Image RFK 005 Feuerstelle im 17 Jh.JPG thumb 250px right Hearth with cooking utensils In common historic and modern usage, a hearth IPAc en icon h r is a brick or rock geology stone lined fireplace or oven often used for cooking and or heating . For centuries, the hearth was considered an integral ... to a homeplace or household, as in the terms hearth and home and keep the home fires burning. In fireplace design, the hearth is often considered the visible elements of the fireplace, with emphasis ... features Image Medievel kitchen.PNG thumb Late medieval tile hearth and associated floor In archaeology , a hearth is a firepit or other feature archaeology fireplace feature of any period. Initial ... site formation processes e.g., farming or excavation deform or disperse hearth features, making ... sequence of soil that has been deposited atop the hearth. Unlined hearths, which are less easily ... of these items, they can be used to pinpoint the date the hearth was last used via the process of radiocarbon dating . Although carbon dates can be negatively affected if the users of the hearth burned ... interior spaces in cool seasons. Hearth tax main Hearth tax In the Byzantine Empire a tax ... a charge of two shilling s per annum for each hearth, with half the payment due at Michaelmas and half ... first Jeremy last Gibson title The Hearth Tax, other later Stuart Tax Lists, and the Association ... in 1690. ref name gibson Hearth tax records are important to Local History local historians as they provide ... and local distribution of larger and smaller houses. Not every room had a hearth, and not all houses ... size. Roehampton University has an ongoing project which places hearth tax data in a national framework .... Religion Citations missing section date November 2010 Hearth is also a term for a kindred , or local worship group, in the neopaganism religion satr . In Greek Mythology, Hestia is the goddess of the hearth. In Roman Religion, Vesta is the Goddess of the hearth. In Ancient Persia, according to Zoroastrian ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Hearth Type Live Album Artist Cecil Taylor Cover The Hearth.jpg Released 1989 Recorded June 30, 1988 Genre Free jazz Length Label FMP Records FMP Producer Chronology Cecil Taylor Last album Regalia album Regalia br 1989 This album The Hearth br 1989 Next album Alms Tiergarten Spree br 1989 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score rating 4.5 5 ref http www.allmusic.com album r167421 Allmusic Review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot The Hearth is a live album featuring a performance by Cecil Taylor with Tristan Honsinger and Evan Parker recorded in Berlin on June 30, 1988 as part of month long series of concerts by Taylor and released on the FMP Records FMP label. ref http www.efi.group.shef.ac.uk mtaylors.html Cecil Taylor sessionography accessed 3 September 2009 ref The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek states This is a devastatingly fine gig, and one of the best Taylor played the entire month he was in Berlin . ref Jurek, T. Allmusic class album id r167421 pure url yes Allmusic Review accessed 3 September 2009 ref Track listing All compositions by Cecil Taylor, Tristan Honsinger and Evan Parker. The Hearth 61 31 Recorded in Berlin on June 30, 1988 Personnel Cecil Taylor piano , voice Tristan Honsinger cello Evan Parker tenor saxophone References reflist DEFAULTSORT Hearth, The Category 1989 live albums Category Cecil Taylor live albums Category FMP Records live albums ... more details
Infobox Company company name Plow and Hearth company type Subsidiary foundation 1980 Madison, Virginia location Madison, Virginia industry Retail products Furniture, home furnishings, apparel, food. homepage http www.plowhearth.com Plow and Hearth is a major United States retailer based in Madison, Virginia Madison , Virginia specializing in hearth and fireplace accessories furniture and home furnishings and lawn and garden accessories . The company was established in 1980, and today is considered a leader in catalog mail order retailing in the United States, with sales exceeding 100 million and annually mailing over 63 million catalogs. Plow and Hearth primarily conducts business through its mail order catalog. It also sells items through its Web site, as well as multiple retail operations in the states of Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina. It maintains its headquarters on a convert 38 acre m2 sing on site in Madison, Virginia . History The company was established by Peter Rice, Peggy Rice, and Michael Burns in 1980. It launched its first catalog in 1982 it was mailed to 100,000 names. From 1986 to 1989, Plow & Hearth was recognized by Inc. Magazine as one of America s fastest growing private companies for four consecutive years. In the 1990s, the company experienced tremendous expansion, growing from a 228,000 company in its first year, to a 60 