www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 9.html Viralzone Hepadnaviridae Viruses Baltimore classification Category Pararetroviruses Category Article Feedback 5 ar ca Hepadnav rid de Hepadnaviridae es Hepadnaviridae fr Hepadnaviridae it Hepadnaviridae kk ja pl Hepadnawirusy pt Hepadnaviridae ro Hepadnaviridae ru Hepadnaviridae sv Hepadnavirus zh ... more details
Taxobox name Hepatitis B virus image Hepatitis B virus 1.jpg image width 160px image caption Transmission electron microscopy TEM micrograph showing hepatitis B virions virus group VII ordo Unassigned familia Hepadnaviridae genus Orthohepadnavirus type species Hepatitis B virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision nowrap Ground squirrel hepatitis virus br Hepatitis B virus br Woodchuck hepatitis virus br Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus Orthohepadnavirus is a genus of viruses belonging to the family Hepadnaviridae . References reflist External links http www.ictvdb.rothamsted.ac.uk ICTVdB 00.030.0.01.htm ICTVdB Virus Description 00.030.0.01. Orthohepadnavirus http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 101.html Viralzone Orthohepadnavirus Category Pararetroviruses Virus stub ca Orthohepadnavirus ... more details
Taxobox name Hepatitis B virus image image width image caption virus group VII ordo Unassigned familia Hepadnaviridae genus Orthohepadnavirus species Woodchuck hepatitis virus The Woodchuck hepatitis virus is a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus . It is not a deadly virus. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Category Viral diseases Virus stub ... more details
saved book title Common viral infections subtitle cover image cover color Common viral infections Infectious disease Virus Viral disease Adenoviridae Picornavirus Coxsackievirus Hepatitis A Poliovirus Rhinovirus Herpes simplex Varicella zoster virus Epstein Barr virus Cytomegalovirus Kaposi s sarcoma associated herpesvirus Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B virus Flavivirus Flaviviridae Hepatitis C virus Yellow fever Dengue fever West Nile virus Retrovirus HIV Orthomyxoviridae Paramyxovirus Measles Mumps virus Human parainfluenza viruses Human respiratory syncytial virus Metapneumovirus Papillomaviridae Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus Togaviridae Rubella virus Parvoviridae Human bocavirus Parvovirus B19 Category Wikipedia books on medicine ... more details
Taxobox name Avihepadnavirus image image width image caption virus group VII ordo Unassigned familia Hepadnaviridae genus Avihepadnavirus type species Duck hepatitis B virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Duck hepatitis B virus br Heron hepatitis B virus br Ross Goose hepatitis B virus br snow goose hepatitis B virus br stork hepatitis B virus br Avihepadnavirus , is the second genus of the Hepadnaviridae family, the first genus being the Orthohepadnavirus es. The Avihepadnaviruses consist of viruses which exclusively infect birds. The type species of this genus is the duck hepatitis B virus DHBV . Other species within the genus include heron hepatitis B virus HHBV , snow goose hepatitis B virus SGHBV , Ross Goose hepatitis B virus RGHBV and stork hepatitis B virus SHBV . External links Jilbert AR, Kotlarski I. Immune responses to duck hepatitis B virus infection. Dev Comp Immunol. 2000 Mar Apr 24 2 3 285 302. http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db pubmed&dopt Abstract&list uids 10717294&query hl 1&itool pubmed DocSum http www.expasy.org viralzone all by species 102.html Viralzone Avihepadnavirus Category Pararetroviruses virus stub es Avihepadnavirus ja zh ... more details
DsDNA RT viruses are the seventh group in the Virus classification Baltimore classification Baltimore virus classification . They are not considered as DNA viruses class I of Baltimore classification , but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate. It includes Hepadnaviridae and Caulimoviridae . The term pararetrovirus is also used for this group. ref name KhanDijkstra2002 cite book last1 Khan first1 Jawaid A. last2 Dijkstra first2 Jeanne title Plant viruses as molecular pathogens url http books.google.com books?id 0sAL2HVZBtgC&pg PA317 accessdate 5 August 2011 year 2002 publisher Psychology Press isbn 9781560228950 pages 317 ref The term was introduced in 1985. ref name pmid2835576 cite journal author Temin HM title Reverse transcription in the eukaryotic genome retroviruses, pararetroviruses, retrotransposons, and retrotranscripts journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 2 issue 6 pages 455 68 year 1985 month November pmid 2835576 doi url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 2835576 ref References Reflist Category Pararetroviruses Retroviruses ... more details
