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Encyclopedia results for High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line 2

High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line 2





Encyclopedia results for High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line 2

  1. High bit rate digital subscriber line 2

    DSL technologies Refimprove date July 2007 HDSL2 is the 2nd generation of HDSL with a 6dB Noise Margin, put simply it is another way to provision a T 1 line, only this technology relies on fewer wires two instead of four and therefore costs less to set up. Category Digital Subscriber Line Internet stub ...   more details



  1. High-bit-rate digital subscriber line

    Cleanup date August 2010 DSL technologies High bit rate digital subscriber line HDSL was the first DSL ... Asymmetric digital subscriber line Symmetric digital subscriber line Digital subscriber line Very high bit rate digital subscriber line External links http www.itu.int rec T REC G.991.1 en ITU T Recommendation G.991.1 High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line HDSL transceivers http www.commsdesign.com ... DEFAULTSORT High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line Category Digital Subscriber Line bs HDSL ca High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line de High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line es L nea de abonado digital de alta velocidad binaria fr High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line it HDSL he DSL DSL pl High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line pt HDSL ru HDSL sk High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line ..., they were subject to lightning and cable trouble such as inferior splices and backhoe fade . These line codes at this bit rate give a bandwidth of 772 kHz and the repeaters are usually spaced every ... can be used either at the T1 rate 1.544 Mbit s or the E carrier E1 rate 2 Mbit s . Slower speeds are obtained ... POTS at baseband. HDSL gave way to two new technologies, called HDSL2 and symmetric digital subscriber line SDSL . HDSL2 offers the same data rate over a single pair of copper it also offers longer reach ..., as a better technology for high speed, synchronous circuits typically used to interconnect local exchange carrier systems, and also to carry high speed corporate data links and voice channels, using Digital Signal 1 T1 lines. HDSL service types include HDSL1, HDSL2 and HDSL4 and are typically .... T carrier circuits operate at 1.544 Mbit s . These circuits were originally carried using a line code called alternate mark inversion AMI . Later the line code used was B8ZS . AMI did not have sufficient ... the telcos placed the low voltage side of the repeater cable together and then the High voltage side ... attempts to use DSL technology to solve the problem were done in the US, using the line code 2B1Q ...   more details



  1. Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line

    and an internal filter for voice data separation. Very high bit rate digital subscriber line VDSL or VHDSL ... by ITU in November 2001. Second generation systems very high speed digital subscriber line 2 VDSL2 ... G.993.1 Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers http www.uk bug.net UK Broadband ...&rp id 166 VDSL2 by PTCL in Pakistan DEFAULTSORT Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line Category Digital Subscriber Line cs VDSL de Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line et VDSL el Very high bitrate digital subscriber line es VDSL fr Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line ko VDSL id VDSL it VDSL hu VDSL nl VDSL ja VDSL pl VDSL pt VDSL ru VDSL simple Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line sk Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line sl VDSL sr VDSL sv Digital Subscriber Line VDSL ... trials ref is a digital subscriber line DSL technology providing faster data transmission over a single ... available bit rate is achieved at a range of about 300 meters performance degrades as the loop ..., at a 30 Meg down 2 Meg up rate, is offered to residential clients of Monaco Telecom , the incumbent ... such as high definition television , as well as telephone services voice over IP and general ... rate between upstream and downstream depending on the service offering and spectrum regulations ... name class unsortable Common name Downstream rate Upstream rate class unsortable Approved in VDSL ... 2 VDSL plans 16  Mbit s and 24  Mbit s which costs approximately 100 and approximately ... BSNL High Speed Plans publisher bsnl.co.in ref Israel On August 28, 2009 Bezeq communication company ... competing VDSL services. Japan s VDSL offerings use an FTTx access line network architecture. Malaysia ... UniFi service in high rise and residential apartment buildings. VDSL Network S.B. ref cite web url ... marketed as such, a final link between the telephone line and their fiber to the building ... services, for high end condominiums. Citation needed date March 2011 It s said to be Thailand ...   more details