million company in 1998, to a 100 million company today. In 1998, Plow and Hearth shareholders sold a majority interest in the company ... Cabin, began to be managed out of Plow & Hearth s headquarters. In 2002, the Problem Solvers ..., originally based in Fort Bragg, CA, moved their management to Plow & Hearth s headquarters in Madison ... and home furnishings. This brand has since been discontinued. In September 2008, Plow and Hearth ... and Hearth was purchased by Evergreen Enterprises, Inc. a home d cor wholesale distributor based out of Richmond, VA. Fall 2010, Plow & Hearth purchased, owns and operates Winterthur. Awards The company ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A hearth son was, in medieval England , a younger son of a landed knight or baron , who due to the laws of feudalism feudal inheritance, did not have his own land. Unlike in History of Anglo Saxon England Anglo Saxon times, when land was split between surviving sons, during the Middle Ages the eldest son of a landed family inherited the estate entire. As such, younger sons had no income, and resided in a family member s home. There they would live out the rest of their days, most likely unmarried due to the undesirability of an unlanded groom, and waiting for a chance to make it on their own. This term first appears in English lawbooks when??, which books?? and is further discussed in the book William Marshal by David Crouch. DEFAULTSORT Hearth Son Category Norman and Medieval England Category Feudalism UK hist stub ... more details
A hearth tax was a property tax in certain countries during the Middle Ages medieval and early modern period , levied on each hearth or family unit . It was calculated based on the number of hearth s, or fireplace s, within a municipal area. Hearth tax was levied in the Byzantine Empire from the 9th ... , hearth tax, also known as hearth money , chimney tax , or chimney money , was a Duty economics tax ... ed title The Hampshire Hearth Tax Assessment 1665 publisher Hampshire County Council year 1991 ... hants The hearth tax was a supplemental tax to make up the shortfall. It was considered easier to establish ... September and on Lady Day , 25 March. The tax thus amounted to two shilling s per hearth or stove per year. The hearth tax was intended to be fair, in that it fell more heavily upon those with multiple ... the Hearth Tax ref name hants Not paying Poor or Church Rates Inhabiting a house, tenement or land worth ... to be listed even if non liable. This additional detail has made the hearth tax documents useful ... bill to their advantage. The hearth tax was therefore much resented by those upon whom it fell, typically ... through the wall from her oven to her neighbour s chimney. Hearth tax was repealed by William and Mary ... the Hearth Tax in 1689, it continued in the Kingdom of Ireland till the early 19th century although .... The list of the households required to pay the Hearth Tax became known as the Hearth Money ... house, ought not to pay hearth money the strongest argument for his relief is the bare statement ... why they scarcely pay any tax but the hearth money, and is likewise a reason why they should not even pay hearth money. ref name henry grattan ref Major reform of the hearth tax was finally carried out in 1793 whereby one hearth households with less than 10 in personal property, or with houses and land ... that one hearth householders should be divided into two groups those above and those below 5 in annual valuation. Subsequently, in 1795, freedom from hearth tax was extended to all one hearth householders ... more details
. The author of The Cloister and the Hearth , at the end of ths story, reveals that Margaret s and Gerard .... Editorializing date July 2011 The Cloister and the Hearth can easily be read as an attack on various ... Gutenberg no 1366 name The Cloister and the Hearth DEFAULTSORT Cloister And The Hearth, The Category ... more details
The Lancashire hearth was used to Fining fine pig iron , removing carbon to produce wrought iron . Origins Until the early 19th century, the usual method of producing wrought iron involved a charcoal fired finery in a finery forge . By the beginning of the century, this was an obsolescent process, which was being replaced by the coal fueled puddling process . However, charcoal continued to be used in some forges after most of the iron industry had abandoned it. ref name haym R. Hayman, Charcoal ironmaking in nineteenth century Shropshire Economic History Review 61 2008 , 80 98. ref In 1813 when John Bradley & Co. whose leading partner was James Foster ironmaster James Foster took over forges at Eardington in Shropshire , a potting and stamping forge, they reverted to using charcoal. In 1820, he bought Hampton Loade Forge, which then became a tinplate works and in 1826 another charcoal forge. This was followed by others establishing charcoal forges at Horsehay in 1832 and at the Old Park