 113 PMID 1244415 http www.jem.org cgi content abstract 143 1 100 full text ref Hepatitis G virus and Chandipura virus are possible examples in humans. ref Mphahlele MJ, Lau GK, Carman WF. 1998 HGV the identification, biology and prevalence of an orphan virus. Liver 18 143 155 PMID 9716223 ref ref Potharaju NR, Potharaju AK 2006 Is Chandipura virus an emerging human pathogen? Arch Dis Child 91 279 280 PMID 16492900 http adc.bmj.com cgi content full 91 3 279 b R17 full text ref The Duesberg hypothesis posits that HIV is a passenger virus in the etiology of AIDS . ref Duesberg P, Rasnick D. 1998 The AIDS dilemma drug diseases blamed on a passenger virus. Genetica 104 85 132 DOI 10.1023 A 1003405220186 PMID 10220905 ref References reflist Category Virology virus stub medicine stub ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Friend virusvirus group vi familia Retroviridae subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae genus Gammaretrovirus species Murine leukemia virus subdivision ranks Serotype subdivision Friend virus The Friend virus FV is a strain of murine leukemia virus identified by Charlotte Friend in 1956. The virus infects adult immunocompetent mice and is a well established model for studying genetic resistance to infection by an Immunosuppression immunosuppressive retrovirus . The Friend virus has been used for both immunotherapy and vaccines . It is a member of the retroviridae group of viruses, with its nucleic acid being ssRNA . Vaccination Experiments have shown that it is possible to protect against Friend virus infection with several types of vaccines, including attenuated virus es, viral proteins, peptides , and recombinant vaccinia vectors expressing the Friend virus gene. In a study of vaccinated mice, it was possible to identify the immunological epitopes required for protection against the virus, thus determining the types of immunological responses necessary or required for protection against it. The research discovered protective epitopes that were localized to F MuLV gag and env proteins. This was achieved using recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the 74 and 76 genes of FV. Implications Friend virus models showed valuable information regarding genetic resistance to retroviral disease. A particular gene of interest is the Rfv 3 gene, which cause susceptibility to suppression of the FV specific anitbody response. The greater ... that may be applicable to human diseases. References http www.pnas.org cgi content full 94 15 7811 Immunity to retroviral infection The Friend virus model http www.nap.edu readingroom.php?book biomems&page cfriend.html Retroviruses DEFAULTSORT Friend Virus Category Gammaretroviruses es Friend virus ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Mokola virusvirus group v ordo Mononegavirales familia Rhabdoviridae genus Lyssavirus species Mokola virus Mokola virus is one of four members of the lyssavirus genus found in Africa , the others being Duvenhage virus , Lagos bat virus and classic rabies rabies virus . Mokola virus was first isolated from shrew s Crocidura species from Mokola forest, Nigeria in 1968. It has caused two human deaths in Nigeria, in 1969 ref cite journal author Familusi JB, Moore DL title Isolation of a rabies related virus from the cerebrospinal fluid of a child with aseptic meningitis journal Afr J Med Sci volume 3 issue 1 pages 93 6 year 1972 month January pmid 5061272 doi url ref and 1971 ref cite journal author Familusi JB, Osunkoya BO, Moore DL, Kemp GE, Fabiyi A title A fatal human infection with Mokola virus journal Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. volume 21 issue 6 pages 959 63 year 1972 month November pmid 4635777 doi url http www.ajtmh.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 4635777 ref . It causes lethal encephalitis , and does not manifest the features of classic rabies . Mokola virus has also been found in numerous other mammalian species in sub Saharan Africa, including rodents, domestic cats in Zimbabwe and South Africa and a dog. Some of these cats had received rabies vaccine but remained susceptible to Mokola virus infection. The reservoir for Mokola virus is unknown. Unlike other lyssaviruses, Mokola virus is able to infect and replicate in mosquito cells and so may be harboured by insect s ref cite journal author Aitken TH, Kowalski RW, Beaty BJ, et al. title Arthropod studies with rabies related Mokola virus journal Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. volume 33 issue 5 pages 945 52 year 1984 month September pmid 6385743 doi url http www.ajtmh.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 6385743 ref . References Reflist Zoonotic viral diseases DEFAULTSORT Mokola Virus Category Mononegavirales Virus stub de Mokola Virus fr Virus Mokola ... more details