  1. Very high speed digital subscriber line 2

    DSL technologies Very high speed digital subscriber line 2 VDSL2 is an access technology that exploits ... DSL DEFAULTSORT Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2 Category ITU T recommendations G.993.2 Category Digital Subscriber Line de Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line VDSL2 et VDSL2 el Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2 es VDSL2 fr VDSL2 it VDSL2 mk VDSL2 nl VDSL2 pl Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2 pt VDSL2 ru VDSL2 sk Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2 tr VDSL2 ... through 2011. ref name spec Cite web title ITU T Recommendation G.993.2 Very high speed digital subscriber line transceivers 2 VDSL2 url http www.itu.int rec T REC G.993.2 en accessdate 22 September 2011 ref VDSL2 is an enhancement to very high bitrate digital subscriber line VDSL , Recommendation ... its current Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2 Plus ADSL2 capabilities over time, especially ... and most advanced standard of digital subscriber line DSL broadband wireline communications. Designed ... the bit rate up to symmetric 100  Mbit s as loop length shortens. This means that VDSL2 ... reaching 25  Mbit s download and 2  Mbit s upload, marked as TELUS High Speed Turbo 25 ... commenced in Sept 2010. ref http www.telecomwholesale.co.nz maps ref See also Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line Broadband Internet access DOCSIS Fiber to the x Passive optical network PON List of device ..., video, data, high definition television HDTV and interactive gaming, VDSL2 was intended to enable ... abbr on , but degrades at a much slower rate from there, and still outperforms VDSL. Starting from ... vdsl ref Some say its maximum offer will be 42  Mbit s download, upload rate and price remains unknown ... 2011. ref http www.dsl.cz diskuze 2 poskytovatele 221500 o2 a vdsl ref Cyprus Primetel promised to start ... VDSL2 to enterprises. Telekom Slovenije is providing VDSL2 since March 5, 2007 to its customers. T 2 ... on its network and it s offering 30Mbit s over VDSL2 with an upstream rate of 3.5Mbit s. ref ...   more details



  1. Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line

    Unreferenced date December 2008 for RE ADSL2 ITU G.992.3 Annex L DSL technologies Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line RADSL is a variation of Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL technology. In RADSL the DSL modem adjusts the upstream networking upstream Bandwidth signal processing bandwidth to create a wider frequency band for the downstream traffic. Using this technique the line is more tolerant of errors caused by Noise physics noise and signal loss. As the frequency is adjusted, the upstream bandwidth may be markedly decreased if there is a large amount of line noise or signal degradation this may reduce the upstream bit rate to as little as 64 kbit s the same speed as a single ISDN B channel . See also Digital subscriber line DSL Single Pair High speed Digital Subscriber Line SHDSL Category Digital Subscriber Line de Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Aushandlung fr Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line pl Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line pt RADSL ru RADSL ...   more details



  1. Multi-rate symmetric digital subscriber line

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 DSL technologies Multi rate symmetric DSL MSDSL is a digital subscriber line technology with a maximum distance of 8,800  m 29,000  ft . It is capable of multiple transfer rates, as set by the Internet service provider , typically based on the service and or price. The maximum speed in both directions is about 2 Mbit s. Technology MSDSL is based on 2B1Q transmission with a capacity of 2.32 Mbit s. The bandwidth is split between a full E carrier E1 payload 2.048 Mbit s , with the remaining bandwidth accommodating up to three voice channels or two ISDN channels. Additional bandwidth is used for management purposes. Transmission over the single pair requires echo cancellation and adaptive equalizers in order to achieve the maximum range at a specific rate. For each user rate, the modem changes the 2B1Q transmission rate, employing different filters and equalizer settings. The modem s adaptive setting is determined during its initial use, and continues constantly during operation. DEFAULTSORT Multi Rate Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line Category Digital Subscriber Line Compu network stub ...   more details



  1. Single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line

    DSL technologies Single pair high speed digital subscriber line SHDSL is a form of digital subscriber line DSL , a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone line s than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. Compared to ADSL , SHDSL employs TC PAM modulation and frequencies that include those used by analog plain old telephone service POTS to provide equal transmit and receive i.e. symmetric data rates. As such, a frequency splitter, or DSL filter , cannot be used to allow a telephone line to be shared by both an SHDSL service and a POTS service at the same time. Support of symmetric data rates made SHDSL a popular choice by businesses for private ... in North America to refer to symmetric digital subscriber line . External links http www.itu.int rec T REC G.991.2 en ITU T Recommendation G.991.2 Single pair high speed digital subscriber line SHDSL transceivers Category Digital Subscriber Line Category ITU T recommendations de G.SHDSL es SHDSL fr SHDSL id G.SHDSL it Single Pair High speed Digital Subscriber Line pl Symmetric High speed Digital Subscriber Line pt G.SHDSL ru Single pair High speed Digital Subscriber Line fi SHDSL sv Single Pair High speed Digital Subscriber Line tr SHDSL .... The reach varies according to the local loop loop line rate rate and noise conditions more noise or higher rate means decreased reach and may be up to 3,000 meters. The two pair feature may alternatively be used for increased reach applications by keeping the data rate low. Halving the data rate per ... channel unstructured , T carrier T1 or E carrier E1 full rate or fractional , multiple ISDN Basic Rate Interface BRI , Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM cells or Ethernet packets. A dual bearer mode allows ... data rates up to 5696 kbit s, described in Appendix F. Optional support for dynamic rate repartitioning, allowing flexible change of the SHDSL data rate without service interruption, described in Appendix ...   more details