ironworks of the Botfield family about 1826. Cookley Forge in the River Stour Worcestershire Stour valley also reverted to charcoal working in 1814, supplying wire and tinplate mills. ref name haym By the 1830s, these forges were sometimes producing over 2000 tons of iron per year, compared with a few ... of hearth, which from Swedish usage has come to be known as a Lancashire hearth. ref name haym ... hearth consisted of a rectangular closed furnace with a chimney 8 metres high at one end and a working arch in front of the hearth proper at the other. Pig iron was charged through a door at the foot ... gases from the hearth. The hearth was blown through a single water cooled tuyere with pre heated air. The hearth consisted of a rectangular box of iron plates, the bottom plate being water cooled. Surplus ... on the bridge at the back of the hearth was then pulled forward with a hook and charcoal added. The blast ... lighter bar. Finally, the iron was gathered into a loop which was lifted out of the hearth with a heavier ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 dablink For related uses see Hob . In a kitchen the hob is a projection, shelf, grate or bench for holding food or utensils at the back or side of a hearth fireplace to keep them warm, or an internal chimney corner. In modern British English usage, the word refers to a cooktop or hotplate , as distinguished from an oven . ref http www.bartleby.com 61 63 H0226300.html The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition. 2000. ref gallery caption Hearths and Hobs widths 150px heights 150px perrow 5 Image BurgBoetzelaer06.jpg A fireplace in a German castle showing a brick hob. Image Muljava odprto ognjisce.jpg Hearth and hob in a traditional Slovenian kitchen. Image Kueche Augsburg Fuggerei.jpg Reconstructed hearth and hob in the Fuggerei . Image Spinninginthecolonialkitchen.jpg Colonial kitchen with a pitcher on the hob. Image Glass ceramic cooktop.jpg A cooktop is called a hob in modern British English . gallery http ah.bfn.org a del 641 dr source 16.html Fireplace hobs on both sides of the grate basket at the Ansley Wilcox Mansion. Etymology The word is a noun meaning approximately holder , derived from the Old English verb habban to have, hold . ref http www.bartleby.com 81 8326.html E. Cobham Brewer 1810 1897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. ref The word hub support of a disk or wheel is apparently from the same source. ref http www.merriamwebster.com dictionary hub Merriam Webster Online ref References references Category Fireplaces Category Home appliances ... more details
infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name The Cricket on the Hearth image Image Cricketonthehearth front.jpg 250px image caption Frontispiece of second edition, 1846 in literature 1846 author Charles Dickens illustrator Daniel Maclise br John Leech caricaturist John Leech br Richard Doyle illustrator Richard Doyle br Clarkson Stanfield br Edwin Landseer country United Kingdom language English genre Novella publisher Bradbury and Evans release date 20 December 1845 media type Print preceded by The Chimes followed by The Battle of Life The Cricket on the Hearth. A Fairy Tale of Home is a novella by Charles Dickens , published by Bradbury and Evans, and released 20 December 1845 in literature 1845 with illustration s by Daniel Maclise , John Leech caricaturist John Leech , Richard Doyle illustrator Richard Doyle , Clarkson Stanfield and Edwin Henry ... on the hearth and acts as a Guardian angel spirit guardian angel to the family, at one point assuming ... Annotation?action view&annid 1317 Dickens, Charles The Cricket on the Hearth . Web page sourced ... include the successful The Cricket on the Hearth by Albert Richard Smith produced at the Surrey ... 24, 1945. ref cite web url http www.archive.org details otr cricketonthehearth title The Cricket on the Hearth ... links Commons Cricket on the Hearth wikisource Online editions http www.archive.org stream cricketonhearthf00dickrich page n7 mode 2ups The Cricket on the Hearth at Internet Archive . gutenberg no 678 name The Cricket on the Hearth http www.dickens literature.com The Cricket On The Hearth The Cricket on the Hearth at Dickens Literature http etext.library.adelaide.edu.au d dickens charles d54cr The Cricket on the Hearth at The University of Adelaide Library http www.archive.org details cricket on the hearth 0802 librivox The Cricket on the Hearth audibook by LibriVox Adaptations http www.victorianweb.org ... Dickens Christmas Rankin Bass A Christmas Carol DEFAULTSORT Cricket on the Hearth, The Category 1845 ... more details
