Infobox Embryology Name Hindgut Latin GraySubject 241 GrayPage 1101 Image Gray472.png Caption Profile view of a human embryo estimated at twenty or twenty one days old. Hindgut labeled at lower left. Image2 Gray1118.png Caption2 Primitive kidney and Urinary bladder bladder , from a reconstruction. Hindgut labeled at upper right. System CarnegieStage 10 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre e 11 DorlandsSuf 12337302 The hindgut or epigaster is the Posterior anatomy posterior caudal part of the alimentary canal . In mammals, it includes the distal third of the transverse colon and the splenic flexure , the descending colon , sigmoid colon and rectum . Blood flow Arterial supply is by the Inferior mesenteric artery , and venous drainage is to the portal venous system . Lymphatic drainage is to the chyle cistern . Autonomic innervation The hindgut is innervated via the inferior mesenteric plexus . Sympathetic innervation is from the Lumbar splanchnic nerves L1 L2 , parasympathetic innervation is from S2 S4. Additional images gallery Image Gray985.png Abdominal part of digestive tube and its attachment to the primitive or common mesentery. Human embryo of six weeks. Image Gray1115.png Tail end of human embryo twenty five to twenty nine days old. gallery See also Foregut Midgut External links EmbryologyUNC digest 035 Development of digestive system Category Colon anatomy digestive stub developmental biology stub ms Usus belakang ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A monogastric organism has a simple single chambered stomach , whereas ruminants have a four chambered complex stomach. Examples of monogastric animals include humans , pigs , dogs , and cats . A monogastric is also known as a hindgut fermenter. Horses and rabbits have modified monogastric digestive systems, and are called cecal fermentors. Monogastrics cannot digest the sugar molecules Raffinose and stachyose . Biology stub de Monogastrier pt Monog strico Category Biology ... more details
Bacillus oleronius is a Gram negative bacterium belonging to the genus Bacillus . It was first described in 1995 and was found in the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis . ref cite journal last Kuhnigk first Thomas coauthors Borst, Eva Maria Breunig, Alfred Konig, Helmut Collins, Matthew D Hutson, Roger A Kampfer, Peter year 1995 month August title Bacillus oleronius sp.nov., a member of the hindgut flora of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis Feytaud journal Canadian Journal of Microbiology volume 41 issue 8 pages 699 706 url http rparticle.web p.cisti.nrc.ca rparticle AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang eng&journal cjm&volume 41&year 0&issue 8&msno m95 096 pmid 7553453 oclc 90251878 doi 10.1139 m95 096 accessdate 2008 09 27 ref It is also found in the mite Demodex folliculorum which lives on human skin, and is possibly related to the development of a type of Acne rosacea . ref cite press release title New Study Shows Role for Bacteria in Development of Rosacea Symptoms url http www.rosacea.org press archive 20040503.php publisher National Rosacea Society date 2004 05 03 accessdate 2008 09 27 ref References reflist See also Bacillus pumilis Bacillus marinus Bacillus lentimorbus Bacteria stub Category Bacillaceae ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME Latin nervi splanchnici lumbales GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre n 05 DorlandsSuf 12566685 The lumbar splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and travel to an adjacent plexus near the aorta . They are originated from L1 and L2. These nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic and visceral afferent fibers. The site of synapse is found in the prevertebral ganglia and innervate the smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera and hindgut . External links eMedicineDictionary lumbar splanchnic nerves DartmouthHumanAnatomy figures chapter 32 32 6.HTM Autonomic neuroanatomy stub Category Nerves ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Nasutitermes regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Termite Isoptera familia Termitidae genus Nasutitermes genus authority Nasutitermes is a genus of termite s. It consists of the following species Nasutitermes bikpelanus Nasutitermes corniger Nasutitermes ephratae Nasutitermes exitiosus Nasutitermes magnus Nasutitermes matangensiformis Nasutitermes matangensis Nasutitermes nigriceps Nasutitermes novarumhebridarum Nasutitermes pinocchio Nasutitermes polygynus Nasutitermes princeps Nasutitermes takasagoensis Nasutitermes triodiae Nasutitermes walkeri Reference http www.nature.com nature journal v450 n7169 extref nature06269 s1.pdf Metagenomic and functional analysis of hindgut microbiota of a wood feeding higher termite Nature 450, 560 565 22 November 2007 Category Termites insect stub ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Illu small intestine.jpg Caption The midgut and hindgut. Image2 Caption2 System CarnegieStage 10 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre m 16 DorlandsSuf 12535859 The midgut is the portion of the embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery , it is called the midgut loop . It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut at the opening of the bile duct to the hindgut , about two thirds of the way through the transverse colon. Structures in the adult midgut Duodenum distal half of 2nd part, 3rd and 4th parts Jejunum Ileum Cecum Vermiform appendix Appendix Ascending colon Hepatic flexure of colon. Transverse colon proximal two thirds Vascular, lymphatics and innervation Arterial supply to the midgut is from the superior mesenteric artery , an unpaired branch of the aorta . Venous drainage is to the portal venous system . Lymph from the midgut drains to prevertebral superior mesenteric nodes located at the origin of the superior mesenteric artery from the aorta. Portal drainage carries all non lipid nutrients from digestion to the liver for processing and detoxification, while lymphatic drainage carries fatty chyle to the cisterna chyli . Autonomic innervation of the midgut is from the superior mesenteric plexus . Clinical notes Malrotation of the midgut during development can lead to volvulus . Pain in the midgut is referred to the umbilical region around the umbilicus belly button . See also Foregut Hindgut External links EmbryologyUNC digest 020 eMedicine radio 450 Midgut Volvulus Chorus 00494 http www.med.umich.edu lrc coursepages M1 embryology embryo 10digestivesystem.htm Umich.edu development digestive stub developmental biology stub Development of digestive system Category Embryology de Mitteldarm ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Context date May 2010 A cryptonephridium is a structure present in most larval Lepidoptera and in other insects i.e. , Coleoptera inhabiting xeric environments. The Malpighian tubules are not free in the hemocele but are bound to the wall of the rectum by the perinephric Biological membrane membrane . This structure allows efficient resorption of water from diuresis and absorption of atmospheric water that is present in the hindgut as humidity. An adaptation for water conservation. ref Wigglesworth, V.B. 1953. The Principles of Insect Physiology. 5 sup th sup edition, E.P. Dutton & Co. Ltd., New York. p. 369. ref ref Klowden, M.J. 2007. Physiological Systems in Insects. 2 sup nd sup edition, Academic Press. p. 416 ref References references Category Physiology Category Insect anatomy ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Dinenympha domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Excavata phylum Metamonad a ordo family genus Dinenympha species Dinenympha is a genus of Excavata . It includes the species Dinenympha exilis . ref name pmid9573371 cite journal author Moriya S, Ohkuma M, Kudo T title Phylogenetic position of symbiotic protist Dinenympha correction of Dinemympha exilis in the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes speratus inferred from the protein phylogeny of elongation factor 1 alpha journal Gene volume 210 issue 2 pages 221 7 year 1998 month April pmid 9573371 doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 98 00078 X url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S037811199800078X ref References reflist protist stub Excavata Category Protist genera ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Hepatic flexure Latin flexura coli dextra GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1180 Image Illu colorectal anatomy.jpg Caption Colorectal anatomy. Hepatic flexure labeled at upper left. Image2 Gray1125.png Caption2 Sagittal section through posterior abdominal wall, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney . Section of right colic flexure labeled at center right. Precursor Midgut hepatic , hindgut splenic System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf Hepatic or the right colic flexure is the sharp bend between the Ascending colon ascending and the Transverse colon transverse Colon anatomy colon . The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver , and is therefore also known as the hepatic flexure . Thus, the left colic flexure is also known as the splenic flexure as it is close to the spleen . The hepatic flexure lies in the right upper quadrant of the Human abdomen abdomen in humans. It is supplied by the celiac artery. See also Splenic flexure Additional images gallery Image illu intestine.jpg Intestines Image Gray1098.png The duodenum and pancreas. Image DCBE.jpg Double Contrast Barium Enema Using Positive and Negative Contrast gallery External links eMedicineDictionary right colic flexure SUNYAnatomyLabs 37 13 01 02 SUNYAnatomyImage 8 1 82 Digestive tract Category Colon anatomy digestive stub it Flessura epatica pl Zagi cie w trobowe okr nicy ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 241 GrayPage 1101 Image Gray27.png Caption Diagram showing the expansion of amnion and delimitation of the umbilicus . Image2 Digestive system showing bile duct.png Caption2 Termination of the foregut. System CarnegieStage 9 Precursor Mesenchyme GivesRiseTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre f 13 DorlandsSuf 12374452 The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal , from the mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct . At this point it is continuous with the midgut . Pain in the foregut is typically referred to the epigastric region, just below the intersection of the ribs. Structures of the foregut are Esophagus Stomach Duodenum 1st and 2nd parts Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Note that it is located in the foregut region, but is not a gut organ Superior portion of pancreas Arterial supply to all these structures is from the celiac trunk , and venous drainage is by the portal venous system . Lymph from these organs is drained to the prevertebral celiac nodes at the origin of the celiac artery from the aorta . See also Midgut Hindgut External links EmbryologyUNC digest 008 MedicalMnemonics 2452 http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca embryology gi fg.htm Foregut embryology at mcgill.ca developmental biology stub digestive stub Development of digestive system Category Embryology de Vorderdarm eo Anta intesto ... more details
File Termite leu RNA.svg right frame Consensus secondary structure of Termite leu RNAs. This figure is adapted from a previous publication. ref name Weinberg2010 The Termite leu RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure discovered by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref It is found only in DNA sequences extracted from uncultivated bacteria living in termite hindgut s, and has not yet been detected in any known cultivated organism. In many cases, Termite leu RNAs are found in the likely 5 untranslated region s of multive genes related to the synthesis of the amino acid leucine . However, in several cases it is not found in this type of location. Therefore, it was considered ambiguous as to whether Termite leu RNAs constitute cis regulatory element s. References references Category Cis regulatory RNA elements Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Endocrine oncology refers to a medical speciality dealing with hormone producing tumors, i.e. a combination of endocrinology and oncology . Few centres are specializing in hormone producing tumors only, due to the relatively low incidence . Most centres have gastroenterologists, oncologist or endocrinologists who deal with other diseases as well. One exception is the Uppsala Centre of Excellence in Neuroendocrine Tumors ref http www.endocrinetumors.org ref at Uppsala University Hospital in Sweden , where doctors treat only endocrine tumors. Endocrine tumors There are many different kinds of endocrine tumors, some of which are listed below Gastrointestinal ECLoma Midgut carcinoid Appendix carcinoid Hindgut carcinoid sometimes also referred to as Rectal carcinoid Pulmonary Typical bronchial carcinoid Atypical bronchial carcinoid Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma Small cell lung cancer Endocrine pancreatic tumors Non functioning endocrine pancreatic tumors Insulinoma Gastrinoma Glucagonoma VIPoma Adrenals Adrenocortical carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Endocrine tumor syndromes Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I, MEN1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia II, MEN2 von Hippel Lindau syndrome References Reflist Category Endocrine neoplasms Category Endocrinology Category Oncology Category Rare cancers ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Pectinate line Latin linea anocutanea GraySubject GrayPage Image Hemorrhoid.png Caption Pectinate line labeled at bottom center. Image2 gray1080.png Caption2 The interior of the anal cami and lower part of the rectum, showing the columns of Morgagni and the anal valves between their lower ends. Pectinate line visible but not labeled. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 10 DorlandsSuf 12496033 The pectinate line dentate line is a line which divides the upper 2 3s and lower 1 3 of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line class wikitable Distinction Above pectinate line Below pectinate line destination of lymph drainage internal iliac lymph nodes , ref name isbn0 7817 6274 X cite book author Anne M. R. Agur Moore, Keith L. title Essential Clinical Anatomy Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2006 isbn 0 7817 6274 X oclc doi page 258 ref inferior mesenteric lymph nodes ref name titleDissector Answers Pelvis & Pelvic Viscera cite web url http anatomy.med.umich.edu reproductive system pelvicvisc ans.html title Dissector Answers Pelvis & Pelvic Viscera accessdate 2007 12 09 work ref pararectal lymph nodes , superficial inguinal lymph nodes below Hilton s white line ref name titlePelvis cite web url http mywebpages.comcast.net wnor pelvis.htm title Pelvis accessdate 2007 12 09 work ref epithelium columnar epithelium as is most of the digestive tract the line represents the end of the part of the body derived from the hindgut stratified squamous epithelium , non keratinized until Hilton s white line , where the anal verge becomes continuous with the perianal skin containing keratinized epithelium. embryological origin endoderm ectoderm artery superior rectal artery middle rectal artery middle and infer ... more details
