Pfam box Symbol Hemocyanin M Name Hemocyanin, copper containing domain image Hemocyanin2.jpg width caption Single Oxygenated Functional Unit from the hemocyanin of an octopus Pfam PF00372 InterPro IPR000896 ... family Symbol Hemocyanin N Name Hemocyanin, all alpha domain image PDB 1hcy EBI.jpg width caption crystal ... OPM protein CAZy CDD Infobox protein family Symbol Hemocyanin C Name Hemocyanin, ig like domain image ... of arthropod hemocyanin shows unusual differences Pfam PF03723 Pfam clan InterPro IPR005203 SMART PROSITE ... directly in the hemolymph . Explanation File Hemocyanin Example.jpg thumb The underside of the carapace of a Cancer productus crab. The purple coloring is caused by hemocyanin. Although the respiratory function of hemocyanin is similar to that of hemoglobin, there are a significant number of differences ... rings heme groups , the copper atoms of hemocyanin are bound as prosthetic group s coordinated by histidine residues. Species using hemocyanin for oxygen transportation are commonly crustaceans living ... is less efficient than hemocyanin oxygen transportation. Most hemocyanins bind with oxygen ... 2.8 3.0. In these cases of cooperative binding hemocyanin was arranged in protein sub complexes of 6 ... hexamers. Hemocyanin oxygen binding profile is also affected by dissolve salt ion levels and pH . Hemocyanin ... of the large size of hemocyanin, it is usually found free floating in the blood, unlike hemoglobin ... filtering organs such as the kidney s. This free floating nature can allow for increased hemocyanin density over hemoglobin and increased oxygen carrying capacity. On the other hand, free floating hemocyanin ... August 2011 Catalytic activity It is interesting to compare hemocyanin to the phenol oxidases e.g. tyrosinase , homologous enzymes sharing its type 3 Cu active site coordination. Hemocyanin also exhibits ... denaturation actually improves hemocyanin s phenol oxidase activity by providing greater access ... title A new model for dioxygen binding in hemocyanin. Synthesis, characterization, and molecular ... more details
from solution. Use in biotechnology Keyhole limpet hemocyanin KLH is used extensively as a carrier ... has been completed, is commercially available. Other carrier proteins Concholepas concholepas hemocyanin ... more details
KLH is an audio video company, see KLH company the abbreviation for Korean Light Helicopter the abbreviation for Keyhole limpet hemocyanin carrier protein A shorthand branding abbreviation for WKLH , a Milwaukee radio station disambig de KLH it KLH ... more details
Green blood may refer to Hemocyanin , a copper based system of transporting oxygen in blood found in many molluscs and arthropods Sulfhemoglobinemia , a rare condition in humans caused by excess sulfhemoglobin in the blood Prasinohaema Greek green blood , a genus of skinks whose blood color is caused by an excess of the bile pigment biliverdin Prasinohaema virens , also known as the Green green blooded skink, native to New Guinea disambig ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Megathura crenulata image Megathura crenulata.jpg image caption Megathura crenulata on the right, and the warty sea cucumber Parastichopus parvimensis on the left regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Vetigastropoda superfamilia Fissurelloidea familia Fissurellidae genus Megathura species M. crenulata binomial Megathura crenulata binomial authority George Brettingham Sowerby I G. B. Sowerby I , 1825 File GiantKeyholeLImpet.JPG thumb left Living specimen of Megathura crenulata with mantle extended over much of its shell. Megathura crenulata , common name the great keyhole limpet or giant keyhole limpet , is a species of limpet in the family Fissurellidae . These keyhole limpets are large, growing up to 60 132 mm., and are unusual in having a shell largely concealed in the tough fleshy mantle ref http www.gastropods.com 2 Shell 4152.shtml Megathura crenulata ref They are native to rocky coasts of Southern California and are found at shallow depths below the low tide line. ref http www.sealifebase.org summary SpeciesSummary.php?id 2524 Megathura crenulata ref Megathura is a monotypic genus, in other words, this is the only species in that genus. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin main Keyhole limpet hemocyanin Keyhole limpet hemocyanin from Megathura crenulata is used as vaccine carrier protein . References reflist commonscat Megathura crenulata Fissurellidae stub Category Fissurellidae de Gro e Kalifornische Schl ssellochschnecke vi Megathura crenulata ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Terebralia palustris image Terebralia palustris 2.png image caption Terebralia palustris image2 Terebralia palustris.jpg image2 caption Terebralia palustris regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Sorbeoconcha superfamilia Cerithioidea familia Potamididae subfamilia genus Terebralia subgenus species T. palustris binomial Terebralia palustris binomial authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 1767 synonyms ref ref name WoRMS synonyms Potamides palustris small Linnaeus, 1767 small Terebralia palustris , common name the mangrove whelk , is a species of brackish water snail , a gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Potamididae . ref name WoRMS WRMS species 216725 Terebralia palustris Linnaeus, 1767 17 May 2010 ref Description File Terebralia palustris shell.png left thumb a shell of Terebralia palustris The hemocyanin of this species was anaylyzed by Lieb et al. in 2010. ref name Lieb 2010 Lieb B., Gebauer W., Gatsogiannis C., Depoix F., Hellmann N., Harasewych M. G., Strong E. E. & Markl J. 2010 . Molluscan mega hemocyanin an ancient oxygen carrier tuned by a 550 kDa polypeptide . Frontiers in Zoology 2010, 7 14. doi 10.1186 1742 9994 7 14 . ref Its mega hemocyanin have unusually high oxygen affinities. ref name Lieb 2010 Distribution Kenya ref name Lieb 2010 Habitat in the mud in mangroves ref name Lieb 2010 References reflist External links commons category Terebralia palustris Category Potamididae Potamididae stub ja vi Terebralia palustris zh ... more details
Image Chtenopteryx sicula2 from Commons.jpg thumb 250px Ventral view of the viscera of Chtenopteryx sicula , showing the presence of the branchial hearts. Branchial hearts are myogenic accessory pumps found in coleoid cephalopod s that supplement the action of the main, systemic heart . ref name F&S Fiedler, A. & R. Schipp 1987 . The role of the branchial heart complex in circulation of coleoid cephalopods. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 43 5 544 553. DOI 10.1007 BF02143583 ref Each consists of a single chamber and they are always paired, being located at the base of the gill s. ref name F&S ref name ToL http tolweb.org notes ?note id 587 Cephalopoda Glossary . Tree of Life web project. ref They pump blood through the gills via the afferent branchial veins. Since they only circulate venous blood , branchial hearts function under predominantly anaerobic conditions. ref name F&S Branchial hearts also appear to be involved in hemocyanin synthesis. ref Beuerlein, K., R. Schimmelpfennig, B. Westermann, P. Ruth & R. Schipp 1998 . Cytobiological studies on hemocyanin metabolism in the branchial heart complex of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis Cephalopoda, Dibranchiata . Cell and Tissue Research 292 3 587 595. DOI 10.1007 s004410051088 ref ref name ToL Each branchial heart is directly connected to a branchial heart appendage or pericardial gland . ref Witmer, A. & A.W. Martin 1973 . The fine structure of the branchial heart appendage of the cephalopod Octopus dofleini martini . Cell and Tissue Research 136 4 545 568. DOI 10.1007 BF00307370 ref The action of the branchial hearts is necessary for the production of primary urine in these appendages via pressure filtration. ref Schipp, R., H.R. Schmidt & A. Fiedler 1986 . Comparative cytochemical and pharmacological studies on the cholinergic innervation of the branchial heart of the cephalopod Sepia officinalis L. . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 42 1 23 30. DOI 10.1007 BF01975878 ref Branchial hearts may h ... more details
s . The primary oxygen transporter molecule is hemocyanin. There are free floating cells, the hemocyte ... and most molluscs possess the copper containing hemocyanin , however, for oxygen transport. Specialist ... more details
For enzyme mimic enzyme mimic Unreferenced date January 2010 Image Artificial enzyme.jpg thumb 310px Schematic drawing of artificial phosphorylase An artificial enzyme is a synthetic, organic molecule prepared to recreate the active site of an enzyme. Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate in a small part of the enzyme macromolecule known as the active site . There, the binding of a substrate biochemistry substrate close to functional group s in the enzyme causes catalysis by so called proximity effects. It is therefore possible to create similar catalysts from small molecule mimics of enzyme active sites by combining, in a small molecule, the ability to bind substrate with catalytic functional groups. Since the artificial enzymes need to bind molecules, they are made based on a host molecule such as a cyclodextrin , crown ethers or calixarene etc. A number of artificial enzymes have been reported catalysing various reactions with rate increases up to 10 sup 3 sup this is