Image Streptococcal hemolysis.jpg thumb Hemolyses of Streptococcus spp. BR left &alpha hemolysis S. mitis BR middle &beta hemolysis S. pyogenes BR right &gamma hemolysis non hemolytic, S. salivarius Hemolysis Haemolysis in British English is the breakdown of red blood cells . The ability of bacterial colonies to induce hemolysis when grown on blood agar is used to classify certain microorganisms . This is particularly useful in classifying Streptococcus streptococcal species. A substance that causes hemolysis is a hemolysin . Types of hemolysis Alpha When Alpha hemolysishemolysis is present, the agar under the colony is dark and greenish. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci Streptococcus viridans Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci display alpha hemolysis. This is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. Other synonymous terms are incomplete hemolysis and partial hemolysis . Alpha hemolysis is caused by hydrogen peroxide produced by the bacterium, oxidizing hemoglobin to green methemoglobin . Beta Beta hemolysishemolysis , sometimes called complete hemolysis , is a complete lysis of red cells in the media around and under the colonies the area appears lightened yellow and transparent. Streptolysin, an exotoxin, is the enzyme produced by the bacteria which causes the complete lysis of red blood cells. There are two types of streptolysin Streptolysin O SLO and streptolysin S SLS . Streptolysin O is an oxygen ... results in hemolysis under the surface of blood agar. Streptolysin S is an oxygen stable ... Strep GAS , displays beta hemolysis. Some weakly beta hemolytic species cause intense beta hemolysis ... presumptively with this test. Gamma If an organism does not induce hemolysis, it is said to display gamma hemolysishemolysis the agar under and around the colony is unchanged this is also called non hemolytic . Enterococcus faecalis formerly called Group D Strep displays gamma hemolysis. Notes ... more details
Hemosiderinuria syn. haemosiderinuria , brown urine , occurs with chronic intravascular hemolysis , in which hemoglobin is released from RBCs into the bloodstream in excess of the binding capacity of haptoglobin . The excess hemoglobin is filtered by the kidney and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, where the iron portion is removed and stored in ferritin or hemosiderin . The tubule cells of the proximal tubule slough off with the hemosiderin and are excreted into the urine, producing a brownish color. It is usually seen 3 4 days after the onset of hemolytic conditions. Hemoglobinuria is another indicator of intravascular hemolysis, but disappears more quickly than hemosiderin, which can remain in the urine for several weeks therefore, hemosiderinuria is a better marker for intravascular hemolysis. Category Red blood cell disorders med sign stub ... more details
In medicine the term cheesewiring describes any process in which cells or intercellular matrix are dissected either by the material being pressed through a taut element as seen in red blood cells in microangiopathic hemolysis , or by the tension of a taut element pulling through as seen in the stitches of a corneal transplant Category Medicine med stub ... more details
Distinguish aflatoxin Alpha Toxin or alpha toxin refers to several different protein toxins produced by bacteria. Alpha toxin may be Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin , a membrane disrupting toxin that creates pores causing hemolysis and tissue damage. Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin , a membrane disrupting toxin with phospholipase C activity, which is directly responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis . Pseudomonas aeruginosa alpha toxin. disambig Category Bacterial toxins ... more details
saved book title Hemolytic anemia subtitle cover image Redbloodcells.jpg cover color Hemolytic anemia Main topic Anemia Hemolysis Hemolytic anemia Acquired hemolytic anemia Congenital hemolytic anemia Related articles Blood Blood transfusion Blood vessel Bone marrow Erythropoietin Erythropoiesis Gallstone Haematopoiesis Hemoglobin Jaundice Malaria Pulmonary hypertension Red blood cell Spleen Sickle cell disease Thalassemia Category Wikipedia books on health Category Wikipedia books on medicine ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 D 59 0 d 55 ICD9 ICD9 283 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Drug induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a form of hemolytic anemia . Penicillin in high doses can induce immune mediated hemolysis ref name pmid10815791 cite journal author Stroncek D, Procter JL, Johnson J title Drug induced hemolysis cefotetan dependent hemolytic anemia mimicking an acute intravascular immune transfusion reaction journal Am. J. Hematol. volume 64 issue 1 pages 67 70 year 2000 month May pmid 10815791 doi 10.1002 SICI 1096 8652 200005 64 1 67 AID AJH12 3.0.CO 2 Z ref via the hapten mechanism in which antibodies are targeted against the combination of penicillin in association with red blood cells. Complement is activated by the attached antibody leading to the removal of red blood cells by the spleen. The drug itself can be targeted by the immune system, e.g. by IgE in a Type I hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin, rarely leading to anaphylaxis. See also List of circulatory system conditions List of hematologic conditions References reflist Hematology Category Acquired hemolytic anemia ... more details