  1. Symmetric digital subscriber line

    . ref cite web url http www.itu.int rec T REC G.991.2 en title G.991.2 Single pair high speed digital subscriber line SHDSL transceivers publisher ITU T accessdate 2008 12 04 ref SDSL is often confused with G.SHDSL and High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line HDSL ref cite web url http www.blackbox.co.uk technical techoverviews dsl.asp?id 2&tx Technology 20Overviews title Technology Overviews DSL publisher .... It is the predecessor of single pair high speed digital subscriber line G.SHDSL which was standardized ...Refimprove date December 2008 DSL technologies Symmetric digital subscriber line SDSL can have two meanings In the wider sense it is a collection of Internet access technologies based on Digital subscriber line DSL that offer symmetric Bandwidth computing bandwidth Upstream networking upstream and downstream computer science downstream . It is considered the opposite of asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL technologies where the upstream bandwidth is lower than the downstream bandwidth. In the narrow sense SDSL is a particular DSL variant that supports data only on a single line and does not support analog calls. SDSL technology SDSL is a rate adaptive digital subscriber line DSL variant with T carrier T1 E carrier E1 like data rates T1 1.544 Data rate units Megabit per second Mbit s , E1 2.048 Mbit s . It runs over one pair of copper wires, with a maximum range of convert 10000 ft m . It cannot co exist with a conventional voice service on the same pair as it takes over the entire bandwidth. ref cite web url http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking technology handbook DSL Dig ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line Category Digital Subscriber Line Category ITU T recommendations Compu network stub bs SDSL de Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line es SDSL fr Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line ko SDSL it SDSL nl SDSL no SDSL pl Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line ... performance of a leased line . ref cite web url http www.cisco.com en US docs internetworking ...   more details



  1. ISDN digital subscriber line

    DSL technologies ISDN Digital Subscriber Line IDSL uses Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN based technology to provide a data communication channel across existing copper telephone lines at a rate of 144 kbit s, slightly higher than a bonded dual channel ISDN connection at 128kbit s. The digital transmission bypasses the telephone company s central office equipment that handles analogue signals. IDSL uses the ISDN grade loop without Basic Rate Interface in ISDN transmission mode. The benefits of IDSL over ISDN are that IDSL provides always on connections and transmits data via a data network rather than the carrier s voice network. ref cite press release url http www.cisco.com en US tech tk175 tk349 technologies q and a item09186a00800946d3.shtml title IDSL Frequently Asked Questions date February 26, 2008 publisher Cisco ref IDSL also avoids per call fees by being generally billed at a flat rate. IDSL is not available in all countries. ISDN digital subscriber line IDSL is a cross between ISDN and xDSL. It is like ISDN in that it uses a single wire pair to transmit full duplex data at 128 kbit s and at distances of up to RRD range. Like ISDN, IDSL uses a 2B1Q line code to enable transparent operation through the ISDN U interface. Finally, the user continues to use existing Customer premises equipment CPE ISDN BRI terminal adapters, bridges, and routers to make the CO connections. The big difference is from the carrier s point of view. Unlike ISDN, IDSL does not connect through the voice switch. A new piece of data communications equipment terminates the IDSL connection and shunts it off to a router or data switch. This is a key feature because the overloading of central office voice switches by data users is a growing problem for telcos. The limitation of IDSL is that the customer ... Digital Subscriber Line Category Digital Subscriber Line Category Integrated Services Digital Network telecomm stub de ISDN Digital Subscriber Line es IDSL fr IDSL it IDSL pl IDSL pt IDSL ru IDSL ...   more details



