Historicalclimatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on human history and development. This differs from paleoclimatology which encompasses climate change over the entire history of the earth . The study seeks to define periods in human history where temperature or precipitation meteorology precipitation varied from what is observed in the present day. The primary sources include written records such as sagas , chronicles , maps and local history literature as well as pictorial representations such as painting s, drawing s and even rock art . The archaeological record is equally important in establishing evidence of settlement, water and land usage. Techniques of historicalclimatology In literate societies, historians may find written evidence of climatic variations over hundreds or thousands of years, such as phenology phenological records of natural processes, for example viticulture viticultural records of grape harvest dates. In preliterate or non literate societies, researchers must rely on other techniques to find evidence of historical climate differences. Past population levels and habitable ranges of humans or plants and animals may be used to find evidence of past differences in climate for the region. Palynology , the study of pollens, can show not only the range of plants and to reconstruct possible ecologies ecology , but to estimate the amount of precipitation in a given time period, based on the abundance of pollen in that layer ... Network http cdiac.ornl.gov epubs ndp ushcn newushcn.html US HistoricalClimatology Network http www.eh resources.org podcast podcast.html 29 Historicalclimatology and the cultural memory of extreme ... through the great cold and hunger. The Chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period ... and agriculture, some scientists have proposed a human component in some historical climatic ... , the pre historical study of Earth s climate Global warming CLIWOC , Climatological database ... more details
The Global HistoricalClimatology Network GHCN is a database of temperature , Precipitation meteorology precipitation and pressure records managed by the National Climatic Data Center , Arizona State University and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center . The aggregate data are collected from many continuously reporting fixed stations at the Earth s surface and represent the input of approximately 6000 temperature stations 7500 precipitation stations 2000 pressure stations This work is often used as a foundation for reconstructing past instrumental temperature record global temperatures , and is used in two of the official reconstructions, that prepared by the National Climatic Data Center NCDC , and that prepared by NASA as its Goddard Institute for Space Studies GISS temperature set. http data.giss.nasa.gov gistemp The average temperature record is 60 years long with 1650 records greater than 100 years and 220 greater than 150 years based on GHCN v2 in 2006 . The earliest data included in the database were collected in 1697. Map and description Image GHCN Temperature Stations.png thumb center 500px center Map of temperature station locations with record lengths indicated by coloring. center The GHCN is one of the primary reference compilations of temperature data used for climatology , and is the foundation of the http data.giss.nasa.gov gistemp GISTEMP Temperature Record . This map shows the 7,280 fixed temperature stations in the GHCN catalog color coded by the length of the available record. Sites that are actively updated in the database 2,277 are marked as active and shown in large symbols, other sites are marked as historical and shown in small symbols. In some cases, the historical sites are still collecting data but due to reporting and data processing delays of more than a decade in some cases they do not contribute to current temperature estimates. As is evident ... of the Global HistoricalClimatology Network temperature data base journal Bulletin of the American ... more details
Urban Climatology refers to a specific branch of climatology , it is the branch of climatology concerned with the interactions between urban area urban areas and the atmosphere the impacts they have on one another and examines these processes and responses at various scales see also urban climate History Luke Howard is considered the father figure of urban climatology based on his book The Climate of London , which contained continuous daily observations from 1801 to 1841 of wind direction, atmospheric pressure, maximum temperature, and rainfall ref Mills, G. 2007 Luke Howard and The Climate of London. Weather 63, 153 157 ref . Urban climatology has gained much momentum in recent centuries based on global industrialization and more importantly, urbanization . The process of urbanization changes the physical surroundings and induces alterations in the energy, moisture, and motion regime near the surface. Most of these alterations may be traced to causal factors such as air pollution anthropogenic heat surface waterproofing thermal properties of the surface materials and morphology of the surface and its specific three dimensional geometry building spacing, height, orientation, vegetative layering, and the overall dimensions and geography of these elements. Other factors that must be considered are relief, nearness to water bodies, size of the city, population density, and land use distributions ref Oke, T.R. 1988 Street design and urban canopy layer climate. Energy and Buildings 11, 103 113 ref . Research In general, cities are warmer than their surroundings, as documented over a century ago by Howard ref Mills, G. 2009 LUKE HOWARD, TIM OKE AND THE STUDY OF URBAN CLIMATES IAUC ... . Climate change The study of Urban Climatology is strongly linked to research surrounding global ... for urban climatology. ref 5 Alexander, Mathews et. al http www.googleearthireland.com page Climate Change and Dublin ref . Bibliography Reflist DEFAULTSORT Urban Climatology Category Climatology Category ... more details