The Schumm test shoom is a blood test http www.pathology.co.za RCPA schumms .htm that uses spectroscopy to determine significant levels of methemalbumin in the blood . A positive result could indicate intravascular hemolysis . The Schumm test was named for Otto Schumm , a German chemist who lived in the early 20th century. http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands split.jsp?pg ppdocs us common dorlands dorland eight 000107284.htm A positive test result occurs when the haptoglobin binding capacity of the blood is saturated, leading to heme released from cell free hemoglobin to bind to human serum albumin albumin . DEFAULTSORT Schumm Test Category Blood tests Med diagnostic stub ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 D 59 2 d 55 ICD9 ICD9 283 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Drug induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia is a form of hemolytic anemia . Non immune drug induced hemolysis can occur via oxidative mechanisms. This is particularly likely to occur when there is an enzyme deficiency in the antioxidant defense system of the red blood cells. An example is where antimalarial oxidant drugs like primaquine ref name pmid14724225 cite journal author Bowman ZS, Oatis JE, Whelan JL, Jollow DJ, McMillan DC title Primaquine induced hemolytic anemia susceptibility of normal versus glutathione depleted rat erythrocytes to 5 hydroxyprimaquine journal J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. volume 309 issue 1 pages 79 85 year 2004 month April pmid 14724225 doi 10.1124 jpet.103.062984 url http jpet.aspetjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 14724225 ref damage red blood cells in Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in which the red blood cells are more susceptible to oxidative stress due to reduced NADPH production consequent to the enzyme deficiency. ribavirin ttt of HCV causing hemolysis as side effect ttt by decrease dose or alternatively with inerferon Some drugs cause RBC red blood cell lysis even in normal individuals. These include dapsone ref name pmid7641572 cite journal author Jollow DJ, Bradshaw TP, McMillan DC title Dapsone induced hemolytic anemia journal Drug Metab. Rev. volume 27 issue 1 2 pages 107 24 year 1995 pmid 7641572 doi 10.3109 03602539509029818 url ref and sulfasalazine . Non immune drug induced hemolysis can also arise from drug induced damage to cell volume control mechanisms for example drugs can directly or indirectly impair regulatory volume decrease mechanisms, which become activated during Tonicity Hypotonicity hypotonic RBC swelling to return the cell to a normal volume. The consequence of the drugs actions are irreversible cell swelling and lysis e.g. ouabain at very ... more details
Lecithinase is a type of phospholipase that acts upon lecithin . ref name pmid13163073 cite journal author Hanahan DJ title The site of action of lecithinase A of lecithin journal The Journal of biological chemistry volume 207 issue 2 pages 879 84 year 1954 month April pmid 13163073 doi url http www.jbc.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 13163073 ref ref name pmid4322282 cite journal author Sibinovic KH, Brown FA, Pettigrew KD, Vought RL title Lecithin agar assay for lecithinase antibodies in serum journal Applied microbiology volume 21 issue 1 pages 98 103 year 1971 month January pmid 4322282 pmc 377125 doi url ref It can be produced by Clostridium perfringens or Listeria Monocytogenes . C. perfringens alpha toxin lecithinase causes myonecrosis and hemolysis . References reflist Esterases Category EC 3.1.4 biochem stub fr L cithinase ... more details
medications or laxatives. Predisposing conditions Hemolysis , magnesium concentration in erythrocytes is approximately three times greater than in serum, therefore hemolysis can increase plasma magnesium. Hypermagnesemia is expected only in massive hemolysis. Renal insufficiency , excretion ... more details