  1. Digital Subscriber System No. 2

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Digital Subscriber Signalling System No.  2 DSS2 , as the successor to DSS1 , is also a digital signalling protocol D channel protocol used for the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B ISDN . Category Integrated Services Digital Network Telecomm stub de Digital Subscriber System No. 2 ...   more details



  1. Digital subscriber line access multiplexer

    device for CATV ISDN digital subscriber line IDSL Symmetric digital subscriber line SDSL Symmetric high speed digital subscriber line SHDSL Triple play telecommunications Very high bit rate digital subscriber line VDSL Very high bitrate digital subscriber line 2 VDSL2 References Reflist External ... Digital Subscriber Line 2 Plus ADSL2 technology and maximum data rate. Local conditions may vary ... digital subscriber line DSL interfaces to a high speed digital communications channel using multiplexing techniques. ref citeweb title Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer DSLAM url http www.iec.org ... A digital subscriber line access multiplexer DSLAM , often pronounced dee slam is a network device, located ... to move data at the maximum connection rate capability of the subscriber s physical line. This compensation ... set of features and functionality. See also Commonscat DSLAM Asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL ... ?ID 173 Portugal Telecom article in Portuguese Category Multiplexing Category Digital Subscriber Line ca DSLAM cs DSLAM de Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer et DSL p rdusmultiplekser el Digital subscriber line access multiplexer es DSLAM fa fr Digital subscriber line access multiplexer ... pl Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer pt Multiplexador de Acesso a Linha Digital do Assinante ... the longer the wire between DSLAM and subscriber, the slower the maximum possible data rate. The following ... fiber optic links. IP DSLAM Internet Protocol IP DSLAM stands for Internet Protocol Digital Subscriber ...Diagram was included in the Role section, showing where the DSLAM sits on the path from the DSL subscriber ... LM . Telephone exchange Main distribution frame MDF a wiring rack that connects outside subscriber ... provider s DSLAM DSLAM a device for DSL service. The DSLAM port where the subscriber local ... for data download . Role of the DSLAM File XDSL Connectivity Diagram en.svg thumb upright 2 xDSL Connectivity ... its functionality is at Data link layer Layer 2 of the OSI model . Therefore it cannot re route traffic ...   more details



  1. High bit rate media transport

    orphan date July 2010 High bit rate media transport HBRMT formerly known as High bit rate audio video over IP HBRAV IP , is a proposed standard for Data encapsulation disambiguation data encapsulation and forward error correction FEC of high bit rate contribution oriented video audio feed services, up to 3  Gbit s over Ethernet network s. HBRMT is being developed by the SMPTE 32NF networking technology committee. ref Citation url http www.videoservicesforum.org SMPTE 32NF Tech Com.shtml title SMPTE 32NF Networking Technology Committee accessdate 2010 10 10 ref HBRMT is designed to incorporate both Serial digital interface SDI uncompressed and JPEG 2000 compressed video and audio formats. ref TV Technology http www.tvtechnology.com article 90242 A Lossless Season ref See also Audio over Ethernet Audio over IP Voice over Internet Protocol References reflist External links http www.videoservicesforum.org HBRAV IP.shtml Video Services Forum HBRAV IP tv tech stub Category Film and video technology Category Audio network protocols it HBRAV IP ...   more details



  1. Bit rate

    Digital Audio Broadcasting DAB . MPEG 1 Audio Layer II MP2 bit rate required to achieve a high quality ... s bps or b s . Protocol layers anchor Bit rates at various protocol layers Gross bit rate In digital ... bit rate More specifically, a line code or baseband transmission scheme representing the data using ... bit rate Symbol rate N An exception from the above is some self synchronizing line codes, for example ... signal states , resulting in Gross bit rate Symbol rate 2 A theoretical upper bound for the symbol ... port parallel communication , the gross bit rate is given by math sum i 1 n frac log 2 M i T i ..., implying the current net bit rate. Note that the term line rate in some textbooks is defined ... correcting codes. The net bit rate of ISDN2 Basic Rate Interface 2 B channels 1 D channel of 64 ... bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 Mbaud, due to the NRZI line code . In communications ... line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 Mbaud. The connection ... bit rate is sometimes called digital bandwidth capacity in bit s. Network throughput main Throughput ... Multimedia encoding bit rate In digital multimedia , bit rate often refers to the number of bits used ... v.92 modems with 56 kbit s downstreams, 48 kbit s upstreams 1998 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ... 07 11 ref 8 to 15 Mbit s typ High definition television HDTV quality with bit rate reduction from MPEG ...bitrates In telecommunications and computing , bit rate sometimes written bitrate , data rate or as a variable ... s that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. The bit rate is wiktionary quantified quantified using the Data rate units bits per second bit s or bps unit, often in conjunction with an SI prefix ... in the standard IEC 60027 2 . The formal abbreviation for bits per second is bit s not bits s , see ... books.google.com books?id x4jOplMbLx0C&pg PA692&dq gross bit rate v onepage&q gross 20bit 20rate&f false ... Guimar es publisher Spinger year 2009 chapter section 8.1.1.3 Gross Bit Rate and Information Rate ...   more details