journal last Holden first J coauthors Wright, A title UK tornado climatology and the development ... country, excluding waterspouts. ref name European tornado climatology Tornadoes kill an average of 52 ... of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and far eastern Asia. ref name EB tornado climatology cite ... 10.1175 2F1520 0493 1978 106 3C1172 3AAATC 3E2.0.CO 3B2 title An Augmented Tornado Climatology ... Online page 6 ref ref cite journal last Holzer first A. M. year 2000 title Tornado Climatology of Austria journal Atmospheric Research issue 56 pages 203 211 url http tordach.org at Tornado climatology ... title Bangladesh Tornado Climatology accessdate 2007 02 27 last Finch first Jonathan D. coauthors ... pdfserv 10.1175 2F1520 0493 1978 106 3C1172 AATC 3E2.0.CO 3B2 title An Augmented Tornado Climatology ... p.m. local time, ref A. M. Holzer. http tordach.org at Tornado climatology of Austria.html Tornado Climatology of Austria. Retrieved on 2006 10 25. ref ref N. Dotzek. http essl.org people dotzek pdf ... 115319.pdf A Climatology of Tornadoes in Finland. Retrieved on 2006 10 25. ref On average, there are around ... term trends The reliable climatology of tornadoes is limited in geographic and temporal scope only ... of the United States DEFAULTSORT Tornado Climatology Category Tornado ... more details
Infobox Journal cover Image JAMCcover.jpg thumb center The cover of the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology discipline Meteorology and Climatology formernames Journal of Applied Meteorology website http www.ametsoc.org pubs journals jam publisher American Meteorological Society country United States of America U.S.A frequency Monthly abbreviation J. Appl. Meteorol. JAM ISSN 1558 8424 eISSN 1558 8432 history 1962 to present openaccess after 3 years link1 http journals.ametsoc.org loi apme link1 name Archive The Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology formerly Journal of Applied Meteorology is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society . Applied research related to the physical meteorology, cloud physics , hydrology , weather modification , satellite meteorology , boundary layer processes, air pollution meteorology including dispersion and chemical processes , agricultural and forest meteorology, and applied meteorological numerical models of all types. See also List of scientific journals List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences sci journal stub climate stub Journals published by the American Meteorological Society Category Meteorology journals Category Air dispersion modeling Category Publications established in 1962 Category English language journals fr Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ... more details
File MeanMonthlyP.gif thumb right 340px Long term mean precipitation by month Earth rainfall climatology encompasses the rain fall distribution across different regions of the planet Earth . In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry ... of Washington title Africa Rainfall Climatology author Todd Mitchell date October 2001 accessdate ... title Africa Rainfall Climatology author Todd Mitchell date October 2001 accessdate 2010 01 02 ref .... International Journal of Climatology, 28 3 , 329 342. ref ref Patrick Laux et al. 2009 Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Climatology ... econf C0709107 pdf 308.pdf title Madagascar rainfall climatology Extreme Phenomena publisher ... Climatology Maps author Bureau of Meteorology publisher Commonwealth of Australia accessdate ... url http sciencestage.com uploads text wn1VIFwvnd3ImrFn3MMQ.pdf title Precipitation climatology over ... author R. G. Vines accessdate 2010 01 09 date 1985 03 25 journal International Journal of Climatology ... CDW2005.ppt An Historical Analysis of Transient Rain Bearing Systems in the NAME Domain The Impact ... Roo . ref E. J uregui. http www.ejournal.unam.mx atmosfera Vol16 4 ATM16401.pdf Climatology of landfalling ... 48 United States Main article United States rainfall climatology Late summer and fall extratropical ... 21888982 title The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology ... Pico del Este Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref ref Southern Region Climate Center. http www.sercc.com cgi bin sercc cliMAIN.pl?pr5693 Magueyes Island Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref ... also China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Typhoons in the Philippines United States rainfall climatology References reflist 2 Category Climate ... more details