contractions of the hindgut in P. americana , the foregut in S. gregaria and the midgut of Diploptera ... is strongly expressed in the head , the larval hindgut , the aorta and on neuron al endings in adult ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Splenic flexure Latin flexura coli sinistra GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1180 Image Illu colorectal anatomy.jpg Caption Colorectal anatomy. Splenic flexure labeled at upper right. Image2 Gray1098.png Caption2 Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver, stomach, and great intestine. The duodenum and pancreas. Left colic flexure labeled at upper right. Precursor Midgut hepatic , hindgut splenic System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The splenic or left colic flexure is a sharp bend between the Transverse colon transverse and the Descending colon descending Colon anatomy colon in the left upper quadrant of humans. The left colic flexure is near the spleen , and hence called the splenic flexure. There are two colic flexures in the transverse colon &mdash the other being the hepatic flexure in the right upper quadrant abdomen right upper quadrant . The splenic flexure is a watershed region as is receives dual blood supply from the terminal branches of the Superior mesenteric artery and the Inferior mesenteric artery , thus making it prone to ischemic damage in cases of hypotension because it does not have its own primary source of blood. ref First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2011 Edition, p.311 ref Additional images gallery Image illu intestine.jpg Intestines Image DCBE.jpg Double Contrast Barium Enema Using Positive and Negative Contrast gallery This is where the Vagus Nerve ends. See also Splenic flexure syndrome External links SUNYCrossSection ThoraxF03 20 eMedicineDictionary left colic flexure SUNYAnatomyLabs 37 13 02 03 References references Digestive tract Category Colon anatomy Digestive stub it Flessura splenica pl Zagi cie ledzionowe okr nicy ... more details
Cecotropes , also caecotrophes or night feces , are the product of the cecum , a part of the digestive system in mammal s of the order biology order lagomorpha , which includes two families Leporidae hare s and rabbit s , and Ochotonidae pika s . Cecotropes are passed through the intestines and subsequently reingested for added nutrients in a process known as caecotrophy , caecophagy pseudorumination , refection , or coprophagia . Reingestion is also practised by a few species of rodent such as the capybara and guinea pig , marsupial s particularly their young and a primate . ref cite journal author Hirakawa, Hirofumi title Coprophagy in Leporids and Other Mammalian Herbivores journal Mammal Review year 2001 volume 31 issue 1 pages 61 80 doi 10.1046 j.1365 2907.2001.00079.x ref Production The process by which cecotropes are produced is called hindgut fermentation . Food passes through the esophagus , stomach, small intestine, where nutrients are initially absorbed ineffectively, and then into the Colon anatomy colon . Through reverse peristalsis , the food is forced back into the caecum where it is broken down into simple sugars i.e. monosaccharides by bacteria l Fermentation biochemistry fermentation . The cecotrope then passes through the colon, the anus, and is eliminated by the animal. The process occurs 4 to 8 hours after eating. This type of reingestion to obtain more nutrients is similar to the chewing of cud in cattle. Why? Some animals must digest their food twice to get all the nutrients from it. It also is believed that it protects rabbits from pathogens. ref http www.threelittleladiesrabbitry.com cecotropes.php ref References reflist See also Coprophagia Category Lagomorphs ca Cecotr fia de Caecotrophie fr C cotrophie lt Cekotrofija ms Sekotrop pl Cekotrofia wa Rimagnaedje des mol s crotes vls Caecotrofie ... more details
Infobox Nerve Name PAGENAME Latin nervi pelvici splanchnici br nervi erigentes GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Innervates BranchFrom S2 S4 BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12687960 Pelvic splanchnic nerves or nervi erigentes are splanchnic nerves that arise from sacral spinal nerve s sacral spinal nerve 2 S2 , sacral spinal nerve 3 S3 , sacral spinal nerve 4 S4 to provide parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut . Structure The pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from the ventral rami of the S2 S4 and enter the sacral plexus. They travel to their side s corresponding inferior hypogastric plexus , located bilaterally on the walls of the rectum. From there, they contribute to the innervation of the pelvis pelvic and genital organs. The nerves regulate the emptying of the urinary bladder and the rectum as well as sex ual functions like erection . They contain both preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as well as visceral afferent fibers. The parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as the craniosacral outflow the pelvic splanchnic nerves are the sacral component. They are in the same region as the sacral splanchnic nerves , which arise from the sympathetic trunk and provide sympathetic efferent fibers. The proximal 2 3 of the transverse colon , and the rest of the proximal gastrointestinal tract is supplied its parasympathetic fibers by the vagus nerve . In the distal 1 3 of the transverse colon, and through the sigmoid and rectum, the pelvic splanchnic nerves take over. See also sacral splanchnic nerves Coccygeal plexus External links eMedicineDictionary Pelvic splanchnic nerves SUNYAnatomyLabs 43 15 01 07 UMichAnatomyModule autonomics abdomen module abdomen 07 DartmouthHumanAnatomy figures chapter 32 32 6.HTM NormanAnatomy pelvis NormanAnatomyFig pelvicnerves Autonomic neuroanatomy stub Category Nerves ... more details