nevertheless substantially lower than natural enzymes that typically causes rate increases above 10 sup 6 sup . One of the pioneers in artificial enzyme research is chemist Ronald Breslow . New approaches based on amino acid s or peptide s as characteristic molecular moieties have led to a significant expansion of the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, recent results by the group of Rob Liskamp http www.pharm.uu.nl ffwuk.htm? medchem have shown that scaffolded histidine residues can be used as mimics of certain metalloproteins and enzymes. Especially the structural mimicry of certain copper proteins e.g. hemocyanin , tyrosinase and catechol oxidase , containing so called type 3 copper binding sites, has been shown. This is a significant improvement since the use of scaffolded histidine residues is one step closer to the mimicry of enzymes by biological relevant species such as amino acids and peptides http www.rsc.org Publishing Journals ... more details
Hemovanadin is used to refer to the pale green vanabin proteins found in the blood cells , called vanadocytes , of ascidian s sea squirts and other organisms. It is one of the few known vanadium containing protein s. ref name neurath1970 Neurath, Hans 1970 The proteins composition, structure, and function, Volume 5. Academic Press ref ref name bielig1954 Bielig HJ, Bayer E, Califano L, Wirth L 1954 . Vanadium containing blood pigment. 11. Hemovanadin, a sulfate complex of trivalent vanadium. Publ. Staz. Zool. Napoli 25, 26 66. ref German chemist Martin Henze first detected vanadium in ascidians in 1911. ref name henze1911 Henze 1911 . Untersuchungen fiber das Blut der Ascidien. 1. Die Vanadiumbindung der Blutk6rperchen. Z. Physiol. Chem. 72, 494 50. ref name michibata2002 Michibata H, Uyama T, Ueki T, Kanamori K 2002 . Vanadocytes, cells hold the key to resolving the highly selective accumulation and reduction of vanadium in ascidians. Microscopy Research and Technique. Volume 56 Issue 6, Pages 421 434 ref Unlike hemocyanin and hemoglobin , hemovanadin is not an oxygen carrier. ref name underwood1962 Underwood EJ 1962 . Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. Academic Press ref References reflist protein stub Category Ascidiacea Category Tunicates Category Metalloproteins Category Blood proteins ja ... more details
Blood Unlike mammals, horseshoe crabs do not have hemoglobin in their blood, but instead use hemocyanin to carry oxygen. Because of the copper present in hemocyanin, their blood is blue. Their blood ... more details
has been limited by law since 1989. The blue blood of this species contains hemocyanin ... title Immunotherapeutic effect of concholepas hemocyanin in the murine bladder cancer model Evidence ... 21 June 2010 ref Possible medical use The hemocyanin found in the blood of C. concholepas has immunotherapeutic ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Cyanagraea praedator regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Crustacean Crustacea classis Malacostraca ordo Decapoda infraordo Crab Brachyura familia Bythograeidae genus Cyanagraea genus authority Saint Laurent, 1984 species C. praedator binomial Cyanagraea praedator binomial authority Saint Laurent, 1984 Cyanagraea praedator is a species of crab that lives on hydrothermal vent s, and the only species in the genus Cyanagraea . ref cite WoRMS author Peter Davie year 2011 title Cyanagraea Saint Laurent, 1984 id 439193 accessdate November 27, 2011 ref ref name Ng cite journal journal Raffles Bulletin of Zoology year 2008 volume 17 pages 1 286 title Systema Brachyurorum Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world author Peter K. L. Ng, Dani le Guinot & Peter J. F. Davie url http rmbr.nus.edu.sg rbz biblio s17 s17rbz.pdf format Portable Document Format PDF ref It is found at depths of convert 2535 2630 m on the East Pacific Rise , ref name McLay where it lives in the upper part of black smoker chimneys . ref cite journal author Fabienne Chausson, Christopher R. Bridges, Pierre Marie Sarradin, Brian N. Green, Ricardo Riso, Jean Claude Caprais & Fran ois H. Lallier year 2001 title Structural and functional properties of hemocyanin from Cyanagraea praedator , a deep sea hydrothermal vent crab journal Proteins Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics volume 45 issue 4 pages 351 359 doi 10.1002 prot.10014 pmid 11746683 ref Its haemocyanin has a strong Chemical affinity affinity for oxygen , and displays a significant Bohr effect , which is unaffected by lactic acid . ref cite journal author St phane Hourdez & Fran ois H. Lallier year 2007 chapter Adaptations to hypoxia in hydrothermal vent and cold seep invertebrates journal Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology volume 6 issue 1 3 title Life in Extreme Environments, Part II editor Ricardo Amils, Cynan Ellis Evans & Helmut Hinghofer Szalkay publisher Spring ... more details