, hemoglobinuria and hemosiderinuria where there is significant intravascular hemolysis ... in infants and children with severe chronic hemolysis changes in bone configuration visible on X .... Certain aspects of the medical history can suggest a cause for hemolysis, such as medication drugs ... medical illness. Chronic hemolysis leads to an increased excretion of bilirubin into the biliary ... according to the means of hemolysis, being either intrinsic in cases where the cause is related ... http books.google.com books?id zQlH4mXSziYC&pg PT454&dq hemoglobin hemosiderin hemolysis bilirubin&ei ... can suffer hemolytic anemia due to Mechanical hemolytic anemia footstrike hemolysis , owing to the destruction ..., Hahn AG, Cunningham RB, Bryant C, Smith JA title Footstrike is the major cause of hemolysis during ... author Yamoto O, Maede Y title Susceptibility to onion induced hemolysis in dogs with hereditary ... hemolysis is the release of RBC contents into the blood stream. The metabolism and elimination ... page 136 139 http books.google.com books?id NJs1VpA8SEoC&pg PA138&dq hemoglobin hemosiderin hemolysis ... books?id 68enzUD7BVgC&pg PA161&dq hemoglobin hemosiderin hemolysis bilirubin&ei Z2P SuzwA6D2ygT9vOz3Dg ... test is positive, hemolysis is caused by an immune process. Hemosiderin in the urine indicates chronic intravascular hemolysis. There is also urobilinogen in the urine. Treatment expand section date ... necessary. Sometimes splenectomy can be helpful where extravascular hemolysis is predominant ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Macrocytosis Image Caption DiseasesDB 7688 ICD10 ICD10 D 75 8 d 70 ICD9 ICD9 289.89 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 1381 MeshName MeshNumber Macrocytosis is the enlargement of red blood cell s with near constant hemoglobin concentration, and is defined by a mean corpuscular volume MCV of greater than 100 femtolitres the precise criterion varies between laboratories . Causes Most commonly especially when the increase in size is mild, and just above normal range the etiology is bone marrow dysplasia secondary to alcohol abuse and Chronic alcoholism . Other causes may include Megaloblastosis Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency or DNA synthesis inhibiting drugs hypothyroidism reticulocytosis commonly from hemolysis or a recent history of blood loss . liver disease myeloproliferative disease Pregnancy is the most common and requires no treatment as female will return back to normal post partum Complications No complications arise from macrocytosis itself and a prognosis will be determined from its etiology . See also Macrocytic anemia pathology stub Myeloid hematologic disease Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings Alcohol and health Category Hematopathology Category Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for RBCs it Macrocito ... more details
Cytolysin refers to the substance or antibody elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that is specifically toxic to individual cell biology cells , ref http crisp.cit.nih.gov Thesaurus 00002123.htm Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects CRISP Thesaurus Cytolysin ref ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com cytolysin Cytolysin entry from the American Heritage Medical Dictionary , on TheFreeDictionary.com Retrieved on January 22, 2009 ref in many cases causing their dissolution through lysis . Cytolysins that have a specific action for certain cells are named accordingly. For instance, the cytolysins responsible for the destruction of red blood cell s, thereby liberating hemoglobin s, are named hemolysins , and so on. ref http www.thefreedictionary.com hemolysin Hemolysin entry on TheFreeDictionary.com Retrieved on January 22, 2009 ref Cytolysins may be involved in immune system immunity as well as in venoms . Hemolysin is also used by certain bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes , to disrupt the phagosome membrane of macrophages and escape into the cytoplasm of the cell. See also Hemolysis microbiology References reflist External links UMichOPM families superfamily 103 Orientations of anemone pore forming cytolysins in membrane initially bound state immune system Category Cell biology Category Peripheral membrane proteins cell biology stub es Citolisina it Citolisina pt Citolisina ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D006464 OtherCodes Hemoperfusion British English haemoperfusion is a medical process used to remove toxic substances from a patient s blood . The technique involves passing large volumes of blood over an adsorbent substance. The adsorbent substance most commonly used in hemoperfusion are resins and activated carbon . ref cite journal author Rahman MH, Haqqie SS, McGoldrick MD title Acute hemolysis with acute renal failure in a patient with valproic acid poisoning treated with charcoal hemoperfusion journal Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis volume 10 issue 3 pages 256 9 year 2006 pmid 16805886 doi 10.1111 j.1542 4758.2006.00105.x ref Hemoperfusion is an extracorporeal form of treatment because the blood is pumped through a device outside the patient s body. Its major uses include removing drug s or poison s from the blood in emergency situations, removing waste products from the blood in patients with renal failure , and as a supportive treatment for patients before and after liver transplantation. Footnotes div class references small references div Toxicology Category Renal dialysis Category Toxicology treatments Category Transfusion medicine Category Article Feedback 5 treatment stub fr H moperfusion ... more details