Taxobox virus group iv familia Togaviridae Una virus is a subtype of the Mayaro virus MAYV sup 4 sup , one of the Semliki Forest Virus SFV complex of the Togaviridae family. According to the Baltimore classification of viruses, it is a class IV virus. It has a linear single stranded RNA genome. The Una virus is an Arbovirus or arthropod borne virus, transmitted primarily by an arthropod species. Location and distribution The Una virus is a widely distributed in South America , where infections have been detected in mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts such as humans, birds and horses. It was first isolated in the Psorophora ferox mosquitoes in the state of Par , Brazil . The virus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, such as Brazil, Colombia , French Guiana , Panama , Surinam , Trinidad and Venezuela . It is the only member of the SFV complex which has activity reported in Argentina , where two strains of the virus, Cba An 979 and Cba An 995 have been isolated from febrile or dead equines at Rio Segundo and Colonia Videla, two villages located in the province of C rdoba Province Argentina C rdoba . The reporting of the Una virus in Argentina demonstrates an enlargement of the southern limit of the distribution of this virus group. References http www.scielo.br scielo.php?script sci arttext&pid S0036 46652003000200012&tlng es&lng en&nrm iso Diaz LA, Spinsanti LI, Almiron WR, Contigiani MS. 2003 UNA virus first report of human infection in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 45 2 109 10 DEFAULTSORT Una Virus Category Togaviruses Category Viruses Virus stub ... more details
Taxobox Color parameter is not needed automatically assigned name Langat virusvirus group iv familia Flaviviridae genus Flavivirus species Langat virus Langat virus LGTV is a virus of the genus Flavivirus . For the first time Langat virus was isolated in Malaysia and Thailand. This virus is close to Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, Alkhurma virus , Louping ill virus and the Tick borne encephalitis virus . The Langat virus does not pose significant epidemiological threat in comparison with TBEV. There are no known cases of human diseases associated with LGTV, however antibodies to this virus have been detected in the sera of local people. ref cite journal author Gritsun TS, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA title Tick borne encephalitis journal Antiviral Res volume 57 issue 1 2 pages 129 46 date January 2003 pmid 12615309 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0166354202002061 doi 10.1016 S0166 3542 02 00206 1 ref LGTV based vaccine In 1970s a live attenuate LGTV based vaccine against tick borne encephalitis was made. At the same time, another vaccine was tested, but the group vaccinated with the LGTV based vaccine had the lowest level of developing infection decease. ref cite journal author Shapoval AN, Kamalov II, Denisova EIu, Sokolova ED, Luzin PM, Shamarina AG, Gusmanova AG, Pinaeva NI title Study of the distant consequences of immunizing people with a live vaccine against tick borne encephalitis journal Tr Inst Im Pastera volume 65 pages 133 5 year 1989 pmid 2629181 language Russian ref However, there were two big problems the high level incidents of encephalitis 1 10 000 and not absolute protection from infection in endemic regions. References Reflist Zoonotic viral diseases Category Flaviviruses ... more details
Taxobox name Coxsackie A virusvirus group iv familia Picornaviridae genus Enterovirus species Human enterovirus A, B and C subdivision ranks Subtype subdivision Coxsackie A virus Coxsackie A virus is a cytolytic coxsackie virus of the Picornaviridae family, an enterovirus a group containing the poliovirus es, coxsackieviruses, and echovirus es . Diseases The most well known Coxsackie A disease is Hand, foot and mouth disease unrelated to foot and mouth disease , a common childhood illness which affects mostly children aged 10 or under, ref http www.sarawak.health.gov.my hfmd.htm Untitled Document Bot generated title ref often produced by Coxsackie A16. In most cases infection is asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms. In others, infection produces short lived 7 10 days fever and painful blister s in the mouth a condition known as herpangina , on the palms and fingers of the hand, or on the soles of the feet. There can also be blister s in the throat, or on or above the tonsil s. Adults can also be affected. The rash, which can appear several days after high temperature and painful sore throat, can be itchy and painful, especially on the hands fingers and bottom of feet. Other diseases include acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis A24 specifically , herpangina , and aseptic meningitis both Coxsackie A and B viruses . Treatment Treatment is dependent on the disease process initiated by the virus. There is no known cure or vaccine against the coxsackie. References Reflist 2 See also Bornholm disease Coxsackie B virus Viral cutaneous conditions DEFAULTSORT Coxsackie A Virus Category Picornaviruses Category Viral diseases Category Pediatrics Virus stub cs Virus Coxsackie de Coxsackie Virus es Coxsackievirus fr Coxsackie A virus it Coxsackie A virus pl Coxsackie ... more details