  1. Digital Subscriber System No. 1

    Unreferenced date December 2009 Digital Subscriber Signalling System No.  1 DSS1 , also known as Euro ISDN or E DSS1 European DSS1 , is a digital signalling protocol D channel protocol used for the Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN . The interface is also called NET3 for Basic rate interface BRI and NET5 for Primary rate interface PRI lines. Can also be called CTR4 . It is defined by ITU T I.411 ETS 300 102 . It supports Bearer Capability, Low Level Compatibility and High Level Compatibility, ANI, DNIS and redirected number signaling in both directions. DSS1 is a pan Europe an standard developed by ETSI . In 1989 , 26 network operators from 20 European countries decided to develop this standard to replace earlier national protocols such as FTZ 1 TR 6 or VN3 . DSS1 has been one of the keys to the success of the Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN within European countries as compared to, for example, the United States U.S. . Non European countries using DSS1 include Australia , Brazil , Iran , India , Israel , New Zealand , Pakistan , Peru , Singapore , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Taiwan , Palestine and the United Arab Emirates . The DSS1 protocol knows four different codesets for information elements. Codeset 0 regards to Q.931 , Codeset 5 to the ETSI standard, Codeset 6 for national applications and Codeset 7 for PBX applications. The most common Codeset is 0 Q.931. Category Integrated Services Digital Network de Digital Subscriber System No. 1 ...   more details



  1. Bit error rate

    In digital transmission , the number of bit errors is the number of received bit s of a data stream over ... communication interference , distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate or bit error ratio BER is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage . The bit ... this causes cross talk and more bit errors , by choosing a slow and robust modulation scheme or line ... PSK BER curves.svg thumb right 280px Bit error rate curves for BPSK , QPSK , 8 PSK and 16 PSK ... erfc left sqrt frac E N o right . math Bit error rate test BERT or bit error rate test is a testing ... code in circuits optioned for B8ZS. Bit error rate tester A bit error rate tester BERT , also known as a bit error ratio tester citation needed date November 2010 or bit error rate test solution ... Errored second Viterbi Error Rate References Reflist FS1037C MS188 DEFAULTSORT Bit Error Ratio Category ... Bitfehlerh ufigkeit es Bit Error Ratio fr Taux d erreur ko id Bit error rate it Bit Error Ratio ... estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit errors. Example As an example, assume this transmitted bit sequence 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1, and the following received bit sequence 0 u 0 u 1 0 u 1 u 0 1 0 u 0 u 1, The number of bit errors the underlined bits is in this case 3. The BER is 3 incorrect bits divided by 10 transferred bits, resulting in a BER of 0.3 or 30 . Packet error rate The packet error rate PER is the number ... packets. A packet is declared incorrect if at least one bit is erroneous. The expectation value of the PER ... can be expressed as math p p 1 1 p e N math , assuming that the bit errors are independent of each other. For small bit error probabilities, this is approximately math p p approx p eN. math Similar measurements ... interference , distortion , bit synchronization problems, attenuation , wireless Multipath ...   more details



  1. Bit rate reduction

    Bit rate reduction may refer to Data compression Bit rate reduction , a synonym for data compression . Bit Rate Reduction , a name given to an Audio data compression audio compression format used by the SPC700 SPC 700 . disambig ...   more details