10.1175 2FWAF856.1 A Climatology of Snow to Liquid Ratio for the Contiguous United States ... North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology of the Southwest United States author .... http www.crh.noaa.gov images unr soo sels19.pdf Climatology and Structure of High Wind Producing ... on 2008 03 19. ref ref name SCCLI South Carolina State Climatology Office. http www.dnr.sc.gov ... www.srh.noaa.gov hun research Elliott PrecipClimo.pdf A Rainfall Climatology of the WSO Huntsville Hydrologic ... climatology During the summer, the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic ocean strengthens, bringing ... historicalhistorical fl.html Historical Climate Summaries for Florida. Retrieved on 2007 06 ... Climate Center. http www.sercc.com cgi bin sercc cliMAIN.pl?pr6992 Pico del Este Climatology. Retrieved ...?pr5693 Magueyes Island Climatology. Retrieved on 2008 01 23. ref Despite known changes in tropical ... Climate Center and The University of North Carolina . http www.sercc.com climateinfo historicalhistorical pr.html Historical Climate Summaries for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Retrieved ... more details
Tropicalcyclone A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology is developed to determine rainfall characteristics of past tropical cyclones. A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology can be used to help forecast current or upcoming tropical cyclone impacts. The degree of a tropical cyclone rainfall impact depends upon speed of movement, storm size, and degree of vertical wind shear. One of the most significant threats from tropical cyclone s is heavy rainfall. Large, slow moving, and non sheared tropical cyclones produce the heaviest rains. The intensity of a tropical cyclone appears to have little bearing on its potential for rainfall over land, but satellite measurements over the last several years show that more intense tropical cyclones produce noticeably more rainfall over water. Flooding from tropical cyclones remains a significant cause of fatalities, particularly in low lying areas. Anticipating a flood event See also Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting While inland flood ing is common to tropical cyclones, there are factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones. Slow motion, as was seen during Hurricane Danny 1997 and Hurricane Wilma , can lead to high amounts of rainfall. The presence of mountains hills near the coast, like across much of Mexico , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , Central America , Madagascar , R union , China , and Japan acts to magnify rainfall potential due to forced upslope flow into the mountains. Strong upper level forcing from a trough moving through the Westerlies and its associated cold front , as was the case during Hurricane Floyd ... rainfall climatology Between 1970 2004, inland flooding from tropical cyclones caused a majority of the fatalities ... cyclones China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology Extratropical cyclone List of wettest tropical ... United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology References Printed media Ivan Ray Tannehill ... Are You Ready? Hurricanes Good article DEFAULTSORT Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology ... more details
Douglas CDW2005.ppt An Historical Analysis of Transient Rain Bearing Systems in the NAME Domain ... Roo . ref E. J uregui. http www.ejournal.unam.mx atmosfera Vol16 4 ATM16401.pdf Climatology ... cyclone rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting References reflist External ... States and Mexico Climatology and Interannual Variability Category Tropical cyclone meteorology ... more details
The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP was established as the first project of the World Climate Research Program WCRP . Since its inception in 1982, there have been two phases, 1983 1995 and 1995 present. ref name npolar cite web url http clic.npolar.no disc disc datasets metadata.php?s 0&desc 1&table Datasets&id DISC GCMD ISCCP D1&tag All&Category &WCRP &Location All&stype phrase&limit 10&q title International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP Stage D1 3 Hourly Cloud Products Revised Algorithm in Hierarchical Data Format ISCCP D1 date 2004 12 22 publisher npolar.no accessdate 2008 10 13 ref The project is responsible for collection and analysis of weather satellite radiance measurements. It infers cloud s global distribution and properties, along with their Day diurnal , seasonal , and interannual variations. The results are studied to understand clouds in climate, including their effects on Radiative forcing radiative energy exchanges, plus their role in the global water cycle. These datasets provide a systematic view of cloud behavior. ref cite web url http isccp.giss.nasa.gov overview.html title ISCCP OVERVIEW publisher nasa.gov accessdate 2008 10 13 ref The ICCSP headquarters are located at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York . ref cite web url http badc.nerc.ac.uk data isccp title International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISCCP Data C2 publisher nerc.ac.uk accessdate 2008 10 13 ref ISCCP data is stored at the ISCCP Central Archive and at NASA . While the data are typically used for climate study, they are also a valuable resource for astronomical pursuits. ref cite web url http home.cc.umanitoba.ca jander clouds globalclouds.html title Global Cloud Cover Maps publisher umanitoba.ca accessdate 2008 10 13 ref From ... and validate a global cloud climatology. Promote research using ISCCP data to improve parameterizations ... title Accomplishments of the INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE CLOUD CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT publisher nasa.gov ... more details