Infobox Film name Hearth Fires image 1972 Les Feux de la Chandeleur.jpg image size caption Movie Poster Les Feux de la Chandeleur director Serge Korber producer writer Serge Korber br Catherine Paysan narrator starring Annie Girardot br Claude Jade br Jean Rochefort br Bernard Fresson music Michel Legrand cinematography editing distributor released 24 May 1972 runtime 95 mins country Film France br Film Italy language French budget preceded by followed by Hearth Fires lang fr Les Feux de la Chandeleur is a 1972 in film 1972 cinema of France French film directed by Serge Korber . The film is also known as La Divorziata Italy . Synopsis Marie Louise Anne Giradot is a woman whose love for her ex husband will not die. The Lawyer Alexandre Jean Rochefort left her, because she attended a few leftist marches and demonstrations. While her daughter Laura Claude Jade falls in love with Marc Bernard Fresson , Marie Louise keeps hoping that Alexandre will come back to her. Laura helps her to fight for love and Marie Louise is so attached to this idea that when her son Bernard Le Coq finally convinces her that he will never return, the realization has dire consequences. Cast Annie Girardot Marie Louise Boursault Jean Rochefort Alexandre Boursault Claude Jade Laura Boursault Bernard Le Coq Jean Paul Boursault Bernard Fresson Marc Champenois Gabriella Boccardo Annie Ilaria Occhini Clotilde Awards This movie was nominated for Best Picture at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival . ref name festival cannes.com cite web url http www.festival cannes.com en archives ficheFilm id 2347 year 1972.html title Festival de Cannes Hearth Fires accessdate 2009 04 13 work festival cannes.com ref ref http www.imdb.com title tt0173821 awards Feux de la chandeleur, Les 1972 Awards Bot generated title ref References reflist External links imdb title 0173821 Amg movie 155366 CinemaofFrance Category 1972 films Category 1970s drama films Category French films Category French language films Category Films directed ... more details
The Hearth and Eagle is a historical novel by Anya Seton . ref cite news author Richard Match title The Hearth and Eagle url work The New York Times date November 21, 1948 page BR41 ref ref cite news author Victor P. Hass title Marblehead Setting For Seton Novel work Chicago Daily Tribune date November 28, 1948 page H4 ref Set in the old New England fishing village of Marblehead , Massachusetts, the story centers on strong willed, passionate Hesper Honeywood and her search for love and fulfillment at a time when women had few options and the stormy Atlantic often claimed the lives of poor fishermen. Plot summary For generations, Hesper Honeywood s family have run the Hearth and Eagle, the finest inn in Marblehead. Hesper grows up listening to stories about the patient, obedient, and deeply religious women in her family s past. All of them put their husband s dreams ahead of their own. Outwardly Hesper copies the stoic, pious demeanor of her grim and unloving mother, but the excitable, impulsive, red haired Hesper secretly dreams of a life of passion and romance. As she enters adolescence, Hesper idolizes Johnny Peach, a neighbor boy who is cheerful, good natured, and protective of the oddly excitable red head who is often teased by the other children. Johnny is the one person Hesper genuinely likes and trusts in the village, and she is absolutely crushed when he is killed at sea in the Civil War. Not long after the war is over, Hesper, by now a beautiful and voluptuous young woman, is spotted walking on the beach by artist Evan Redlake, who is sketching among the dunes. Evan is a ne er do well painter from a prominent family, and his fiercely passionate nature and reckless ways captivate Hesper. The two of them marry and move to New York City, where they move in a set of early Bohemians. Hesper poses nude for several leading artists and is celebrated for her beauty and liberated ... to his new role. Hesper, meanwhile, has taken over management of the Hearth and Eagle from her aging ... more details
pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open hearth furnace ... cold gases for combustion. Open hearth steelmaking File Edgar Thomson Steel Works.jpg thumb right ... was known as the Siemens Martin process , and the furnace as an open hearth furnace. The most ... hearth furnace is said to be extremely dangerous, although that may be even more true of the environment ... eventually replaced the open hearth furnace. It rapidly superseded both the Bessemer process and Siemens ... from the UK by 1900, being replaced by open hearth date April 2011 and in Eastern Europe by the 1980s. The last European open hearth furnace was stopped in 1993. In the US, steel production using the open hearth furnaces had stopped by 1992. The last open hearth shop in China was shut down in 2001. The nation with the highest share of steel produced with open hearth furnaces almost 50 is Ukraine. ref ... C. molten pig iron br D. hearth br E. heating chamber cold br F. gas and air exit. Notes references ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Hearth, Patio & Barbecue Association HPBA is a U.S. trade organization that represents hearth appliance manufacturers, designers