of disease is currently unknown. Human to human transmission In 2009, it was proved that Zika virus ... person known to have passed on an insect borne virus to another human by sexual contact. ref ...mergefrom Zika fever date April 2011 Taxobox color violet name Zika virus image image caption virus group iv familia Flaviviridae genus Flavivirus species Zika virus Zika virus ZIKV is a member of the Flaviviridae virus family and the flavivirus genus. In humans, it causes a disease known as Zika fever . It is related to Dengue fever dengue , yellow fever , West Nile virus West Nile and Japanese encephalitis , viruses that are also members of the virus family Flaviviridae. Along with other viruses in this family, Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral with a non segmented, ssRNA genome. It is most closely related to the Spondweni virus, and is one of the two viruses in the Spondweni virus clade. ref name Fields Fields Virology, 5th Edition ref The virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus ... through 1981, evidence of human infection was reported from other African countries such as Uganda ... ref The vertebrate hosts of the virus include monkeys and humans. The pathogenesis of the virus ... in the cytoplasm , but Zika virus antigens have been found in infected cell nuclei. Common symptoms of infection with the virus include mild headaches, maculopapular rash , fever, malaise, conjunctivitis , and arthralgia . The first well documented case of Zika virus was in 1964, beginning with a mild ... drug for Zika virus, and only treatment of symptoms is possible. Usually non steroid anti inflammatories ... and Asia was in April 2007, on the island of Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia . This virus ... and Ross River viruses were also suspected. ref Altman, Lawrence K. Little Known Virus ... RNA of Zika virus. The Zika fever disease process was relatively mild there were 49 confirmed ... Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia http content.nejm.org ref Zika virus ... more details
An emergent virus is a virus that has adapted and emerged as a new disease pathogenic strain, with attributes facilitating pathogenicity in a field not normally associated with that virus. This includes viruses that are the cause of a disease which has notably increased in incidence this is often a result of a wide variety of causes from both the influence of Human man and nature . Most emergent viruses can be categorized as zoonotic an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans , this has the advantage of possibly having several natural reservoirs for the disease . Overview The most important factor in the development of an emergent disease, to humans , is the ability to pass from animal host to humans. There is little to no occurrence of spontaneous new virus species development, although the possible exception commonly cited is Ebola virus . Most often the virus, due to selection pressure for an animal version of the strain of disease to mutate and therefore adapt to the infection of human hosts. Emergent virus infection factors Population movements Deforestation Irrigation Urbanization Increased long distance air travel Increased long distance air travel for livestock Migration Examples of emergent diseases Poliomyelitis Known to have existed for centuries with little incidence epidemiology incidence . During the 19th century poliovirus became more prominent in populations across the world. Dense urban populations allowed the disease to propagate via close human to human contact. In addition to this, technological advances meant that traveling became more common throughout the population essentially leading to increased transmission of the virus . The situation became worse year upon year with increasing incidence of the disease worldwide. The issue was not resolved ... demonstrates how a disease can emerge in a population as a result of human influence. This examples also illustrates how an emergent virus can emerge and disappear by tackling the root cause. Poliovirus ... more details
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