Hemoglobinemia British Haemoglobinaemia is a medical condition in which there is an excess of hemoglobin in the blood plasma . This is an effect of intravascular hemolysis , in which hemoglobin separates from red blood cells, a form of anemia . Hemoglobinemia can be caused by intrinisic or extrinsic factors. When hemoglobinemia is internally caused, it is a result of recessive genetic defects that cause the red blood cells to lysis lyse , letting the hemoglobin spill out of the cell into the blood plasma. In externally caused hemoglobinemia, an outside attacker acts as an antibody against the red blood cells. This can cause the cells to be destroyed and their hemoglobin released. References cite web url http www.wrongdiagnosis.com medical hemoglobinemia.htm title Hemoglobinemia publisher WrongDiagnosis.com accessdate 2009 05 01 cite web url http www.med ed.virginia.edu courses path innes rcd hemo.cfm title Hemolytic Anemia publisher University of Virginia Health System accessdate 2009 05 01 See also Coagulation Blood diseases Hematology Category Red blood cell disorders Category Rare diseases ar ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D009996 OtherCodes In hematology , osmotic fragility refers to the degree of hemolysis when red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution. In general, osmotic fragility is inversely proportional to the cell s surface area to volume. ref cite book authors Rodak, Bernadette F. et al. title Hematology clinical principles and applications publisher Elsevier Health Sciences year 2007 isbn 9781416030065 page 291 url http books.google.com books?id 6sfacydDNsUC&pg PA291 ref ref cite book authors Fischbach, Frances Talaska & Dunning, Marshall Barnett title A manual of laboratory and diagnostic tests edition 8th publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins year 2008 isbn 9780781771948 page 116 url http books.google.com books?id CQuBkXDspBkC&pg PA116 ref ref cite book editors Greer, John P. et al. title Wintrobe s clinical hematology publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins year 2008 isbn 9780781765077 page 805 url http books.google.com books?id 68enzUD7BVgC&pg PA805 ref References reflist biol stub Myeloid blood tests Category Blood tests ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Staphylococcus felis regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Staphylococcaceae genus Staphylococcus species S. felis binomial Staphylococcus felis binomial authority Igimi et al. 1989 Staphylococcus felis is a Gram positive , coagulase negative member of the bacteria l genus Staphylococcus consisting of clustered coccus cocci . It demonstrates limited hemolysis hemolytic activity but is does show evidence of urease activity and the ability to use sucrose , mannose and trehalose . S. felis has been isolated from and is associated with skin infections in cats. ref cite journal last Higgins first R coauthors Gottschalk, M title Qu bec. Isolation of Staphylococcus felis from cases of external otitis in cats. journal The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne date 1991 May volume 32 issue 5 pages 312 3 pmid 17423789 ref ref cite journal last IGIMI first S. coauthors KAWAMURA, S., TAKAHASHI, E., MITSUOKA, T. title Staphylococcus felis, a New Species from Clinical Specimens from Cats journal International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology date 1 October 1989 volume 39 issue 4 pages 373 377 doi 10.1099 00207713 39 4 373 ref References Reflist bacteria stub Category Staphylococcaceae ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Staphylococcus auricularis regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Staphylococcaceae genus Staphylococcus species S. auricularis binomial Staphylococcus auricularis binomial authority Kloos and Schliefer 1983 Staphylococcus auricularis is a Gram positive member of the bacteria l genus Staphylococcus consisting of pairs or tetrads of coccus cocci . This species was originally isolated from the exterior of a human ear and is weakly hemolysis hemolytic . ref cite journal last KLOOS first W. E. coauthors SCHLEIFER, K. H. title Staphylococcus auricularis