  1. Bit Rate Reduction

    about the compression scheme used on the SPC 700 other methods of bit rate reduction data compression Bit Rate Reduction , or BRR , also called Bit Rate Reduced , is a name given to an audio data compression audio compression method used on the SPC700 sound coprocessor used in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System SNES . The method is a form of ADPCM . BRR compresses each consecutive sequence of sixteen 16 bit pulse code modulation PCM samples into a block of 9 byte s. From most to least significant, the first byte of each block consists of four bits indicating the range of the block see below , two bits indicating the filter see below , and two bits of control information for the SPC700. The remaining eight bytes consist of 16 signed 4 bit nibbles which correspond to the 16 samples, packed in a endianness big endian manner. As 32 bytes of input become 9 bytes of output, the BRR algorithm yields a 3.56 1 compression ratio. Decompression algorithm A nibble n in a block with filter f and range r should be decoded into a PCM sample s sub t sub using the following second order linear prediction equation s sub t sub 2 sup r sup n k sub 1 sub s sub t 1 sub k sub 2 sub s sub t 2 sub Here, s sub t 1 sub and s sub t 2 sub are the last output and next to last output PCM samples, respectively. The filter type f is translated into infinite impulse response IIR prediction coefficients k using the following table class wikitable Filter f k sub 1 sub k sub 2 sub 0 0 0 1 15 16 0 2 61 32 15 16 3 115 64 13 16 Or in words Filter 0 linearly decodes the r bit downquantized version of the samples. Filter 1 adds an r bit downquantized version of the samples to a lowered previous input delta pack or differential coding . Filters 2 and 3 add an r bit downquantized version of the samples to the linear extrapolation from the last two samples 2nd order differential coding . References http emureview.ztnet.com developerscorner SoundCPU spc.htm SPC 700 Documentation Category Digital audio Category ...   more details



  1. Residual bit error rate

    The residual bit error rate RBER is a receive quality metric in digital transmission , one of several used to quantify the accuracy of the received data. ref cite book last Smith first David Russell title Digital transmission systems url http books.google.ca books?id 4IASeihofskC&pg PA48&dq 22residual bit error rate 22&hl en&ei ffb8TMbhG4uhnwfA1LjJCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4&ved 0CDkQ6AEwAzgK v onepage&q 22residual 20bit 20error 20rate 22&f false year 2004 publisher Springer isbn 1402075871 pages 47 48 ref Overview In digital transmission schemes, including cellular telephony systems such as GSM , a certain percentage of received data will be detected as containing errors, and will be discarded. The likelihood that a particular bit will be detected as erroneous is the bit error rate . The RBER characterizes the likelihood that a given bit will be erroneous but will not be detected as such ref cite book last1 Crols first1 Jan last2 Steyaert first2 Michiel title CMOS wireless transceiver design url http books.google.ca books?id YFj97fOjSHkC&pg PA108&dq rber gsm&hl en&ei cPD8TI3YIoeTnwf2tvnICg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 3&ved 0CDMQ6AEwAg v onepage&q rber 20gsm&f false year 1997 publisher Springer isbn 0792399609 ref Applications When digital communication systems are being designed, the maximum acceptable residual bit error rate can be used, along with other quality metrics, to calculate the minimum acceptable signal to noise ratio in the system. This in turn provides minimum requirements for the physical and electronic design of the transmitter and receiver. ref cite book last1 Crols first1 Jan last2 Steyaert first2 Michiel title CMOS wireless transceiver design url http books.google.ca books?id YFj97fOjSHkC&lpg PA108&dq rber 20gsm&pg PA109 v onepage&q rber 20gsm&f false year 1997 publisher Springer isbn 0792399609 page 109 ref References references Category Error detection and correction compu network stub measurement stub ...   more details



  1. Available Bit Rate

    See also Traffic contract Available Bit Rate .28ABR.29 Traffic contract ABR Network Layer Service Model Available Bit Rate ABR is a service used in Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM networks when source and destination don t need to be synchronized. ABR does not guarantee against delay or data loss . ABR mechanisms allow the network to allocate the available Bandwidth computing bandwidth fairly over the present ABR sources. ABR is one of five service categories defined by the ATM Forum for use in an ATM Network. The network switch es use locally available information to determine the explicit allowable rates or relative rate increase decrease for the source. The newly calculated rates are then being sent to the sources using Resource Management records RM cells . RM cells are generated by the source and travel along the data path to the destination and sent back. ABR sets a Minimum Cell Rate MCR and a Peak Cell Rate PCR . When transfers exceed the PCR, cells are dropped. Many implementers consider ABR to be overly complex, and its adoption has been modest. External links http www.cisco.com en US tech tk39 tk51 technologies tech note09186a00800fbc76.shtml Understanding the Available Bit Rate ABR Service Category for ATM VCs compu network stub Category Network protocols pl Available Bit Rate ...   more details