The TD 2 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in Treponema denticola , ref cite journal author Weinberg Z, Barrick JE, Yao Z, et al. title Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipeline journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 35 issue 14 pages 4809 19 year 2007 pmid 17621584 pmc 1950547 doi 10.1093 nar gkm487 url ref as well as metagenome sequences extracted from a termite hindgut , which is known to be enriched for Spirochaete s. Since TD 2 RNAs are not typically positioned in 5 UTR s, the motif is presumed to correspond to a non coding RNA . The TD 2 RNA s secondary structure is supported by covariation see secondary structure prediction , and one stem typically has terminal GNRA tetraloop s, which are known to be especially stable. Surprisingly, however, the motif has an unusual number of stems containing runs of adenosine s that base pair with coordinate runs of uridine s. The lengths of these runs do correspond, thus comprising part of the covariation evidence in support of the motif s assignment as a conserved RNA. The first 5 most stem in the TD 2 RNA motif exhibits covariation, but also appears to be lost in some TD 2 RNAs. Seven TD 2 RNAs overlap predicted representatives of the TD 1 RNA motif , but it is unknown whether these two motifs can somehow be merged. References references Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
File Termite flg RNA.svg right frame Consensus secondary structure of Termite flg RNAs. This figure is adapted from a previous publication. ref name Weinberg2009 ref name Weinberg2010 The Termite flg RNA motif also called tg flg is a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2009 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Perreault J, Meyer MM, Breaker RR title Exceptional structured noncoding RNAs revealed by bacterial metagenome analysis journal Nature volume 462 issue 7273 pages 656 9 year 2009 month December pmid 19956260 doi 10.1038 nature08586 url ref ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref Genome Genomic sequences corresponding to Termite flg RNAs have been identified only in uncultivated bacteria present in the termite hindgut . As of 2010 it has not been identified in the DNA of any cultivated species, and is thus an example of RNAs present in environmental samples . Termite flg RNAs are consistently located in what is presumed to be the 5 untranslated region s of gene s that encode protein s whose functions relate to flagella . The RNAs are hypothesized to regulate these genes in an unknown mechanism. References references Category Cis regulatory RNA elements molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Transverse colon Latin colon transversum GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1180 Image Dickdarm Schema.svg Caption 1 Ascending colon BR 2 Transverse colon BR 3 Descending colon BR 4 Sigmoid colon BR 5 Rectum BR Image2 Gray1223.png Caption2 Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver, stomach, and great intestine. Precursor Midgut first 2 3 Hindgut last 1 3 System Artery Middle colic artery Vein Middle colic vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre c 47 DorlandsSuf 14169300 The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the Colon anatomy colon , passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen , forming the splenic or left colic flexure . The hepatic flexure right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver . In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum , and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon . It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall bladder , the greater curvature of the stomach , and the lower end of the spleen by its under surface, with the small intestine by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum , the head of the pancreas , and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum . Additional images gallery Image illu intestine.jpg Intestines Image Gray989.png Schematic figure of the bursa omentalis, etc. Human embryo of eight weeks. Image Gray1034.pn ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin colon descendens GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1181 Image Gray1223.png Caption Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver, stomach, and great intestine. Descending colon visible at center right, in blue. Image2 Gray1056.png Caption2 The duodenum and pancreas . Descending colon visible at lower right. Precursor Hindgut System Artery Left colic artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName Colon, Descending MeshNumber A03.556.124.526.356.500 DorlandsPre c 47 DorlandsSuf 12249871 The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney . At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the Psoas major muscle psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum , to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon . The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal . Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis , and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon . It has a mesentery in 33 of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon which has a mesentery in 25 of people . However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine . Additional images gallery Image illu intestine.jpg Intestines Image Dickdarm Schema.svg Schema Image Gray1038 vector.svg Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum in the lower part of the abdomen. Image Gray1097.png Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the rel ... more details
Taxobox domain Archaea regnum Euryarchaeota phylum Euryarchaeota classis Methanomicrobia ordo Methanosarcinales familia Methanosarcinaceae genus Methanimicrococcus subdivision ranks Species biology Species subdivision Methanimicrococcus blatticola M. blatticola binomial Methanimicrococcus binomial authority corrig. Sprenger et al. 2000 In alpha taxonomy taxonomy , Methanimicrococcus is a genus biology genus of the Methanosarcinaceae . ref See the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 91559 webpage on Methanimicrococcus . Data extracted from the cite web url ftp ftp.ncbi.nih.gov pub taxonomy title NCBI taxonomy resources publisher National Center for Biotechnology Information accessdate 2007 03 19 ref References reflist 1 Further reading Scientific journals cite journal last List first Editor IJSEM date 2001 title Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 50, part 6, of the IJSEM journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 51 pages 267&ndash 268 pmid 11321069 issue Pt 2 cite journal author Sprenger WW, van Belzen MC, Rosenberg J, Hackstein JH, Keltjens JT date 2000 title Methanomicrococcus blatticola gen. nov., sp. nov., a methanol and methylamine reducing methanogen from the hindgut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 50 pages 1989&ndash 1999 pmid 11155972 cite journal author Springer E, Sachs MS, Woese CR, Boone DR date 1995 title Partial gene sequences for the A subunit of methyl coenzyme M reductase mcrI as a phylogenetic tool for the family Methanosarcinaceae journal Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. volume 45 pages 554&ndash 559 pmid 8590683 doi 10.1099 00207713 45 3 554 issue 3 cite journal author Sowers KR, Johnson JL, Ferry JG date 1984 title Phylogenic relationships among the methylotrophic methane producing bacteria and emendation of the family Methanosarcinaceae journal Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. volume 34 ... more details
Insect diuretic hormones are hormone s that regulate water balance through diuretic action. The insect excretory system , responsible for regulating water balance in the insect, comprises the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut the ileum and rectum . Malpighian tubules secrete primary urine , most of which is passed into the hindgut where water, ion s and essential metabolites are reabsorbed before the fluid is excreted. Excretion is under the control of diuretic and anti diuretic factors, or hormones , comprehensively reviewed by Coast et al. 2002 . These factors are produced in neurosecretory cell s in the insect nervous system , and stored and released from neurohaemal sites, such as the corpora cardiaca in the brain . Before a factor can be attributed with the role of hormone, it needs to meet certain criteria. While there is evidence that some diuretic and antidiuretic factors are indeed circulating neurohormones, this has not been demonstrated for all factors investigated so far. It has been known for many years that insects possess diuretic and antidiuretic factors, but it has only been comparatively recently that technological advances have allowed for them to be characterised. Antidiuretic factors are less well studied than diuretic factors. They act either on the Malpighian tubules to inhibit urine production, or on the hindgut to stimulate reabsorption. To date, the only insect for which both diuretic and antidiuretic hormones acting directly on tubules have been isolated is a beetle, the mealworm Tenebrio molitor Tenebrionidae . Functions of diuretic and antidiuretic hormones include postprandial diuresis, post eclosion diuresis , excretion of excess metabolic water, clearance of toxic wastes and restricting metabolite loss Coast et al., 2002 . The effects of diuretic factors are tested in fluid secretion experiments, usually conducted using the Ramsay assay , in which isolated Malpighian tubules are placed in droplets of saline solution under liquid para ... more details
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