organs . The haemolymph contains hemocyanin , a respiratory protein similar in function to hemoglobin . Hemocyanin contains two copper atoms, tinting the haemolymph with a faint blue color. ref name ... more details
is an unusual shade of green blue because it uses the copper containing protein hemocyanin to carry ... blood must flow more rapidly than that of most other animals because hemocyanin carries substantially ... more details
Image Hemerythrin.jpg thumb right Single Oxygenated Hemerythrin protein Image HemerythrinTri.jpg thumb right Trimeric Hemerythrin Protein Complex Hemerythrin also spelled haemerythrin from Greek words blood and red is an oligomer ic protein responsible for oxygen O sub 2 sub transport in the marine invertebrate Phylum biology phyla of sipunculid s, priapulid s, brachiopod s, and in a single annelid worm, magelona. Recently, hemerythrin was discovered in methanotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus . Myohemerythrin is a monomer ic O sub 2 sub binding protein found in the muscles of marine invertebrates. Hemerythrin and myohemerythrin are essentially colorless when deoxygenated, but turn a violet pink in the oxygenated state. Hemerythrin does not , as the name might suggest, contain a heme . The names of the blood oxygen transporters hemoglobin , hemocyanin , hemerythrin and vanabins , do not refer to the heme group only found in globins , instead these names are derived from the Greek word for blood. O sub 2 sub binding mechanism The mechanism of dioxygen binding is unusual. Most O sub 2 sub carriers operate via formation of Dioxygen complex es, but hemerythrin holds the O sub 2 sub as a hydroperoxide. The site that binds O sub 2 sub consists of a pair of iron centres. The iron atoms are bound to the protein through the carboxylate side chains of a glutamate and aspartate s as well as through five histidine residues. Hemerythrin and myohemerythrin are often described according to oxidation and ligation states of the iron centre style width 50 border 0 Fe sup 2 sup &mdash OH&mdash Fe sup 2 sup deoxy reduced Fe sup 2 sup &mdash OH&mdash Fe sup 3 sup semi met Fe sup 3 sup &mdash O&mdash Fe sup 3 sup &mdash OOH sup sup oxy oxidized Fe sup 3 sup &mdash OH&mdash Fe sup 3 sup &mdash any other ligand met oxidized The uptake of O sub 2 sub by hemerythrin is accompanied by two electron oxidation of the di ferrous centre to produce a hydroperoxide OOH sup sup ... more details
Image RamshornSnail.jpg thumb An aquarium ramshorn snail The term ramshorn snail is used in two different ways. In the aquarium trade it is used to describe various kinds of freshwater snail s whose shells are planispiral, meaning that the shell is a flat coil. Such shells resemble a coil of rope, or as the name suggests a ram sheep ram s horn. In a more general natural history context, the term ramshorn snails is used more precisely to mean those aquatic animal aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk s in the family Planorbidae that have planispiral coiled shells. This article is about ramshorn snails in the aquarium trade. For more information on the Planorbidae, see the article Planorbidae . Ramshorn snails have been bred for the aquarium trade and various color forms have been selected. Most of the aquarium ramshorn snails are species in the family Planorbidae , but one kind is from a totally different family, the Ampullariidae . Ramshorn snails can sometimes become a nuisance in an aquarium, because some of them breed so profusely. Physical description Most of these snails are of the family Planorbidae , and they include the species Planorbarius corneus . There are two different coloured skin forms black and red the latter lack the dark skin pigment melanin and consequently have a bright reddish skin, which is the colour of their blood. Interestingly their blood contains red hemoglobin , ref name Lieb2006 cite journal author Lieb B, Dimitrova K, Kang HS, et al. title Red blood with blue blood ancestry intriguing structure of a snail hemoglobin journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 103 issue 32 pages 12011 6 year 2006 month August pmid 16877545 pmc 1567689 doi 10.1073 pnas.0601861103 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 16877545 ref unlike other snails blood , which contains greenish hemocyanin . These ramshorn snails breathe air. Although most of them are extremely small, some may reach a size of two and a half centimeters one inch . The shell ... more details
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