21888982 title The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology ... 1997 . This graphic will be updated as the climatology pushes farther back in time. ref name ROTHUSTCRAIN ... a Recent Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology For the United States. 25th Conference on Hurricanes ... cyclone rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting References Reflist External links ... Characteristics of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones in the United States and Mexico Climatology and Interannual Variability DEFAULTSORT United States Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Climatology Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Historical languages are languages that were spoken in a historical period. See Historical linguistics List of languages by first written accounts List of extinct languages Classical language Proto language See also Ancient language DEFAULTSORT Historical Language Category Languages H ... more details
Wikify date August 2010 Historical Research is a scholarly journal published by the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London . It was first published in 1923 under the title Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research . Beginning with Vol. 60, no. 141 Feb. 1987 , the journal appeared under its present name Historical Research . External links http www.history.ac.uk historical research Historical Research page at the Institute of Historical Research http www.wiley.com bw journal.asp?ref 0950 3471 Historical Research page from Wiley Blackwell publisher Category History journals Category Publications established in 1923 Category Wiley Blackwell academic journals Category English language journals humanities journal stub ... more details
Image Nelson Aldrich House edit1.jpg 300px thumb right The Nelson W. Aldrich House , headquarters of the Rhode Island Historical Society in Providence, Rhode Island, USA A historical society is an organization that collects, researches, interprets and preserves information or items of History historical interest. Generally, a historical society focuses on a specific geographical area, such as a county or town or subject, such as aviation or Rail transport rail . Many historical societies publish Magazine journals or maintain museum s to showcase their field of study. See also List of historical societies Category Historical societies Hist stub Organization stub ... more details
Historical theology is a branch of theological studies that investigates the socio historical and cultural mechanisms that give rise to theological idea s, System systems , and statements . Research and method in this field focus on the relationship between theology and context as well as the major theological influences upon the figures and topics studied. Historical theologians are thus concerned with the historical development of theology. External links http www.thetheologyprogram.com The Theology Program Historical Systematic Theological Studies Program featuring audio and video aids http www.slu.edu x14943.xml Doctoral Study in Historical Theology at Saint Louis University Christian theology Category Theology Category Christian theological movements de Historische Theologie es Teolog a hist rica nl Historische theologie ja pt Teologia hist rica sv Historisk teologi zh ... more details
, historical atlases have been made available online. See also Category Old maps Timeline Portal Atlas Commons Historical atlas External links http yalepress.yale.edu yupbooks book.asp?isbn 9780300086935 ... with historical animated maps http www.maproom.org 00 04 index.php Richard Andree Professor G. Droysens Allgemeiner Historischer Handatlas , 1886 http www.maproom.org 00 36 index.php R. Lane Poole Historical ..., A Historical Atlas of South Asia, second impression. http ccat.sas.upenn.edu rs143 map.html ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Historical tale rekishi monogatari is a category of Japanese literature . Notable historical tales are A Tale of Flowering Fortunes Eiga monogatari The Great Mirror Okagami Today s Mirror Imakagami The Water Mirror Mizukagami The Clear Mirror Masukagami Rokudai Shojiki written in the Kamakura period . DEFAULTSORT Historical Tale Category Japanese literature ja ... more details
for the early Chinese history by Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Historical Records is a record label set up in 1965 by Arnold S. Caplin . Historical Records re issued rare Blues , Gospel , Jazz and Country recordings of the 1920s. See also List of record labels External links http www.wirz.de music historic.htm Illustrated Historical Records discography Category American record labels Category Defunct record labels Category Blues record labels US record label stub ... more details