  1. Internet Low Bit Rate Codec

    Infobox file format name Internet Low Bit Rate Codec iLBC icon logo caption extension .lbc ref name rfc3952 cite web url http tools.ietf.org html rfc3952 title Real time Transport Protocol RTP Payload Format for internet Low Bit Rate Codec iLBC Speech year 2004 accessdate 2011 06 23 ref mime audio iLBC ref name rfc3952 type code none uniform type magic iLBC30 n or iLBC20 n ref name rfc3952 owner Global IP Solutions , now Google Inc released Start date 2004 df yes ref name rfc3952 Start date YYYY mm dd df yes latest release version latest release date Start date and age YYYY mm dd df yes no genre Audio compression format containerfor containedby extendedfrom extendedto standard RFC 3951 url Infobox software name iLBC Speech Coder logo screenshot caption collapsible author developer Global IP Solutions , now Google Inc released 2004 latest release version latest release date latest preview version latest preview date frequently updated programming language C programming language C operating system Cross platform operating system desc size language status genre Audio codec , reference implementation computing reference implementation license BSD licenses 3 clause BSD website http www.webrtc.org ilbc freeware Internet Low Bitrate Codec iLBC is an open source royalty free narrowband Speech communication speech codec , developed by Global IP Solutions GIPS formerly Global IP Sound acquired by Google Inc in 2011 ref cite web url http www.zdnet.com blog open source why google bought global ip solutions 6501 title Why Google bought Global IP Solutions author Dana Blankenhorn date 2010 ... web url http tools.ietf.org html draft andersen ilbc 00 title Internet Low Bit Rate Codec draft andersen ... Audio codecs tech stub de Internet Low Bitrate Codec it Internet Low Bit Rate Codec ja Internet Low Bit Rate Codec pl Internet Low Bit Rate Codec ru ILBC yo Internet Low Bit Rate Codec .... Parameters and features Sampling frequency 8 kHz 16 bit 160 samples for 20 ms frames, 240 samples ...   more details



  1. 2 Bit Pie

    Infobox musical artist name 2 Bit Pie Commented out because image was deleted image 2 Bit Pie.jpg caption 2 Bit Pie image size 160 background group or band origin United Kingdom UK genre Techno music Techno br Big Beat br Ambient Techno br House music House br Ambient House br Electronica br Intelligent Dance Music IDM years active 2005 in music 2005 present label One Little Indian associated acts Fluke band Fluke Also Known As website current members Mike Bryant br Marli Buck br Jan Burton br Jon Fugler br Robin Goodridge br Andy Gray musician Andy Gray br Wild Oscar br Dilshani Weerasinghe br Yuki past members notable instruments 2 Bit Pie are an English electronic music group formed in 2005 as a collaboration between Fluke band Fluke and many other musicians, some of whom had previously worked with Fluke, and others who already have vast experience within the music industry, such as Andy Gray musician Andy Gray . The band s first release was Nobody Never which was released on Gramophone record 12 Vinyl in 2005. This was followed by a period of inactivity before the announcement via the band s label, One Little Indian , that the band s debut album, 2Pie Island was released on 4 September 2006. ref name onelittleindian1 One Little Indian Records , 2 Bit Pie http www.indian.co.uk 2bitpie link . ref History and lineup 2 Bit Pie is the direct descendant of Fluke, the group including both of the current Fluke members, Mike Bryant and Jon Fugler . Both Bryant and Fugler have a writing credit each for every song on 2Pie Island with Andy Gray musician Andy Gray listed as an additional credit on Fly and Nobody Never . ref name 2pieislandinlay 2Pie Island 2CD Edition Inlay Sheet , Writing ... 2006 References Reflist External links http www.2bitpie.net 2 Bit Pie fan site Fluke Category British ... electronic music groups de 2 Bit Pie ... pub plugins User Andy Gray.htm title High End User Profile Andy Gray publisher sonnoxplugins.com ...   more details