and retailers. Headquartered in Arlington, Virginia , HPBA hosts industry conferences ref http www.accessmylibrary.com coms2 summary 0286 8212095 ITM Association Calendar, Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration News, January 3, 2005 library card access required ref , lobbies for legislation at federal and state levels ref http www.politico.com news stories 0707 4761.html BBQ lobby has stake in cleaner air, Politico, July 2, 2007 ref , and provides data on sales and manufacturing output for the hearth industry. ref http features.csmonitor.com environment 2008 10 21 wood heat rises again Wood Heat Rises Again, Christian Science Monitor, October 21, 2008 ref HPBA has also worked with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to encourage the manufacturing and installation of hearth appliances that produce lower levels of air pollution. ref http www.nytimes.com 2007 02 01 nyregion 01wood.html?n Top Reference Times 20Topics Subjects E Environment&pagewanted all Outdoor Home Heater Makers Agree to Pollution Cutbacks, New York Times, February 1, 2007 ref ref http www.nytimes.com 2005 12 11 business yourmoney 11stove.html?pagewanted print Finding Savings Around the Fire, New York Times, December 11, 2005 ref References reflist External links http www.hpba.org Hearth, Patio & Barbecue Association Category Industry trade groups based in the United States Category Renewable energy organizations based in the United States energy stub http www.patioandhomeimprovementdesign.com ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Refimprove date November 2008 Lennox Hearth Products LHP is a business unit of Lennox International LII . ref name Ebuild http www.ebuild.com manufacturer detail fireplaces 2599.hwx ref Based in Nashville, Tennessee , United States , LHP manufactures indoor and outdoor fireplaces , fireplace insert s, free standing Wood burning stove stove s, gas log sets, accessories and venting products for the specialty retail, residential new construction and industrial markets. These include Wood pellet pellet , gas , electric and wood burning products. Growth LHP, which was established in 1994 by Lennox International, acquired Whitfield Hearth Products, Superior Fireplace Company and Marco Manufacturing in 1998 Earth Stove and Security Chimneys in 1999 then Country Stoves in 2006. Products Lennox Hearth Products manufactures efficient woodburning fireplaces, ref Dulley, James T. http www.zwire.com site news.cfm?newsid 20180386&BRD 1817&PAG 461&dept id 222087&rfi 6 Room air heat lost up chimney of most open fireplaces , Tri ValleyCentral.com, October 28, 2008. Accessed November 6, 2008. ref including EPA certified models. ref http www.epa.gov Compliance resources publications monitoring caa woodstoves certifiedwood.pdf List of EPA Certified Wood Stoves , The United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA , June 24, 2008. ref Facilities In addition to its executive offices in Nashville, Tennessee, LHP has manufacturing facilities in Auburn, Washington , Union City, Tennessee , which received Tennessee s State Award for Worker Training, ref http info.tnanytime.org tngov ?p 1311 Lennox Hearth Products Wins State Award for Worker Training , Tennessee.gov, December 14, 2007. ref and Laval, Quebec , Canada. References reflist External links http www.lennoxhearthproducts.com Lennox Hearth Products website http www.lennox.com Lennox website Category Companies based in Nashville, Tennessee manufacturing company stub US company stub ... more details
refimprove date September 2008 primarysources date September 2008 Image Auberge of the Flowering Hearth.jpg thumb First edition of Roy Andries de Groot s Auberge of the Flowering Hearth, a book that influenced a generation of American chefs. The Auberge of the Flowering Hearth by Roy Andries De Groot , was published in 1973, in which de Groot writes about the time he spent at a France French inn by that name L Auberge de l Atre Fleuri in St Pierre de Chartreuse, Savoy and the good meals he ate there. It addresses the logic of constructing a meal of several dishes so that they harmonize with one another, to the use of primarily local and seasonal ingredients to contribute to this harmony, and also an internal harmony within individual dishes. It is also a snapshot of old school aperitifs, such as kir , and illustrates how a kitchen of little pretension can put out world class food in an environment of passion, hard work, sound technique, long experience, etc. One of the more interesting aspects of the book is that de Groot was blind. References cite book last de Groot first Roy Andries authorlink coauthors title Recipes from the Auberge of the Flowering Hearth A Gastronomic Adventure at the Finest of the French Provincial Inns publisher The Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc. date 1973 location Indianapolis New York url doi id isbn 0 672 51773 6 page 444 DEFAULTSORT Auberge of the Flowering Hearth, The Category 1973 books Category American non fiction books ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale Article The Writing on the Hearth Description book cover Source http www.fantasticfiction.co.uk h cynthia harnett writing on hearth.htm Fantastic Fiction Portion Front cover Low resolution yes Purpose to illustrate the article on the book, for purposes of identification Replaceability no copyright free image is available other information Artwork by Gareth Floyd. Published by Methuen, 1971 Licensing Non free book cover ... more details