Historical pragmatics is the study of language use especially in spoken language in its historical dimension. State of the Art Since the late 1970s, historical linguists have discovered their growing interest in pragmatic questions first in German, then in Romance linguistics. Especially thanks to Andreas Jucker this field has also been attracting more and more colleagues from English linguistics over the past ten years. ref Cf. especially Jucker 1995 and Jucker Fritz Lebsanft 1999a for an overview on the development of this discipline. ref Meanwhile there is also a Journal of Historical Pragmatics , which is edited by Andreas Jucker and Irma Taavitsainen. Methodology Historical pragmatics has to rely exclusively on written corpora. This leads to the question how can we find out about the ways people talked to each other in medieval and early modern times? The difficulty of unmasking spoken language in earlier periods has been discussed several times for medieval times there are practically no reflexes of or on spoken language, and a majority of studies on historical pragmatics do not delve into text prior to the 17th century. ref Cf., e.g, the overviews in Jucker et al. 1999b and Jucker 2000. ref See also historical linguistics pragmatics speech act text linguistics References Jucker, Andreas H. 1995 , Historical Pragmatics Pragmatic Developments in the History of English , Amsterdam Philadelphia Benjamins. Jucker, Andreas H. Fritz, Gerd Lebsanft, Franz eds. 1999a , Historical Dialogue Analysis , Amsterdam Benjamins. Jucker, Andreas H. Fritz, Gerd Lebsanft, Franz 1999b , Historical ... , in Jucker Fritz Lebsanft 1999a eds. , 1 33. Jucker, Andreas H. 2000 , English Historical Pragmatics ... on historical pragmatics , compiled by Andreas Jucker, with over 450 entries http www.onomasiology.de ... Sch ner, that also includes works on historical pragmatics Notes references DEFAULTSORT Historical Pragmatics Category Historical linguistics Category Pragmatics ... more details
Historical determinism is the stance in explaining history or advocating a political position that events are historically predetermined and or currently constrained by various forces. Since such explanation is the norm Citation needed date May 2011 , it may be better understood in contrast to its negation, i.e. the rejection of historical determinism. The italicized alternation and or is significant because some political philosophies e.g. Marxism assert a historical materialism form of the one and reject the other. Used as a pejorative, it is normally meant to designate an overdetermination of present possibilities by historical conditions. See also Bad faith existentialism Determinism Economic determinism False Consciousness False necessity Free Will Geographic determinism Human nature Marxism Self determination External links http weekly.ahram.org.eg 2005 764 op3.htm Al Ahram Terror and Historical Determinism http www.ismbook.com historicaldeterminism.html Definition at isms.com br Category Theories of history Category Political theories Category Determinism Category Marxism Philosophy stub nl Historisch determinisme ... more details
. Collections of public domain and copy permitted historical texts presented cleanly without advertising ... hist List of American Historical documents http www.bartleby.com 43 American Historical Documents ... historical docs Some of America s historical documents from the National Archives and Records Administration ... for Documentary Editing, an organization of scholars publishing historical documents Category Historical documents ca Font documental cs Historick dokument es Fuente documental pt Documento ... more details
Cleanup date April 2009 Historical simulation in finance s value at risk VaR analysis is a procedure for predicting value at risk by simulating or constructing the cumulative distribution function CDF of assets returns over time. Unlike most parametric VaR models, Historical Simulation does not assume any distribution on the asset returns. Also, it is relatively easy to implement. However, there is a couple of shortcomings of historical simulation, and first of all is that it imposes a restriction on the estimation assuming asset returns are independent and identically distributed random variable independent and identically distributed iid which is not the case. From empirical evidence, it is known that asset returns are clearly not independent as they exhibit certain patterns such as volatility clustering . Therefore it can be unrealistic to assume iid asset returns. Second restriction relates to time. Historical simulation, it applies equal weight to all returns of the whole period and this is inconsistent with the nature where there is diminishing predictability of data that are further away from the present. These two shortcomings leads economists and financial experts to further develop other non parametric, semi parametric and parametric models. Weighted historical simulation Like the traditional historical simulation technique, weighted historical simulation applies decreasing weights to returns that are further away from the present, which overcomes the inconsistency of historical simulation with diminishing predictability of data that are further away from the present. However, weighted historical simulation still assumes iid asset returns. ref cite journal last Boudoukh first J. coauthors Richardson, M., Whitelaw, R. title The Best of Both Worlds journal Risk year 1998 volume 11 pages 64 67 url http pages.stern.nyu.edu rwhitela papers hybrid 20risk98.pdf ref Filtered historical simulation Filtered historical simulation is a semi parametric technique in forecasting ... more details
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