sp. nov. an Inhabitant of the Human External Ear journal International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology date 1 January 1983 volume 33 issue 1 pages 9 14 doi 10.1099 00207713 33 1 9 ref Because it commonly exists on human skin, it may be able to cause opportunistic infection s or sepsis . ref cite journal last Hoffman first DJ coauthors Brown, GD, Lombardo, FA title Early onset sepsis with Staphylococcus auricularis in an extremely low birth weight infant an uncommon pathogen. journal Journal of perinatology official journal of the California Perinatal Association date 2007 Aug volume 27 issue 8 pages 519 20 pmid 17653219 ref References Reflist bacteria stub Category Staphylococcaceae ... more details
is negative, as the hemolysis of PNH is not caused by antibody antibodies . ref name parker2005 Historically ... in low ionic strength solution and observed for hemolysis, was used for screening. If this was positive, the Ham test Ham s acid hemolysis after Dr Thomas Ham, who described the test in 1937 test was performed ... without signs of hemolysis. Pathophysiology All cells have proteins attached to their membranes ... hemolysis binds with circulating nitric oxide, a substance that is needed to relax smooth muscle ... There is a suspicion that chronic hemolysis causing chronically depleted nitric oxide may lead to the development ... RP, Bell L, Hillmen P, Gladwin MT title The clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis and extracellular ... of PNH cells by the bone marrow, and indirectly the severity of the hemolysis. Iron deficiency ... result in more hemolysis as more PNH cells are produced. ref name parker2005 A new monoclonal antibody ... . It has been shown to reduce the need for blood transfusion in patients with significant hemolysis. ref cite journal author Hillmen P, Hall C, Marsh JC, et al. title Effect of eculizumab on hemolysis ... more details
Spherocytosis is an auto hemolysis hemolytic anemia a blood diseases disease of the blood characterized by the production of red blood cell s RBCs , or erythrocytes , that are sphere shaped, rather than bi concave disk shaped. Spherocytes are found in hereditary spherocytosis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia . ref name HillmanAult2005 cite book author1 Robert S. Hillman author2 Kenneth A. Ault author3 Henry M. Rinder title Hematology in clinical practice a guide to diagnosis and management url http books.google.com books?id NJs1VpA8SEoC&pg PA146 accessdate 15 November 2010 year 2005 publisher McGraw Hill Professional isbn 9780071440356 pages 146 ref It almost always refers to hereditary spherocytosis . This is caused by a molecular defect in one or more of the proteins of the red blood cell cytoskeleton , including, spectrin , ankyrin , Band 3, or Protein 4.2. Because the cell skeleton has a defect, the blood cell contracts to its most surface tension efficient and least flexible configuration, a sphere. The sphere shaped red blood cells are known as spherocytes . Though the spherocytes have a smaller surface area through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged, they in themselves perform adequately to maintain healthy oxygen supplies. However, they have a high osmosis osmotic fragility when placed into water, they are more likely to burst than normal red blood cells. These cells are more prone to physical degradation. They are most commonly found in immunologically mediated hemolytic anemia s and in hereditary spherocytosis , but the former would have a positive Coombs test Direct Coombs test direct Coombs test and the latter would not. The misshapen but otherwise healthy red blood cells are mistaken by the spleen for old or damaged red blood cells and it thus constantly breaks them down, causing a cycle whereby the body destroys its own blood supply auto hemolysis . The term non hereditary spherocytosis is occasionally used, albeit rarely. ref name pmid16502600 ... more details
, causing extravascular hemolysis . ref name Kumar425 Chapter 12, page 425 in cite book author Mitchell ... Hemolytic crisis, with more pronounced jaundice due to accelerated hemolysis may be precipitated ... more details
SA title Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes ... product s FDPs are determined, which can be elevated. Lactate dehydrogenase is a marker of hemolysis ... with the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count how rapid is postpartum ... pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets HELLP syndrome journal Am. J. Obstet ... more details
Primer Hemolysis cite web url http gold.aecom.yu.edu id micro hemolysis.htm title Microbiology Primer Hemolysis work accessdate 2008 12 12 ref it presents with a wedge shape in the presence ... more details
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