Summary A cottage in Shorewood Hills. Photo taken in 1951 by Albert Douglass Hart, Sr. People in photo owners, Albert Thomas Hart and Norma Douglass Hart Licensing PD self date October 2006 Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
City Trumpetteers, 19th century painted hearth in Valencia city in Spain Valencia Source http home.wanadoo.nl n.woud public html page15.htm PD art ... more details
Summary Charles Dickens Cricket on the Hearth, facsimile of first edition. Source http www.genesis publications.com books dickens Licensing PD art Orphan image ... more details
A chafery is a variety of hearth used in ironmaking for reheating a bloom of iron, in the course of its being drawn out into a bar of wrought iron . The equivalent term for a bloomery was string hearth, except in 17th century Cumbria , where the terminology was that of the finery forge. A finery forge for the Wallonia Walloon process would typically have one chafery to work two fineries but sometimes one or three fineries . Chaferies were also used in the potting and stamping forges of the industrial revolution . industry stub Category Metallurgy ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale album cover REQUIRED Article The Hearth Use Infobox HIGHLY RECOMMENDED Source AMG ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name The Hearth Artist Cecil Taylor Label FMP Graphic Artist Item Type Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability other information Licensing Non free album cover ... more details
Summary Information Description Map showing the number of hearths per 1000 acres counted in the 1672 Hearth Tax of the West Riding of Yorkshire Source http www.hearthtax.org.uk maps westriding wriding hh.pdf Date 17 July 2011 Author Centre for Hearth Tax Research, Roehampton University, London, England Permission Andrew and cc J Price Hearth.tax roehampton.ac.uk other versions Licensing GFDL migration not eligible Orphan image ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Infobox Given Name Revised name Gabija image Gabija.jpg imagesize 200 caption Gabija, the Lithuanian goddess of fire and the hearth, in a 1978 mosaic by Vitolis Tru ys. pronunciation gender female meaning Lithuanian goddess of fire and the hearth. region Lithuania nickname origin Lithuanian language Lithuanian related names Gabieta, Gabeta footnotes Gabija is a Lithuanian language Lithuanian feminine given name. Gabija also known as Gabieta, Gabeta is the goddess of fire and of the hearth of homes in Lithuanian mythology . It was the most popular given name for baby girls born in Lithuania in 2005. ref name lithuania Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania Statistics Lithuania . February 11, 2006 . http www.std.lt lt pages view ?id 1625&PHPSESSID dc555b7c0bfa47b1a2c2e131b04b9726 domioji statistika . ref Notes reflist Category Feminine given names Category Lithuanian feminine given names ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 The Four Elements of Architecture is a book by the Germans German architect Gottfried Semper . Published in 1851 in architecture 1851 , it is an attempt to explain the origins of architecture through the Lens optics lens of anthropology . The book divides architecture into four distinct elements the hearth, the roof, the enclosure and the mound. The origins of each element can be found in the traditional crafts of ancient barbarians hearth &ndash fire, ceramics roof &ndash carpentry enclosure &ndash weaving mound &ndash stonemasonry Semper, stating that the hearth was the first element created around the hearth the first groups assembled around it the first alliances formed around it the first rude religious concepts were put into the customs of a cult. Fact date February 2007 Enclosures walls were said to have their origins in weaving . Just as fences and pens were woven sticks, the most basic form of a spatial divider still seen in use in parts of the world today is the fabric screen. Only when additional functional requirements are placed on the enclosure such as structural weight bearing needs does the materiality of the wall change to something beyond fabric. References Category Architecture books Four Elements of Architecture Category 1851 books DEFAULTSORT Four Elements of Architecture art book stub ar ... more details
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