Taxobox name Duck hepatitis B virus image image width image caption virus group VII ordo Unassigned familia Hepadnaviridae genus Avihepadnavirus species Duck hepatitis B virus Duck Hepatitis B virus , abbreviated DHBV , is part of the Avihepadnavirus genus of the Hepadnaviridae , and is the causal agent of duck hepatitis B. DHBV is a small DNA virus with a diameter of 40 45 nm. The viral envelope is made up from host cell lipid, with viral surface antigens DHBsAg . The icosahedral nucleocapsid within, is composed of the virus core antigen DHBcAg and surrounds the DNA genome and viral polymerase. The viral genome is a circular double stranded DNA molecule about 3000 base pairs long. The genome has three overlapping open reading frames or ORFs C ORF encoding the core antigen and pre core protein which are processed and secreted as DHBcAg S ORF codes for the surface antigen DHBsAg P ORF encoding the viral polymerase. On binding and viral entry entry of the virus to the host cell, the genome is transported to the nucleus to be transcribed. Novel viral RNA is then transferred to the cytoplasm for translation and subsequent protein synthesis. The Duck Hepatitis B virus has provided a basis for the use of vaccines and prophylactic treatments for individuals at high risk of human Hepatitis B virus HBV . ref cite journal title Immune responses to duck hepatitis B virus infection. author Jilbert AR, Kotlarski I last first authorlink coauthors date 2000 Mar Apr year month work publisher National Center for Biotechnology Information volume 24 issue 2 3 pages 285 302 doi 10.1016 S0145 305X 99 00079 8 pmid 10717294 journal Developmental and comparative immunology ref The virus has also provided as a useful animal model in the absence of one from the HBV. ref cite journal title The earliest steps in hepatitis B virus infection. author Cooper A, Paran N, Shaul Y last first authorlink coauthors date 2003 07 11 year month work publisher National Center for Biotechnology Informat ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup April 2009 unreferenced April 2009 orphan December 2010 lowercase Expand German cccDNA date August 2009 cccDNA covalently closed circular DNA is a special DNA structure that arises during the propagation of some virus es in the cell nucleus and may remain permanently there. It is a double stranded DNA that originates in a linear form that is ligated by means of DNA ligase to a covalent ly closed ring. In most cases, Transcription genetics transcription of viral DNA can occur from the circular form only. The cccDNA of viruses is also known as Plasmid episomal DNA or occasionally as a minichromosome . Die Existenz einer cccDNA w hrend der Vermehrung unterscheidet die nicht taxonomische Gruppe der echten Retroviren Orthoretroviren von den Pararetroviren . The existence of a cccDNA during the propagation differs not taxonomic group of real retroviruses retroviruses Ortho from the Pararetroviren. W hrend erstere die DNA Zwischenstufe mittels Ligation in das Genom der Zelle integrieren, verbleibt die DNA Stufe der Pararetroviren als episomale cccDNA im Nukleoplasma . While the former DNA Ligation via intermediate stage in the genome of the cell to integrate, remains the stage of DNA Pararetroviren as episomale cccDNA in Nukleoplasma. Die cccDNA wurde zuerst bei DNA Bakteriophagen beschrieben, 1 aber auch in bestimmten Zellkulturen gefunden, 2 bei denen sp ter eine Infektion mit DNA Viren Polyomaviren nachgewiesen wurde. The cccDNA was first in DNA bacteriophages described 1 but also found in certain cell cultures, 2 which later infection with DNA viruses Polyomaviren has been demonstrated. Die cccDNA ist typisch f r Mitglieder der Virusfamilien Caulimoviridae und Hepadnaviridae wie dem Hepatitis B Virus HBV . The cccDNA is typical for members of viral families Caulimoviridae and Hepadnaviridae, such as the hepatitis B virus HBV . Beim HBV entsteht die cccDNA aus einer an das Kapsid gebundenen linearen DNA nach Abspaltung der an die DNA gebundenen, ... more details
Taxobox name DHV I, DHV Ia, DHV II DHV III, and DHBV virus group iv familia Picornaviridae , Hepadnaviridae DHBV genus Enterovirus species Duck Hepatitis Virus I, Ia, II, III, and Duck Hepatitis B Virus Introduction Duck hepatitis is caused by the enteroviruses DHV 1 and DHV 3. It is a fatal disease of ducklings causing opisthotonus and hepatitis . DHV 1 is found worldwide and causes disease in young ducklings , usually 6 weeks of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the most virulence virulent of the DHV species. DHV 3 has only been reported in the USA. Causing acute and fatal disease in ducklings, duck hepatitis virus , DHV 1, is a Picornavirus that is distributed all over the world having significant impact on the poultry industry. First being recorded in 1949 in Long Island, New York, it was not until 57 years later in 2006 that the full genome of the pathogen was determined. This genome is composed of 7691 nucleotides and encodes and polyprotein of 2250 amino acids ref Liu, G., Yanguez, E., & Chen, Z. L. 2011 . The duck hepatitis virus 5 UTR possesses HCVlike IRES activity that is independent of eIF4F complex and modulated by downstream coding sequences. Virology Journal , 8 147 , 1 11 ref . Duck hepatitis virus , DHV, type 1 DHV 1 , type 1a DHV 1a , type 2 DHV 2 , and type 3 DHV 3 are the four types of viruses that can cause disease in ducks. The pathology and pathogenicity between duck hepatitis virus type 1 and type 1a is, in essense, the same as one another ref Kim, M. C., Kwon, Y. K., Joh, S. J., Kwon, J. H., & Lindberg, A. M. 2008 . Differential diagnosis between type specific duck hepatitis virus type 1 DHV 1 and recent Korean DHV 1 like isolates using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathology , 37 2 , 171 177 ref . Duck Hepatitis is a Class B disease listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health Office des International Epizooties . The disease is not considered a zoonosis . Duck hepatitis B virus , or DHBV, is a part of the Hepadnaviridae ... more details