  1. Line 2

    Line 2 or 2 Line can refer to Public transport Asia Line 2 Beijing Subway Seoul Subway Line 2 Shanghai Metro Line 2 Europe Line 2 Metro Bilbao , a metro line of the Metro Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain Paris M tro Line 2 , a metro line of the Paris M tro, Paris, France Line 2 Saint Petersburg Metro , a metro line of the Saint Petersburg Metro, Saint Petersburg, Russia Americas Route 2 Baltimore , a bus route Mexico City Metro Line 2 , a rapid transit line in Mexico City Line 2 Orange Montreal Metro 2 New York City Subway service Politics A two line whip is an application of a Whip politics Whip in politics see Chief Whip for details . disambig ca L nia 2 cs 2 linka es L nea 2 fr Ligne 2 ko 2 it Linea 2 nl Lijn 2 pt Linha 2 ...   more details



  1. High Line

    High Line or Highline may refer to High Line New York City , a pedestrian walkway along former elevated freight rail spur in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan High Line Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Railroad elevated line High Line Canal , a waterway in the Denver Aurora Metropolitan Area of Colorado Highline, California , former town Hi Line , area of northern Montana Highline High School , public high school in Burien, Washington Highline Community College , community college in Des Moines, Washington Hi Line film Hi Line , 1999 movie Highlining , type of slacklining High Line may also refer Picket line , way to tie up a horse A Ruby programming language development tool disambig geo ...   more details



  1. Multi-rate digital signal processing

    Multi rate signal processing studies digital signal processing systems which include sample rate conversion . Multirate signal processing techniques are necessary for systems with different input and output sample rates, but may also be used to implement systems with equal input and output rates. Changing the sampling rate The process of changing the sampling rate of a signal resampling is called downsampling if the sample rate is decreased and upsampling if the sample rate is increased. Integer rate changes are far more common than non integer rate changes. Downsampling Main Downsampling See also Decimation signal processing Downsampling a sequence math x n math by retaining only every math M math th sample creates a new sequence math x d n x nM math . If the original sequence contains Digital frequency frequency components above math pi M math , the downsampler should be preceded by a low pass Digital filter filter with cutoff frequency math pi M math . In this application, such an anti aliasing filter is referred to as a decimation filter and the combined process of filtering and downsampling is called decimation. Upsampling Main Upsampling See also Interpolation Interpolation in digital signal processing Interpolation Upsampling a sequence math x n math creates a new sequence math x e n math where every math L math th sample is taken from math x n math with all others zero. The upsampled sequence contains math L math replicas of the original signal s spectrum. To restore the original ... first2 Ronald W. last2 Schafer publisher Prentice Hall year 1999 isbn 0 13 754920 2 Category Digital .... Fractional rate changes Changing the sampling rate of a signal by a rational fraction math L M ... rate changes and filtering. Using math downarrow M math to denote downsampling by a factor math ... at the lower sampling rate as math H k z math per the Noble identities . Similarly, for interpolation ... Quadrature mirror filter References cite book title Multirate Digital Signal Processing first1 Ronald ...   more details



  1. Digital delay line

    A digital delay line is a discrete element in digital filter theory, which allows a signal to be delayed by a number of samples. If the delay is an integer multiple of samples digital delay lines are often implemented as circular buffer s. This means that integer delays can be computed very efficiently. The delay by one sample is notated math mathrm z 1 math and delays of math N math samples is notated as math mathrm z N math motivated by the role the z transform plays in describing digital filter structures. If a delay is not an integer of a sample additional filters are applied to account for the fraction of delay different from an integer. Hence delay lines with non integer delay are called fractional delay lines . ref Citation last Laakso first Timo I. author link last2 V lim ki first2 Vesa author2 link last3 Karjalainen first3 Matti last4 Laine first4 Unto K. publication date January 1996 date January 1996 title Splitting the unit delay tools for fractional delay filter design periodical IEEE Signal Processing Magazine edition volume 13 issue 1 pages 30 60 publication place place publisher id isbn doi 10.1109 79.482137 oclc url accessdate 2007 08 22 ref Digital delay lines are widely used building blocks in methods to simulate room acoustics , musical instruments and digital audio effects . ref Citation last Smith first Julius O. author link last2 Lee first2 Nelson author2 link publication date August 12 2007 date August 2007 title Computational Acoustic Modeling with Digital Delay url http ccrma.stanford.edu realsimple Delay Delay lines.html accessdate 2007 08 21 ref Digital waveguide synthesis shows how digital delay lines can be used as sound synthesis methods for various musical instruments such as string instruments and wind instruments . Sources reflist Category Digital signal processing electronics stub es L nea de retardo digital ru ...   more details




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