Infobox rfam Name HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon image HBV Epsilon.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of HBV epsilon Symbol HBV epsilon AltSymbols HBV Rfam RF01047 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Tax domain Virus es GO GO 0019079 SO SO 0005836 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon http rfam.sanger.ac.uk family?entry RF01047 HBV epsilon is an element essential for HBV virus replication. It is an RNA structure situated near the 5 end of the HBV pregenomic RNA. ref cite journal author Beck J, Nassal M title Hepatitis B virus replication journal World J. Gastroenterol. volume 13 issue 1 pages 48 64 year 2007 month January pmid 17206754 doi url http www.wjgnet.com 1007 9327 13 48.asp ref The structure consists of a lower stem, a bulge region, an upper stem and a tri loop. The structure was determined and refined through enzymatic probing and NMR spectroscopy . ref name Flodell cite journal author Flodell S, Schleucher J, Cromsigt J, Ippel H, Kidd Ljunggren K, Wijmenga S title The apical stem loop of the hepatitis B virus encapsidation signal folds into a stable tri loop with two underlying pyrimidine bulges journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 30 issue 21 pages 4803 4811 year 2002 month November pmid 12409471 pmc 135823 doi 10.1093 nar gkf603 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12409471 ref The closure of the tri loop was not predicted by RNA structure prediction programs but observed in the NMR structure. The regions shown to be critical for encapsidation of the RNA in the viral lifecycle are the bulge, upper stem and tri loop which interact with the terminal protein domain of the HBV viral polymerase. ref cite journal author Kramvis A, Kew MC title Structure and function of the encapsidation signal of hepadnaviridae journal J. Viral Hepat. volume 5 issue 6 pages 357 367 year 1998 mo ... more details
as part of the Hepadnaviridae family, which contains two other genera, the Avihepadnavirus and a second .... ref cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ICTVdb Ictv fs hepad.htm title 00.030. Hepadnaviridae ... Structure Hepatitis B virus is a member of the Hepadnaviridae Hepadnavirus family . ref name ... more details
The smallest organism found on Earth can be measured using a variety of different methods, and can be defined as the smallest by volume , mass , height , or length . Because there is some dispute over what the Life definition of life is and what entities qualify as organism s, the actual smallest organism microorganism s may be unclear. A further complication is the incomplete nature of scientific knowledge it is possible that the smallest organism has yet to be discovered. Microorganisms Viruses Many Biology biologists consider virus es to be non living because they lack a cell biology cell ular structure and cannot metabolism metabolize by themselves, requiring a host cell to replicate and synthesise new products. A minority of scientists hold that because viruses do have genetic material and can employ the metabolism of their host, they can be considered organisms. The smallest RNA virus es in terms of genome size are small retrovirus es such as rous sarcoma virus with genomes of 3.5 Base pair kb and particle diameters of 80 1 E 9 m nm . The smallest DNA virus es are the Hepadnaviridae hepadnaviruses such as Hepatitis B , at 3.2 kb and 42 nm parvovirus es have smaller capsid s, at 18 26 nm, but larger genomes, at 5 kb. The smallest DNA bacteriophage is the Phi X174 phage , thought to be larger than Hepatitis B, at about 4 kb. ref http www iphicles.rcsb.org pdb lists pdb l 200012 msg00048.html ref It is important to consider other self replicating genetic elements such as satelliviruses, Viroid s and Ribozymes . The Porcine circovirus type 2 is a single stranded DNA virus having a capsid diameter of 17 nm. ref http phene.cpmc.columbia.edu ICTVdB WWW 16002005.htm ICTVdB Virus Description 00.016.0.01.005. Porcine circovirus 2 Bot generated title ref Nanobes Image nanobe.gif 200px thumb right Nanobe Image nanobe2.gif 200px thumb right Nanobe Nanobe s are thought by some to be the smallest known organism, about one tenth the size of the smallest known b ... more details
families, such as those belonging to the Hepadnaviridae , contain a genome that is partially double ... ssRNA Retroviridae , Metaviridae , Pseudoviridae or dsDNA Caulimoviridae , and Hepadnaviridae in their particles ... . An example of the first type is HIV, which is a retrovirus. Examples of the second type are the Hepadnaviridae ... more details
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